Dietary isoflavones and coronary artery disease—proposed molecular mechanisms of action

Nutrigenomics

Volumn , Issue , 2005, Pages 301-326

  Cassidy, Aedin ^a   De Pascual Teresa, Sonia ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^b INSTITUTO DEL FRÍO CSIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78649983672     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (116)

1. Setchell KD, Cassidy A. Dietary isoflavones: biological effects and relevance to human health. J Nutr 1999; 129:758S-767S.
2. Cassidy A, Faughnan M. Phyto-estrogens through the life cycle. Proc Nutr Soc 2000; 59:489-496.
3. Setchell KD, Lawson AM, Borriello SP, Harkness R, Gordon H, Morgan DM, Kirk DN, Adlercreatz H, Anderson LC, Axelson M. Lignan formation in man—microbial involvement and possible roles in relation to cancer. Lancet 1981; 2:4-7.
4. Thompson LU, Robb P, Serraino M, Cheung F. Mammalian lignan production from various foods. Nutr Cancer 1991; 16:43-52.
5. Coward L, Barnes NC, Setchell KDR, Barnes S. Genistein, daidzein, and their beta-glycoside conjugates:antitumor isoflavones in soybean foods from American and Asian diets. J Agric Food Chem 1993; 41:1961-1967.
6. Cassidy A, Bingham S, Setchell KD. Biological effects of a diet of soy protein rich in isoflavones on the menstrual cycle of premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 60:333-340.
7. Setchell KD, Borriello SP, Hulme P, Kirk DN, Axelson M. Nonsteroidal estrogens of dietary origin: possible roles in hormone-dependent disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1984; 40:569-578.
8. Setchell KD, Brown NM, Desai P, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Wolfe BE, Brashear WT, Kirschner AS, Cassidy A, Heubi JE. Bioavailability of pure isoflavones in healthy humans and analysis of commercial soy isoflavone supplements. J Nutr 2001, 131:1362S-1375S.
9. Setchell KD, Faughnan MS, Avades T, Zimmer-Nechemias L, Brown NM, Wolfe BE, Brashear WT, Desai P, Oldfield MF, Botting NP, Cassidy A. Comparing the pharmacokinetics of daidzein and genistein with the use of 13C-labeled tracers in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77:411-419.
10. Barnes S, Boersma B, Patel R, Kirk M, Darley-Usmar VM, Kim H, Xu J. Isoflavonoids and chronic disease: mechanisms of action. Biofactors 2000; 12:209-215.
11. Markiewicz L, Garey J, Adlercreutz H, Gurpide E. In vitro bioassays of non-steroidal phytestrogens. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1993; 45:399-405.
12. Mayr U, Butsch A, Schneider S. Validation of two in vitro test systems for estrogenic activities with zearalenone, phytestrogens and cereal extracts. Toxicology 1992; 74:135-149.
13. Makela S, Savolainen H, Aavik E, Myllarniemi M, Strauss L, Taskinen E, Gustafsson JA, Hayry P. Differentiation between vasculoprotective and uterotrophic effects of ligands with different binding affinities to estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:7077-7082.
14. Kuiper GG, Enmark E, Pelto-Huikko M, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA. Cloning of a novel receptor expressed in rat prostate and ovary. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:5925-5930.
15. Kuiper GG, Lemmen JG, Carlsson B, Corton JC, Safe SH, van der Saag PT, von der Burg B, Gustaffson JA. Interaction of estrogenic chemicals and phytestro-gens with estrogen receptor ß. Endocrinology 1998; 139:4252-4263.
16. Adlercreutz H, Markkanen H, Watanabe S. Plasma concentrations of phytoestrogens in Japanese men. Lancet 1993; 342:1209-1210.
17. Adlercreutz H, Fotsis T, Lampe J, Wahala K, Makela T, Brunow G, Hase T. Quantitative determination of lignans and isoflavonoids in plasma of omnivorous and vegetarian women by isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1993; 215:5-18.
18. Zhang Y, Song TT, Cunnick JE, Murphy PA, Hendrich S. Daidzein and genistein glucuronides in vitro are weakly estrogenic and activate human natural killer cells at nutritionally relevant concentrations. J Nutr 1999; 129:399-405.
19. Pike AC, Brzozowski AM, Hubbard RE, Bonn T, Thorsell AG, Engstrom O, Ljunggren J, Gustafsson JA, Carlquist M. Structure of the ligand-binding domain of estrogen receptor beta in the presence of a partial agonist and a full antagonist. EMBO J 1999; 18:4608-4618.
20. An J, Tzagarakis-Foster C, Scharschmidt TC, Lomri N, Leitman DC. Estrogen receptor beta-selective transcriptional activity and recruitment of coregulators by phytestrogens. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:17808-17814.
21. Barkhem T, Carlsson B, Nilsson Y, Enmark E, Gustafsson J, Nilsson S. Differential response of estrogen receptor alpha and estrogen receptor beta to partial estrogen agonists/antagonists. Mol Pharmacol 1998; 54:105-112.
22. Wei H, Wei L, Frenkel K, Bowen R, Barnes S. Inhibition of tumor promoter-induced hydrogen peroxide formation in vitro and in vivo by genistein. Nutr Cancer 1993; 20:1-12.
23. Arora A, Nair MG, Strasburg GM. Antioxidant activities of isoflavones and their biological metabolites in a liposomal system. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 356:133-141.
24. Mitchell JH, Gardner PT, McPhail DB, Morrice PC, Collins AR, Duthie GG. Antioxidant efficacy of phytestrogens in chemical and biological model systems. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 360:142-148.
25. Wei H, Bowen R, Cai Q, Barnes S, Wang Y. Antioxidant and antipromotional effects of the soybean isoflavone genistein. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995; 208:124-130.
26. Guo Q, Rimbach G, Moini H, Weber S, Packer L. ESR and cell culture studies on free radical-scavenging and antioxidant activities of isoflavonoids. Toxicology 2002; 179:171-180.
27. Rimbach G, de Pascual-Teresa S, Ewins BA, Matsugo S, Uchida K, Minihane AM, Turner R, Vafeiadou K, Weinberg PD. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of isoflavone metabolites. Xenobiotica 2003; 33(9):913-925.
28. Tikkanen MJ, Wahala K, Ojala S, Vihma V, Adlercreutz H. Effect of soybean phytestrogen intake on low density lipoprotein oxidation resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95:3106-3110.
29. Kapiotis S, Hermann M, Held I, Seelos C, Ehringer H, Gmeiner BM. Genistein, the dietary-derived angiogenesis inhibitor, prevents LDL oxidation and protects endothelial cells from damage by atherogenic LDL. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:2668-2674.
30. Adlercreutz H, Honjo H, Higashi A, Fotsis T, Hamalainen E, Hasegawa T, Okada H. Urinary excretion of lignans and isoflavonoid phytestrogens in Japanese men and women consuming a traditional Japanese diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54:1093-1100.
31. Adlercreutz H, Mazur W. Phyto-estrogens and Western diseases. Ann Med 1997; 29:95-120.
32. Anderson JW, Johnstone BM, Cook-Newell ME. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein intake on serum lipids. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:276-282.
33. Sirtori CR, Even R, Lovati MR. Soybean protein diet and plasma cholesterol: from therapy to molecular mechanisms. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993; 676:188-201.
34. Tovar-Palacio C, Potter SM, Hafermann JC, Shay NF. Intake of soy protein and soy protein extracts influences lipid metabolism and hepatic gene expression in gerbils. J Nutr 1998; 128:839-842.
35. Kirk EA, Sutherland P, Wang SA, Chait A, LeBoeuf RC. Dietary isoflavones reduce plasma cholesterol and atherosclerosis in C57BL/6 mice but not LDL receptor-deficient mice. J Nutr 1998; 128:954-959.
36. Anthony MS, Clarkson TB, Hughes CL Jr, Morgan TM, Burke GL. Soybean isoflavones improve cardiovascular risk factors without affecting the reproductive system of peripubertal rhesus monkeys. J Nutr 1996; 126:43-50.
37. Anthony MS, Clarkson TB, Williams JK. Effects of soy isoflavones on atheroscler-osis:potential mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68(suppl):1390-1393.
38. Nagata C, Takatsuko N, Kurisu Y, Shimizu H. Decreased serum total cholesterol concentration is associated with high intake of soy products in Japanese men and women. J Nutr 1998; 128:209-213.
39. Crouse JR 3rd, Morgan T, Terry JG, Ellis J, Vitolins M, Burke GL. A randomized trial comparing the effect of casein with that of soy protein containing varying amounts of isoflavones on plasma concentrations of lipids and lipoproteins. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159:2070-2076.
40. Potter SM, Baum JA, Teng H, Stillman RJ, Shay NF, Erdman JW Jr. Soy protein and isoflavones: their effects on blood lipids and bone density in postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68:1375S-1379S.
41. Scheiber MD, Liu JH, Subbiah MT, Rebar RW, Setchell KD. Dietary inclusion of whole soy foods results in significant reductions in clinical risk factors for osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in normal postmenopausal women. Menopause 2001; 8:384-392.
42. Nestel PJ, Yamashita T, Sasahara T, Pomeroy S, Dart A, Komesaroff P, Owen A, Abbey M. Soy isoflavones improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal and perimenopausal women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17:3392-3398.
43. Nestel PJ, Pomeroy S, Kay S, Komesaroff P, Behrsing J, Cameron JD, West L. Isoflavones from red clover improve systemic arterial compliance but not plasma lipids in menopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84:895-898.
44. Baum JA, Teng H Jr, Erdman JW, Weigel RM, Klein BP, Persky VW, Freels S, Surya P, Bakhit RM, Ramos E, Shay NF, Potter SM. Long-term intake of soy protein improves blood lipid profiles and increases mononulear cell low-density-lipoprotein receptor messenger RNA in hypercholesterolemic, postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1998; 68:545-551.
45. Ashton EL, Dalais FS, Ball MJ. Effect of meat replacement by tofu on risk CHD factors including copper induced LDL oxidation. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; 19:761-767.
46. Blakesmith SJ, Lyons-Wall PM, George C, Joannou GE, Petocz P, Samman S. Effects of supplementation with purified red clover (Trifolium pratense) isoflavones on plasma lipids and insulin resistance in healthy premenopausal women. Br J Nutr 2003; 89:467-475.
47. Gardner CD, Newell KA, Cherin R, Hasbell WL. The effect of soy protein with or without isoflavones relative to milk protein on plasma lipids in hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73:728-735.
48. Gardner-Thorpe D, O’Hagen C, Young I, Lewis SJ. Dietary supplements of soya flour lower serum testosterone concentrations and improve markers of oxidative stress in men. Eur J Clin Nutr 2003; 57:100-106.
49. Gooderham MH, Adlercreutz H, Ojala ST, Wahala K, Holub BJ. A soy protein isolate rich in genistein and daidzein and its effects on plasma isoflavone concentrations, platelet aggregation, blood lipids and fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipid in normal men. J Nutr 1996; 126:2000-2006.
50. Hale G, Paul-Labrador M, Dwyer JH, Merz CN. Isoflavone supplementation and endothelial function in menopausal women. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002; 56:693-701.
51. Hodgson JM, Puddey IB, Beilin LJ, Mori TA, Croft KD. Supplementation with isoflavonoid phytestrogens does not alter serum lipid concentrations: a randomized controlled trial in humans. J Nutr 1998; 128:728-732.
52. Jayagopal V, Albertazzi P, Kilpatrick ES, Howarth EM, Jennings PE, Hepburn DA, Atkin SL. Beneficial effects of soy phytestrogen intake in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25:1709-1714.
53. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Jackson CJ, Connelly PW, Parker T, Faulkner D, Vidgen E, Cunnane SC, Leiter LA, Josse RG. Effects of high- and low-isoflavone soyfoods on blood lipids, oxidized LDL, homocysteine, and blood pressure in hyperlipidemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:365-372.
54. Merz-Demlow BE, Duncan AM, Wangen KE, Xu X, Carr TP, Phipps WR, Kurzer MS. Soy isoflavones improve plasma lipids in normocholesterolemic, premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:1462-1469.
55. Ridges L, Sunderland R, Moerman K, Meyer B, Astheimer L, Howe P. Cholesterol lowering benefits of soy and linseed enriched foods. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2001; 10:204-211.
56. Samman S, Lyons Wall PM, Chan GS, Smith SJ, Petocz P. The effect of supplementation with isoflavones on plasma lipids and oxidisability of low density lipoprotein in premenopausal women. Atherosclerosis 1999; 147:277-283.
57. Sanders TA, Dean TS, Grainger D, Miller GJ, Wiseman H. Moderate intakes of intact soy protein rich in isoflavones compared with ethanol-extracted soy protein increase HDL but do not influence transforming growth factor beta(1) concentrations and hemostatic risk factors for coronary heart disease in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:373-377.
58. Simons LA, von Konigsmark M, Simons J, Celermajer DS. Phytestrogens do not influence lipoprotein levels or endothelial function in healthy, postmenopausal women. Am J Cardiol 2000; 85:1297-1301.
59. Teede HJ, Dalais FS, Kotsopoulos D, Liang YL, Davis S, McGrath BP. Dietary soy has both beneficial and potentially adverse cardiovascular effects: a placebocontrolled study in men and postmenopausal women. Clin J Endocrinol Metab 2001; 86:3053-3060.
60. Teixeira SR, Potter SM, Weigel R, Hannum S, Erdman JW Jr, Hasler CM. Effects of feeding 4 levels of soy protein for 3 and 6 wk on blood lipids and apolipoproteins in moderately hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 71:1077-1084.
61. Uesugi T, Fukui Y, Yamori Y. Beneficial effects of soybean isoflavone supplementation on bone metabolism and serum lipids in postmenopausal japanese women: a four-week study. J Am Coll Nutr 2002; 21:97-102.
62. Wangen KE, Duncan AM, Xu X, Kurzer MS. Soy isoflavones improve plasme lipids in normocholesterolemic and mildly hypercholesterolemic postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 73:225-231.
63. Washburn S, Burke GL, Morgan T, Anthony M. Effect of soy protein supplementation on serum lipoproteins, blood pressure, and menopausal symptoms in perimenopausal women. Menopause 1999; 6:7-13.
64. Kuiper GG, Carlsson B, Grandien K, Enmark E, Haggblad J, Nilsson S, Gustafsson JA. Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocrinology 1997; 138:863-870.
65. Register TC, Adams MR. Coronary artery and cultured aortic smooth muscle cells express mRNA for both the classical estrogen receptor and the newly described estrogen receptor beta. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 64:187-191.
66. Chen CC, Chiu KT, Sun YT, Chen WC. Role of the cyclic AMP-protein kinase A pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Involvement of cyclooxygenase-2. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:31559-31564.
67. Zhu Y, Bian Z, Lu P, Karas RH, Bao L, Cox D, Hodgin J, Shaul PW, Thoren P, Smithies O, Gustafsson JA, Mendelsohn ME. Abnormal vascular function and hypertension in mice deficient in estrogen receptor beta. Science 2002; 295:505-508.
68. Honore EK, Williams JK, Anthony MS, Clarkson TB. Soy isoflavones enhance coronary vascular reactivity in atherosclerotic female macaques. Fertil Steril 1997; 67:148-154.
69. Williams JK, Clarkson TB. Dietary soy isoflavones inhibit in vivo constrictor responses of coronary arteries to collagen-induced platelet activation. Coron Artery Dis 1998; 9:759-764.
70. Nevala R, Lassila M, Finckenberg P, Paukku K, Korpela R, Vapaatalo H. Genistein treatment reduces arterial contractions by inhibiting tyrosine kinases in ovari-ectomized hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 452:87-96.
71. Rivas M, Garay RP, Escanero JF, Cia P Jr, Cia P, Alda JO. Soy milk lowers blood pressure in men and women with mild to moderate essential hypertension. J Nutr 2002; 132:1900-1902.
72. Bloedon LT, Jeffcoat AR, Lopaczynski W, Schell MJ, Black TM, Dix KJ, Thomas BF, Albright C, Busby MG, Crowell JA, Zeisel SH. Safety and pharmacokinetics of purified soy isoflavones: single-dose administration to postmenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76:1126-1137.
73. Chiechi LM, Secreto G, Vimercati A, Greco P, Venturelli E, Pansini F, Fanelli M, Loizzi P, Selvaggi L. The effects of a soy rich diet on serum lipids: the Menfis randomized trial. Maturitas 2002; 41:97-104.
74. Vigna GB, Pansini F, Bonaccorsi G, Albertazzi P, Donega P, Zanotti L, De Aloysio D, Mollica G, Fellin R. Plasma lipoproteins in soy-treated postmenopausal women: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2000; 10(6):315-322.
75. Cybulsky MI, Gimbrone MA. Endothelial expression of a mononuclear leukocyte adhesion molecule during atherogenesis. Science 1991; 251:788-791.
76. Thiery J, Teupser D, Walli AK, Ivandic B, Nebendahl K, Stein O, Stein Y, Seidel D. Study of causes underlying the low atherosclerotic response to dietary hypercholesterolemia in a selected strain of rabbits. Atherosclerosis 1996; 121:63-73.
77. Rimbach G, Valacchi G, Canali R, Virgili F. Macrophages stimulated with IFN-gamma activate NF-kB and induce MCP-1 gene expression in primary human endothelial cells. Mol Cell Biol Res Comm 2000; 3:238-242.
78. Rubanyi GM. The role of endothelium in cardiovascular homeostasis and diseases. Cardiovasc J Pharmacol 1993; 22(suppl):1-14.
79. Baeuerle PA, Henkel T. Function and activation of NF-kappa in B the immune system. Ann Rev Immunol 1996; 12:141-179.
80. Kunsch C, Medford RM. Oxidative stress as a regulator of gene expression in vasculature. Circulation Res 1999; 85:753-766.
81. Saliou C, Valacchi G, Rimbach G. Assessing bioflavonoids as regulators of NF-kB acitivity and gene expression in mammalian cells. Methods Enzymol 2001; 335:380-387.
82. Brand K, Page S, Rogler G, Bartsch A, Brandl R, Knuechel R, Page M, Kaltschmidt C, Baeuerle PA, Neumeier D. Activated transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa is B present in the atherosclerotic lesion. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:1715-1722.
83. Lindner V, Collins T. Expression of NF-kappa B and I kappa B-alpha by aortic endothelium in an arterial injury model. Am J Pathol 1996; 148:427-438.
84. Brand K, Page S, Walli AK, Neumeier D, Baeuerle PA. Role of nuclear factor-kappa in B atherogenesis. Exp Physiol 1997; 82:297-304.
85. Yan SD, Schmidt AM, Anderson GM, Zhang J, Brett J, Zou YS, Pinsky D, Stern D. Enhanced cellular oxidant stress by the interaction of advanced glycation end products with their receptors/binding proteins. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:9889-9897.
86. Shames BD, Selzman CH, Pulido EJ, Meng X, Meldrum DR, McIntyre RC Jr, Harken AH, Banerjee A. LPS-induced NF-kappaB activation and TNF-alpha release in human monocytes are protein tyrosine kinase dependent and protein kinase C independent. J Surg Res 1999; 83:69-74.
87. Akiyama T, Ishida J, Nakagawa S, Ogawara H, Watanabe S, Itoh N, Shibuya M, Fukami Y. Genistein, a specific inhibitor of tyrosine-specific protein kinases. J Biol Chem 1987; 262:5592-5595.
88. Chen CC, Wang JK, Lin SB. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting protein kinase C-a, bI, or -d but not -h inhibit lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide synthase expression in RAW 264.7 macrophages: involvement of a nuclear factor kB-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 1998; 161:6206-6214.
89. Davis JN, Kucuk O, Djuric Z, Sarkar FH. Soy isoflavone supplementation in healthy men prevents NF-kappaB activation by TNF-alpha in blood lymphocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2001; 30:1293-1302.
90. May MJ, Wheeler-Jones CP, Pearson JD. Effects of protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors on cytokine-induced adhesion molecule expression by human umbilical vein endothelial cells. BrJ Pharmacol 1996; 118:1761-1771.
91. Weber C, Negrescu E, Erl W, Pietsch A, Frankenberger M, Ziegler-Heitbrock HW, Siess W, Weber PC. Inhibitors of protein tyrosine kinase suppress TNF-stimulated induction of endothelial cell adhesion molecules. J Immunol 1995; 155:445-451.
92. McGregor PE, Agrawal DK, Edwards JD. Attenuation of human leukocyte adherence to endothelial cell monolayers by tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994; 198:359-365.
93. Tedesco F, Fischetti F, Pausa M, Dobrina A, Sim RB, Daha MR. Complement-endothelial cell interactions: pathophysiological implications. Mol Immunol 1999; 36:261-268.
94. Moncada S, Palmer RM, Higgs EA. Nitric oxide: physiology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 1991; 43:109-142.
95. Ignarro LJ. Regulation of cytosolic guanylyl cyclase by porphyrins and metallopor-phyrins. Adv Pharmacol 1994; 26:35-65.
96. Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:C1424-C1437.
97. Stuehr DJ, Marietta MA. Induction of nitrite/nitrate synthesis in murine macrophages by BCG infection, lymphokines, or interferon-gamma. J Immunol 1987; 139:518-525.
98. Narumi S, Finke JH, Hamilton TA. Interferon gamma and interleukin 2 synergize to induce selective monokine expression in murine peritoneal macrophages. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:7036-7041.
99. Tetsuka T, Morrison AR. Tyrosine kinase activation is necessary for inducible nitric oxide synthase expression by interleukin-1 beta. Am J Physiol 1995; 269:C55-C59.
100. Li W, Xia J, Sun GY. Cytokine induction of iNOS and sPLA2 in immortalized astrocytes (DITNC): response to genistein and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:121-127.
101. Gottstein N, Ewins BA, Eccleston C, Hubbard GP, Kavanagh IC, Minihane AM, Weinberg PD, Rimbach G. Effect of genistein and daidzein on platelet aggregation and monocyte and endothelial function. Br J Nutr 2003; 89:607-616.
102. Azumi S, Tanimura A, Tanamoto K. A novel inhibitor of bacterial endotoxin derived from cinnamon bark. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997; 234:506-510.
103. Sheu F, Lai HH, Yen GC. Suppression effect of soy isoflavones on nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:1767-1772.
104. Green SJ, Crawford RM, Hockmeyer JT, Meltzer MS, Nacy CA. Leishmania major amastigotes initiate the L-arginine-dependent killing mechanism in IFN-gamma-stimulated macrophages by induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Immunol 1990; 145:4290-4297.
105. Jun CD, Choi BM, Kim HM, Chung HT. Involvement of protein kinase C during taxol-induced activation of murine peritoneal macrophages. J Immunol 1995; 154:6541-6547.
106. Nelken NA, Coughlin SR, Gordon D, Wilcox JN. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in human atheromatous plaques. J Clin Invest 1991; 88:1121-1127.
107. Yla-Herttuala S, Lipton BA, Rosenfeld ME, Sarkioja T, Yoshimura T, Leonard EJ, Witztum JL, Steinberg D. Expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in macrophage-rich areas of human and rabbit atherosclerotic lesions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991; 88:10143-10147.
108. Boring L, Gosling J, Cleary M, Charo IF. Decreased lesion formation in CCR2—/— mice reveals a role for chemokines in the initiation of atherosclerosis. Nature 1998; 394:894-897.
109. Peluso MR, Winters TA, Shanahan MF, Banz WJ. A cooperative interaction between soy protein and its isoflavone-enriched fraction lowers hepatic lipids in male obese Zucker rats and reduces blood platelet sensitivity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. J Nutr 2000; 130:2333-2342.
110. Nakashima S, Koike T, Nozawa Y. Genistein, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibits thromboxane A2-mediated human platelet responses. Mol Pharmacol 1991; 39:475-480.
111. Beretz A, Stierle A, Anton R, Cazenave J-P. Role of cyclic AMP in the inhibition of human platelet aggregation by quercetin, a flavonoid that potentiates the effect of prostacyclin. Biochem Pharmacol 1982; 31:3597-3600.
112. Landolfi R, Mower RL, Steiner M. Modification of platelet function and arachidonic acid metabolism by bioflavonoids. Biochem Pharmacol 1984; 33:1525-1530.
113. Packham MA, Mustard JF. Clinical pharmacology of platelets. Blood 1977; 50:555-573.
114. Pignatelli P, Pulcinelli FM, Lenti L, Gazzaniga PP, Violi F. Hydrogen peroxide is involved in collagen-induced platelet activation. Blood 1998; 91:484-490.
115. Iuliano L, Pedersen JZ, Pratico D, Rotilio G, Violi F. Role of hydroxyl radicals in the activation of human platelets. Eur J Biochem 1994; 221:695-704.
116. Ruiz-Larrea MB, Mohan AR, Paganga G, Miller NJ, Bolwell GP, Rice-Evans CA. Antioxidant activity of phytestrogenic isoflavones. Free Radic Res 1997; 26:63-70.