Long-term effects of radiation exposure among adult survivors of childhood cancer: Results from the childhood cancer survivor study

Radiation Research

Volumn 174, Issue 6 B, 2010, Pages 840-850

  Armstrong, Gregory T ^a   Stovall, Marilyn ^b   Robison, Leslie L ^a  

^a ST JUDE CHILDREN S RESEARCH HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT;

ATOMIC BOMB; BONE CANCER; BRAIN RADIATION; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CHILDHOOD CANCER; COUGHING; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DYSPNEA; GLIOMA; HODGKIN DISEASE; HUMAN; HYPERTHYROIDISM; HYPOTHYROIDISM; LUNG FIBROSIS; MENINGIOMA; OBESITY; PRIMARY TUMOR; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROFESSIONAL KNOWLEDGE; PROTON THERAPY; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIATION HAZARD; RETROSPECTIVE STUDY; REVIEW; THYROID CANCER;

ADULT; CHILD; COHORT STUDIES; CRANIAL IRRADIATION; HEART; HUMANS; LUNG; NEOPLASMS; NEOPLASMS, SECOND PRIMARY; OBESITY; RADIOTHERAPY; RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SURVIVORS; THYROID GLAND;

EID: 78650008430     PISSN: 00337587     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1667/RR1903.1     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. M. J. Horner, L. A. G. Ries, M. Krapcho, N. Neyman, R. Aminou, N. Howlader, S. F. Altekruse, E. J. Feuer, L. Huang and B. K. Edwards, Eds., SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975- 2006. National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, http://seer. cancer.gov/csr/1975-2006/, based on November 2008 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, 2009.
2. A. B. Mariotto, J. H. Rowland, K. R. Yabroff, S. Scoppa, M. Hachey, L. Ries and E. J. Feuer, Long-term survivors of childhood cancers in the United States. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 18, 1033-1040 (2009).
3. L. L. Robison, G. T. Armstrong, J. D. Boice, E. J. Chow, S. M. Davies, S. S. Donaldson, D. M. Green, S. Hammond, A. T. Meadows and L. K. Zeltzer, The Childhood Cancer Survivor Study: a National Cancer Institute-supported resource for outcome and intervention research. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 2308-2318 (2009).
4. W. M. Leisenring, A. C. Mertens, G. T. Armstrong, M. A. Stovall, J. P. Neglia, J. Q. Lanctot, J. D. Boice, Jr., J. A. Whitton and Y. Yasui, Pediatric cancer survivorship research: experience of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 2319-2327 (2009).
5. L. Diller, E. J. Chow, J. G. Gurney, M. M. Hudson, N. S. Kadin- Lottick, T. I. Kawashima, W. M. Leisenring, L. R. Meacham, A. C. Mertens and C. A. Sklar, Chronic disease in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort: a review of published findings. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 2339-2355 (2009).
6. A. T. Meadows, D. L. Friedman, J. P. Neglia, A. C. Mertens, S. S. Donaldson, M. Stovall, S. Hammond, Y. Yasui and P. D. Inskip, Second neoplasms in survivors of childhood cancer: findings from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 2356-2362 (2009).
7. P. C. Nathan, J. S. Ford, T. O. Henderson, M. M. Hudson, K. M. Emmons, J. N. Casillas, E. A. Lown, K. K. Ness and K. C. Oeffinger, Health behaviors, medical care, and interventions to promote healthy living in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 2363-2373 (2009).
8. D. M. Green, C. A. Sklar, J. D. Boice, Jr., J. J. Mulvihill, J. A. Whitton, M. Stovall and Y. Yasui, Ovarian failure and reproductive outcomes after childhood cancer treatment: results from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 2374-2381 (2009).
9. K. K. Ness, M. M. Hudson, J. P. Ginsberg, R. Nagarajan, S. C. Kaste, N. Marina, J. Whitton, L. L. Robison and J. G. Gurney, Physical performance limitations in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 2382-2389 (2009).
10. J. G. Gurney, K. R. Krull, N. Kadan-Lottick, H. S. Nicholson, P. C. Nathan, B. Zebrack, J. M. Tersak and K. K. Ness, Social outcomes in the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 2390-2395 (2009).
11. L. K. Zeltzer, C. Recklitis, D. Buchbinder, B. Zebrack, J. Casillas, J. C. Tsao, Q. Lu and K. Krull, Psychological status in childhood cancer survivors: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 2396-2404 (2009).
12. M. M. Hudson, D. A. Mulrooney, D. C. Bowers, C. A. Sklar, D. M. Green, S. S. Donaldson, K. C. Oeffinger, J. P. Neglia, A. T. Meadows and L. L. Robison, High-risk populations identified in Childhood Cancer Survivor Study investigations: implications for risk-based surveillance. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 2405-2414 (2009).
13. G. T. Armstrong, Q. Liu, Y. Yasui, J. P. Neglia, W. Leisenring, L. L. Robison and A. C. Mertens, Late mortality among 5-year survivors of childhood cancer: a summary from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 2328-2338 (2009).
14. A. T. Meadows, J. Gordon, D. J. Massari, P. Littman, J. Fergusson and K. Moss, Declines in IQ scores and cognitive dysfunctions in children with acute lymphocytic leukaemia treated with cranial irradiation. Lancet 2, 1015-1018 (1981).
15. S. L. Hancock, R. S. Cox and I. R. McDougall, Thyroid diseases after treatment of Hodgkin's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 599-605 (1991).
16. L. S. Constine, S. S. Donaldson, I. R. McDougall, R. S. Cox, M. P. Link and H. S. Kaplan, Thyroid dysfunction after radiotherapy in children with Hodgkin's disease. Cancer 53, 878-883 (1984).
17. A. T. Meadows, E. Baum, F. Fossati-Bellani, D. Green, R. D. Jenkin, B. Marsden, M. Nesbit, W. Newton, O. Oberlin and S. G. Sallan, Second malignant neoplasms in children: an update from the Late Effects Study Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 3, 532-538 (1985).
18. M. E. Wohl, N. T. Griscom, D. G. Traggis and N. Jaffe, Effects of therapeutic irradiation delivered in early childhood upon subsequent lung function. Pediatrics 55, 507-516 (1975).
19. M. R. Benoist, J. Lemerle, R. Jean, P. Rufin, P. Scheinmann and J. Paupe, Effects of pulmonary function of whole lung irradiation for Wilm's tumour in children. Thorax 37, 175-180 (1982).
20. M. Stovall, R. Weathers, C. Kasper, S. A. Smith, L. Travis, E. Ron and R. Kleinerman, Dose reconstruction for therapeutic and diagnostic radiation exposures: use in epidemiological studies. Radiat. Res. 166, 141-157 (2006).
21. H. L. Ried and N. Jaffe, Radiation-induced changes in long-term survivors of childhood cancer after treatment with radiation therapy. Semin. Roentgenol. 29, 6-14 (1994).
22. J. Byrne, S. Lewis, L. Halamek, R. R. Connelly and J. J. Mulvihill, Childhood cancer survivors' knowledge of their diagnosis and treatment. Ann. Intern. Med. 110, 400-403 (1989).
23. C. Eiser, G. Levitt, A. Leiper, T. Havermans and C. Donovan, Clinic audit for long-term survivors of childhood cancer. Arch. Dis. Child. 75, 405-409 (1996). (Pubitemid 26405680)
24. N. S. Kadan-Lottick, L. L. Robison, J. G. Gurney, J. P. Neglia, Y. Yasui, R. Hayashi, M. Hudson, M. Greenberg and A. C. Mertens, Childhood cancer survivors' knowledge about their past diagnosis and treatment: Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 287, 1832-1839 (2002).
25. F. P. Li, J. R. Cassady and N. Jaffe, Risk of second tumors in survivors of childhood cancer. Cancer 35, 1230-1235 (1975).
26. M. M. Hawkins, J. E. Kingston and L. M. Kinnier Wilson, Late deaths after treatment for childhood cancer. Arch. Dis. Child. 65, 1356-1363 (1990).
27. H. S. Nicholson, T. R. Fears and J. Byrne, Death during adulthood in survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer. Cancer 73, 3094-3102 (1994).
28. A. C. Mertens, Q. Liu, J. P. Neglia, K. Wasilewski, W. Leisenring, G. T. Armstrong, L. L. Robison and Y. Yasui, Cause-specific late mortality among 5-year survivors of childhood cancer: the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 100, 1368-1379 (2008).
29. M. C. Cardous-Ubbink, R. C. Heinen, N. E. Langeveld, P. J. Bakker, P. A. Voute, H. N. Caron and F. E. van Leeuwen, Longterm cause-specific mortality among five-year survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 42, 563-573 (2004).
30. C. M. Robertson, M. M. Hawkins and J. E. Kingston, Late deaths and survival after childhood cancer: implications for cure. Br. Med. J. 309, 162-166 (1994).
31. M. M. Hudson, D. Jones, J. Boyett, G. B. Sharp and C. H. Pui, Late mortality of long-term survivors of childhood cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 15, 2205-2213 (1997).
32. T. R. Moller, S. Garwicz, R. Perfekt, L. Barlow, J. F. Winther, E. Glattre, G. Olafsdottir, J. H. Olsen, A. Ritvanen and R. Sankila, Late mortality among five-year survivors of cancer in childhood and adolescence. Acta Oncol. 43, 711-718 (2004).
33. G. T. Armstrong, Z. Pan, K. K. Ness, D. Srivastava and L. L. Robison, Temporal trends in cause-specific late mortality among five-year survivors of childhood cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 28, 1224- 1231 (2010).
34. E. Ron, B. Modan, J. D. Boice, Jr., E. Alfandary, M. Stovall, A. Chetrit and L. Katz, Tumors of the brain and nervous system after radiotherapy in childhood. N. Engl. J. Med. 319, 1033-1039 (1988).
35. P. Karlsson, E. Holmberg, M. Lundell, A. Mattsson, L. E. Holm and A. Wallgren, Intracranial tumors after exposure to ionizing radiation during infancy: a pooled analysis of two Swedish cohorts of 28,008 infants with skin hemangioma. Radiat. Res. 150, 357-364 (1998).
36. D. L. Preston, E. Ron, S. Yonehara, T. Kobuke, H. Fujii, M. Kishikawa, M. Tokunaga, S. Tokuoka and K. Mabuchi, Tumors of the nervous system and pituitary gland associated with atomic bomb radiation exposure. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 94, 1555-1563 (2002).
37. S. Bhatia, L. L. Robison, O. Oberlin, M. Greenberg, G. Bunin, F. Fossati-Bellani and A. T. Meadows, Breast cancer and other second neoplasms after childhood Hodgkin's disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 334, 745-751 (1996). (Pubitemid 26089355)
38. J. P. Neglia, D. L. Friedman, Y. Yasui, A. C. Mertens, S. Hammond, M. Stovall, S. S. Donaldson, A. T. Meadows and L. L. Robison, Second malignant neoplasms in five-year survivors of childhood cancer: childhood cancer survivor study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93, 618-629 (2001). (Pubitemid 32409629)
39. A. W. Walter, M. L. Hancock, C. H. Pui, M. M. Hudson, J. S. Ochs, G. K. Rivera, C. B. Pratt, J. M. Boyett and L. E. Kun, Secondary brain tumors in children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia at St Jude Children's Research Hospital. J. Clin. Oncol. 16, 3761-3767 (1998).
40. J. P. Neglia, A. T. Meadows, L. L. Robison, T. H. Kim, W. A. Newton, F. B. Ruymann, H. N. Sather and G. D. Hammond, Second neoplasms after acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. N. Engl. J. Med. 325, 1330-1336 (1991).
41. A. M. Goldstein, J. Yuen and M. A. Tucker, Second cancers after medulloblastoma: population-based results from the United States and Sweden. Cancer Causes Control 8, 865-871 (1997).
42. J. P. Neglia, L. L. Robison, M. Stovall, Y. Liu, R. J. Packer, S. Hammond, Y. Yasui, C. E. Kasper, A. C. Mertens and P. D. Inskip, New primary neoplasms of the central nervous system in survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 98, 1528-1537 (2006).
43. E. Ron, J. H. Lubin, R. E. Shore, K. Mabuchi, B. Modan, L. M. Pottern, A. B. Schneider, M. A. Tucker and J. D. Boice, Jr., Thyroid cancer after exposure to external radiation: a pooled analysis of seven studies. Radiat. Res. 141, 259-277 (1995).
44. D. E. Thompson, K. Mabuchi, E. Ron, M. Soda, M. Tokunaga, S. Ochikubo, S. Sugimoto, T. Ikeda, M. Terasaki and D. L. Preston, Cancer incidence in atomic bomb survivors. Part II: Solid tumors, 1958-1987. Radiat. Res. 137 (Suppl.), S17-S67 (1994).
45. F. de Vathaire, C. Hardiman, A. Shamsaldin, S. Campbell, E. Grimaud, M. Hawkins, M. Raquin, O. Oberlin, I. Diallo and C. Bonaïti, Thyroid carcinomas after irradiation for a first cancer during childhood. Arch. Intern. Med. 159, 2713-2719 (1999).
46. M. A. Tucker, P. H. Jones, J. D. Boice, Jr., L. L. Robison, B. J. Stone, M. Stovall, R. D. Jenkin, J. H. Lubin, E. S. Baum and J. F. Fraumeni, Jr., Therapeutic radiation at a young age is linked to secondary thyroid cancer. The Late Effects Study Group. Cancer Res. 51, 2885-2888 (1991).
47. A. J. Sigurdson, C. M. Ronckers, A. C. Mertens, M. Stovall, S. A. Smith, Y. Liu, R. L. Berkow, S. Hammond, J. P. Neglia and P. D. Inskip, Primary thyroid cancer after a first tumour in childhood (the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study): a nested casecontrol study. Lancet 365, 2014-2023 (2005).
48. C. M. Ronckers, A. J. Sigurdson, M. Stovall, S. A. Smith, A. C. Mertens, Y. Liu, S. Hammond, C. E. Land, J. P. Neglia and P. D. Inskip, Thyroid cancer in childhood cancer survivors: a detailed evaluation of radiation dose response and its modifiers. Radiat. Res. 166, 618-628 (2006).
49. L. H. Gray, Radiation biology and cancer. In 18th Annual Symposium on Experimental Cancer Research 1964, pp. 7-25. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 1965.
50. L. B. Kenney, Y. Yasui, P. D. Inskip, S. Hammond, J. P. Neglia, A. C. Mertens, A. T. Meadows, D. Friedman, L. L. Robison and L. Diller, Breast cancer after childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Ann. Intern. Med. 141, 590-597 (2004). (Pubitemid 39390536)
51. P. D. Inskip, L. L. Robison, M. Stovall, S. A. Smith, S. Hammond, A. C. Mertens, J. A. Whitton, L. Diller, L. Kenney and J. P. Neglia, Radiation dose and breast cancer risk in the childhood cancer survivor study. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 3901-3907 (2009).
52. L. B. Travis, D. A. Hill, G. M. Dores, M. Gospodarowicz, F. E. van Leeuwen, E. Holowaty, B. Glimelius, M. Andersson, T. Wiklund and E. Gilbert, Breast cancer following radiotherapy and chemotherapy among young women with Hodgkin disease. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 290, 465-475 (2003);
53. Erratum, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 290, 1318 (2003).
54. M. Didi, E. Didcock, H. A. Davies, A. L. Ogilvy-Stuart, J. K. Wales and S. M. Shalet, High incidence of obesity in young adults after treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. J. Pediatr. 127, 63-67 (1995).
55. J. E. Van Dongen-Melman, A. C. Hokken-Koelega, K. Hahlen, A. De Groot, C. G. Tromp and R. M. Egeler, Obesity after successful treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. Pediatr. Res. 38, 86-90 (1995).
56. K. Nysom, K. Holm, K. F. Michaelsen, H. Hertz, J. Muller and C. Molgaard, Degree of fatness after treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in childhood. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 84, 4591-4596 (1999).
57. M. P. Shaw, L. E. Bath, J. Duff, C. J. Kelnar and W. H. Wallace, Obesity in leukemia survivors: the familial contribution. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 17, 231-237 (2000).
58. F. Craig, A. D. Leiper, R. Stanhope, C. Brain, S. T. Meller and S. S. Nussey, Sexually dimorphic and radiation dose dependent effect of cranial irradiation on body mass index. Arch. Dis. Child. 81, 500-504 (1999).
59. K. C. Oeffinger, A. C. Mertens, C. A. Sklar, Y. Yasui, T. Fears, M. Stovall, T. A. Vik, P. D. Inskip and L. L. Robison, Obesity in adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 21, 1359-1365 (2003). (Pubitemid 46606416)
60. E. G. Garmey, Q. Liu, C. A. Sklar, L. R. Meacham, A. C. Mertens, M. A. Stovall, Y. Yasui, L. L. Robison and K. C. Oeffinger, Longitudinal changes in obesity and body mass index among adult survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 26, 4639-4645 (2008).
61. G. T. Armstrong, C. A. Sklar, M. M. Hudson and L. L. Robison, Long-term health status among survivors of childhood cancer: does sex matter? J. Clin. Oncol. 25, 4477-4489 (2007).
62. J. A. Ross, K. C. Oeffinger, S. M. Davies, A. C. Mertens, E. K. Langer, W. R. Kiffmeyer, C. A. Sklar, M. Stovall, Y. Yasui and L. L. Robison, Genetic variation in the leptin receptor gene and obesity in survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 22, 3558-3562 (2004).
63. E. Kaplan, C. Sklar, R. Wilmott, S. Michaels and F. Ghavimi, Pulmonary function in children treated for rhabdomyosarcoma. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 27, 79-84 (1996).
64. B. R. O'Driscoll, P. S. Hasleton, P. M. Taylor, L. W. Poulter, H. R. Gattameneni and A. A. Woodcock, Active lung fibrosis up to 17 years after chemotherapy with carmustine (BCNU) in childhood. N. Engl. J. Med. 323, 378-382 (1990).
65. A. C. Mertens, Y. Yasui, Y. Liu, M. Stovall, R. Hutchinson, J. Ginsberg, C. Sklar and L. L. Robison, Pulmonary complications in survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer. A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Cancer 95, 2431-2441 (2002). (Pubitemid 35351152)
66. M. J. Adams and S. E. Lipshultz, Pathophysiology of anthracycline- and radiation-associated cardiomyopathies: implications for screening and prevention. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 44, 600-606 (2005).
67. M. C. Hull, C. G. Morris, C. J. Pepine and N. P. Mendenhall, Valvular dysfunction and carotid, subclavian, and coronary artery disease in survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma treated with radiation therapy. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 290, 2831-2837 (2003).
68. D. A. Mulrooney, M. W. Yeazel, T. Kawashima, A. C. Mertens, P. Mitby, M. Stovall, S. S. Donaldson, D. M. Green, C. A. Sklar and W. M. Leisenring, Cardiac outcomes in a cohort of adult survivors of childhood and adolescent cancer: retrospective analysis of the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort. Br. Med. J. 339, b4606 (2009).
69. R. B. Devney, C. A. Sklar, M. E. Nesbit, Jr., T. H. Kim, J. F. Williamson, L. L. Robison and N. K. Ramsay, Serial thyroid function measurements in children with Hodgkin disease. J. Pediatr. 105, 223-227 (1984).
70. N. J. Tarbell, L. Thompson and P. Mauch, Thoracic irradiation in Hodgkin's disease: disease control and long-term complications. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 18, 275-281 (1990).
71. J. S. Loeffler, N. J. Tarbell, J. R. Garber and P. Mauch, The development of Graves' disease following radiation therapy in Hodgkin's disease. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 14, 175-178 (1988).
72. M. M. Kaplan, M. B. Garnick, R. Gelber, F. P. Li, J. R. Cassady, S. E. Sallan, W. E. Fine and M. J. Sack, Risk factors for thyroid abnormalities after neck irradiation for childhood cancer. Am. J. Med. 74, 272-280 (1983).
73. I. D. Fleming, T. L. Black, E. I. Thompson, C. Pratt, B. Rao and O. Hustu, Thyroid dysfunction and neoplasia in children receiving neck irradiation for cancer. Cancer 55, 1190-1194 (1985).
74. D. B. Crom, S. C. Kaste, D. G. Tubergen, C. A. Greenwald, G. B. Sharp and M. M. Hudson, Ultrasonography for thyroid screening after head and neck irradiation in childhood cancer survivors. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 28, 15-21 (1997).
75. J. C. Healy, E. A. Shafford, R. H. Reznek, J. A. Webb, J. M. Thomas, J. B. Bomanji and J. E. Kingston, Sonographic abnormalities of the thyroid gland following radiotherapy in survivors of childhood Hodgkin's disease. Br. J. Radiol. 69, 617-623 (1996).
76. C. Sklar, J. Whitton, A. Mertens, M. Stovall, D. Green, N. Marina, B. Greffe, S. Wolden and L. Robison, Abnormalities of the thyroid in survivors of Hodgkin's disease: data from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85, 3227-3232 (2000).
77. K. C. Oeffinger, D. A. Eshelman, G. E. Tomlinson, G. R. Buchanan and B. M. Foster, Grading of late effects in young adult survivors of childhood cancer followed in an ambulatory adult setting. Cancer 88, 1687-1695 (2000).
78. M. L. Garre, S. Gandus, B. Cesana, R. Haupt, B. De Bernardi, A. Comelli, A. Ferrando, G. Stella, M. L. Vitali and L. Massimo, Health status of long-term survivors after cancer in childhood. Results of an uniinstitutional study in Italy. Am. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol. 16, 143-152 (1994).
79. M. C. Stevens, H. Mahler and S. Parkes, The health status of adult survivors of cancer in childhood. Eur. J. Cancer 34, 694-698 (1998).
80. C. A. Sklar, Overview of the effects of cancer therapies: the nature, scale and breadth of the problem. Acta Paediatr. Suppl. 88, 1-4 (1999).
81. K. C. Oeffinger, A. C. Mertens, C. A. Sklar, T. Kawashima, M. M. Hudson, A. T. Meadows, D. L. Friedman, N. Marina, W. Hobbie and L. L. Robison, Chronic health conditions in adult survivors of childhood cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 1572-1582 (2006).