Ethics, regulation and the new artificial intelligence, part I: Accountability and Power

Information Communication and Society

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 199-229

  Perri, ^a  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Accountability; Artificial intelligence; Digital agents; Ethics; Regulation; Robotics; Technological risk

Indexed keywords

EID: 78650011809     PISSN: 1369118X     EISSN: 14684462     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13691180110044461     Document Type: Article

References (93)

1. Adams, J. (1995) Risk, London: UCL Press.
2. Barrett, N. (1998) '2010 - the year of the "digital familiar"', in N. Barrett (ed.) Into the Third Millennium: Trends Beyond the Year 2000, London: Bull Information Systems, pp. 27-37.
3. Barzelay, M. with collaboration of Armajani, B.J. (1992) Breaking Through Bureaucracy: A New Vision for Managing in Government, Berkeley: University of California Press.
4. Beck, U. (1992) Risk Society, London: Sage.
5. Bovens, M. and Hart, P. (1996) Understanding Policy Fiascoes, New Brunswick: Transaction Books.
6. Bovens, M. (1998) The Quest for Responsibility: Accountability and Citizenship in Complex Organisations, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7. Braybrooke, D. and Lindblom, C.E. (1970) A Strategy of Decision: Policy Evaluation as a Social Process, New York: Free Press.
8. Caplan, P. (ed.) (2000) Risk Revisited, London: Pluto Press.
9. Coyle, D.J. and Ellis, R.J. (eds) (1993) Politics, Policy and Culture, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
10. Cranor, C.F. (1988) 'Some public policy problems with risk assessment: how defensible is the use of the 95% confidence rule in epidemiology?', paper presented as part of the University of California Riverside Carcinogen Risk Assessment Project, Toxic Substance Research and Teaching Programme.
11. Cranor, C.F. (1990) 'Some moral issues in risk assessment', Ethics.
12. Day, P. and Klein, R.E. (1987) Accountabilities: Five Public Services, London: Tavistock Publications.
13. Dennett, D.C. (1998) Brainchildren: Essays on Designing Minds, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
14. Douglas, M. (1966) Purity and Danger: An Analysis of the Concepts of Pollution and Taboo, London: Routledge.
15. Douglas, M. (1970) Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology, London:Routledge.
16. Douglas, M. (1972) 'Self-evidence', reprinted in M. Douglas (1999) [1975] Implicit Meanings: Selected Essays in Anthropology, London: Routledge, pp. 252-83.
17. Douglas, M. (ed.) (1982) Essays in the Sociology of Perception, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
18. Douglas, M. (1986) How Institutions Think, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
19. Douglas, M. (1990) 'Risk as forensic resource', in E.J. Burger (ed.) Risk, Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, pp. 1-16.
20. Douglas, M. (1992) Risk and Blame: Essays in Cultural Theory, London:Routledge.
21. Douglas, M. (1994) 'Institutions are the product', paper presented at the Society for the Advancement of Socio-Economics, École des Hautes Études Commerciales Paris, 15-17 July.
22. Douglas, M. (1996) 'Istituzioni: problemi teorici', in Enciclopedia delle Scienze Sociali, Rome, Fondata da Giovanna Trecanni, pp. 126-34.
23. Douglas, M. (1997) 'The depoliticisation of risk', in R.J. Ellis and M.
24. Thompson (eds) (1997) Culture Matters: Essays in Honour of Aaron Wildavsky, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
25. Douglas, M. and Hull, D. (eds) (1992) How Classification Works: Nelson Goodman Among the Social Sciences, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
26. Dunleavy, P. (1991) Democracy, Bureaucracy and Public Choice: Economic Explanations in Political Science, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf.
27. Durkheim, É. (1951) [1897] Suicide: a Study in Sociology, trans. J.A. Spaulding and G. Simpson, Routledge, London.
28. Durkheim, É. (1983) [lectures 1913-14] Pragmatism and Sociology, trans. J.C. Whitehouse, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; see also the selections reprinted in K.H. Wolff (ed.) (1960) Essays on Sociology and Philosophy by Émile Durkheim et al. with Appraisals of his Life and Thought, New York: Harper Torch, Harper and Row, pp. 386-436.
29. Durkheim, É. (1984) [1893] The Division of Labour in Society, trans. W.D. Halls, Basingstoke: MacMillan.
30. Durkheim, É. and Mauss, M. (1963) [1902] in R. Needham (ed.) Primitive Classification, Chicago: University of Chicago Press; originally published as É. Durkheim and M. Mauss (1902) 'De quelques formes primitives de classification: contribution à l'étude des répresentations collectives', Anée sociologique, 6: 1-72.
31. Ellis, R.J. and Thompson, M. (eds) (1997) Culture Matters: Essays in Honour of Aaron Wildavsky, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
32. Fardon, R. (1999) Mary Douglas: An Intellectual Biography, London: Routledge.
33. Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, New York: Basic Books.
34. Gardner, H., Hatch, T. and Torff, B. (1997) 'A third perspective: the symbol systems approach', in R.J. Sternberg and E.L. Grigorenko (eds) Intelligence, Heredity and Environment, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 243-68.
35. Giddens, A. (1999) Runaway World: How Globalisation is Reshaping our Lives, London: Profile Books.
36. Goodman, N. (1970) 'Seven strictures on similarity', in L. Foster and J.W. Swanson (eds) Experience and Theory, London: Duckworth, pp. 19-30.
37. Gordon, E.W. and Lemons, M.P. (1997) 'An interactionist perspective on the genesis of intelligence', in R.J. Sternberg and E.L. Grigorenko (eds) Intelligence, Heredity and Environment, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 323-40.
38. Gross, J. and Rayner. S. (1985) Measuring Culture: a Paradigm for the Analysis of Social Organisation, New York: Columbia University Press.
39. Habermas, J. (1989) The Theory of Communicative Action: Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason, vol. 2, trans. T. McCarthy, Boston, MA: Paperback Beacon Press.
40. Haldane, J. (1989) 'Naturalism and the problem of intentionality', Inquiry, 32: 305-22.
41. Hobbes, T. (1968) [1651] in C.B. Macpherson (ed.) Leviathan, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
42. Hogwood, B.W., Judge, D. and MacVicar, M. (1998) 'Agencies and accountability', paper presented at the Whitehall Programme conference, University of Birmingham, 17-19 December.
43. Hollander, R.D. (1991) 'Expert claims and social decision: science, politics and responsibility', in D.G. Mayo and R.D. Hollander (eds) Acceptable Evidence: Science and Values in Risk Management, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 160-73.
44. Hood, C.C. and Jones, D.K.C. (eds) (1996) Accident and Design: Contemporary Debates in Risk Management, London: University College London Press.
45. Jeffery, M. (1999) The Human Computer, London: Little, Brown and Co.
46. Joffe, H. (1999) Risk and 'The Other', Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
47. Kaku, M. (1998) Visions: How Science will Revolutionise the 21st Century and Beyond, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
48. Kurzweil, R. (1999) The Age of Spiritual Machines: How We Will Live, Work and Think in the New Age of Intelligent Machines, London: Orion Business Books.
49. Lindblom, C.E. (1959) 'The science of muddling through', Public Administration Review, 19: 79-88.
50. Lindblom, C.E. (1979) 'Still muddling, not yet through', Public Administration Review, 39: 517-26.
51. Lupton, D. (ed.) (1999) Risk and Sociocultural Theory: New Directions and Perspectives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
52. March, J.G. and Olson J.-P. (1975) 'Organisational learning under ambiguity', European Journal of Political Research, 3: 147-71, reprinted in J.G. March (1988) Decisions and Organisations, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, pp. 335-58.
53. March, J.G. and Olsen J.-P. (1995) Democratic Governance, New York: Free Press.
54. Mars, G. (1982) Cheats at Work: an Anthropology of Workplace Crime, London: Allen and Unwin.
55. Mayo, D.G. (1991) 'Sociological versus meta-scientific views of risk assessment', in D.G. Mayo, and R.D. Hollander (eds) Acceptable Evidence: Science and Values in Risk Management, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 248-79, at 271-2.
56. Merton, R.K. (1948) 'The self-fulfilling prophecy', in A. Rosenblatt and T.F. Gieryn (eds) (1982) Social Research and the Practising Professions, Cambridge, MA: AbT Books, pp. 248-67, reprinted in abbreviated form in P.F. Sztompka (ed.) Robert K. Merton on Social Structure and Science, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 183-201.
57. Miller, G. (1992) Managerial Dilemmas: The Political Economy of Hierarchy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
58. Olson, M. (1971) [1965] The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
59. Popper, K. (1949) The Poverty of Historicism, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
60. Quine, W.V.O. (1960) Word and Object, Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
61. Rayner, S. (1992) 'Cultural theory and risk analysis', in S. Krimsky and D. Golding (eds) Social Theories of Risk, Westport, CT: Prager, pp. 83-116.
62. Renn, O. (1998) 'Three decades of risk research: accomplishments and new challenges', Journal of Risk Research, 1: 49-72.
63. Rosenhead, J. (ed.) Rational Analysis for a Problematic World: Problem Structuring Methods for Complexity, Uncertainty and con ict, London: John Wiley and Sons.
64. Schwartau, W. (1996) Information Warfare - Cyberterrorism: Protecting your Personal Security in the Electronic Age, 2nd edn, New York: Thunder's Mouth Press.
65. Schwarz, M. and Thompson, M. (1990) Divided We Stand: Redefining Politics, Technology and Social Choice, Philadelphia, Penn.: University of Pennsylvania Press.
66. Simon, H.A. (1947) Administrative Behaviour, 1st edn, London: MacMillan.
67. Slovic, P. (1993) 'Perceived risk, trust and democracy', Risk Analysis, 8: 147-55, reprinted in R. Löfstedt and L. Frewer (eds) (1998) The Earthscan Reader in Risk and Modern Society, London: Earthscan, pp. 181-91.
68. Thompson, M. (1983) 'The aesthetics of risk: culture or context?', in R. Schwing and W. Albers (eds) (1983) Societal Risk Assessment: How Safe is Safe Enough?, New York: Plenum Press, pp. 273-85.
69. Thompson, M. (1997a) 'Rewriting the precepts of policy analysis', in R.J. Ellis and M. Thompson (eds), Culture Matters: Essays in Honour of Aaron Wildavsky, Boulder: CO: Westview Press, pp. 20-216.
70. Thompson, M. (1997b) 'Cultural theory and technology assessment', in F. Fischer and M. Hajer (eds) Living with Nature: Environmental Discourse as Cultural Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
71. Thompson, M. (1997c) 'Cultural theory and integrated assessment',Environmental Modelling and Assessment, 2: 139-50.
72. Thompson, M., Ellis, R.J. and Wildavsky, A. (1990) Cultural Theory, Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
73. Vickers, Sir G. (1995) [1963] The Art of Judgement: A Study of Policy-making, Centenary edition, London: Sage [London: Chapman and Hall].
74. von Mises, L. (1935) 'Economic calculation in the socialist commonwealth', in F.A. von Hayek (ed.) Collectivist Economic Planning: Critical Studies in the Possibilities of Socialism, London: Routledge, pp. 87-130.
75. Ward, M. (1999) Virtual Organisms: the Startling World of Artificial Life, Basingstoke: MacMillan.
76. Warwick, K. (1998) In the Mind of the Machine: The Breakthrough in Artificial Intelligence, London: Arrow (Random House).
77. Weber, M. (1976) The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans. T. Parsons, London: Allen and Unwin.
78. Weinberg, A.M. (1966) 'Can technology replace social engineering?', University of Chicago Magazine, 59: 6-10, reprinted in A.H. Teich (ed.) (1997) Technology and the Future, 7th edn, New York: St Martin's Press, pp. 55-64.
79. Weinberg, R.A. (1989) 'Intelligence and IQ: landmark issues and great debates', American Psychologist, 44: 98-104.
80. Weizenbaum, J. (1984) [1976] Computer Power and Human Reason: From Judgment to Calculation, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
81. Whitby, B. (1988) AI: A Handbook of Professionalism, Chichester: Ellis Harwood.
82. Whitby, B. (1996) Re ections on Artificial Intelligence: The Legal, Moral and Ethical Dimensions, Exeter: Intellect Books.
83. Wildavsky, A. (1988) Searching for Safety, New Brunswick, New Jersey:Transaction Books.
84. Williamson, O.E. (1985) The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting, New York: Free Press.
85. Winner, L. (1977) Autonomous Technology: Technics Out-of-Control as a Theme in Political Thought, Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.
86. Wilson, B.R. (ed.) (1970) Rationality, Oxford: Blackwell.
87. Woolley, B. (1992) Virtual Worlds: A Journey in Hype and Hyperreality, Harmondsworth: Penguin.
88. 6, P. (1998) The Future of Privacy, Volume 1: Private Life and Public Policy, London: Demos.
89. 6, P. (1999a) 'Neo-Durkheimian institutional theory', paper presented at the University of Strathclyde Department of Government conference, Institutional Theory in Political Science, Ross Priory, l8-19 October.
90. 6, P. (1999b) Morals for Robots and Cyborgs: Ethics, Society and Public Policy in the Age of Autonomous Intelligent Machines, Brentford: Bull Information Systems.
91. 6, P. (2000) 'The governance of affect: the ritual organisation of emotion and the limits of emotional emancipation', paper presented at the final seminar in the series 'Affect, ethics and citizenship', co-ordinated by the University of East London, Birkbeck College, London, 1 June.
92. 6, P. (2001a, forthcoming) E-governance: Styles of Political Judgment in the Information Age Polity, London. Institute for Public Policy Research.
93. 6, P. (2001b, forthcoming) The Case for Preventive Government, London: Demos.