Causation in the presence of weak associations

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

Volumn 50, Issue SUPPL. 1, 2010, Pages 13-16

  Boffetta, Paolo ^a,b  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b INTERNATIONAL PREVENTION RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78649902088     PISSN: 10408398     EISSN: 15497852     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.526842     Document Type: Article

References (15)

1. Boffetta, P. (2002). Involuntary smoking and lung cancer. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health. 28(Suppl 2): 30-40.
2. Boffetta, P., Tubiana, M., Hill, C., Boniol, M., Aurengo, A., Masse, R., Valleron, A. J., Monier, R., de Thé, G., Boyle, P., and Autier, P. (2009). The causes of cancer in France. Ann. Oncol. 20: 550-555.
3. Hill, B. (1965). The environment of disease: association or causation? Proc. R. Soc. Med. 58: 295-300.
4. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (1995). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 64, Human Papillomaviruses. IARC, Lyon, France.
5. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). (2004). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol. 83, Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking. IARC, Lyon, France.
6. Loos, R. J., Lindgren, C. M., Li, S., Wheeler, E., Zhao, J. H., Prokopenko, I., Inouye, M., Freathy, R. M., Attwood, A. P., Beckmann, J. S., Berndt, S. I., Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial, Jacobs, K. B., Chanock, S. J., Hayes, R. B., Bergmann, S., Bennett, A. J., Bingham, S. A., Bochud, M., Brown, M., Cauchi, S., Connell, J. M., Cooper, C., Smith, G. D., Day, I., Dina, C., De, S., Dermitzakis, E. T., Doney, A. S., Elliott, K. S., Elliott, P., Evans, D. M., Sadaf Farooqi, I., Froguel, P., Ghori, J., Groves, C. J., Gwilliam, R., Hadley, D., Hall, A. S., Hattersley, A. T., Hebebrand, J., Heid, I. M., Gieger, C., Illig, T., Meitinger, T., Wichmann, H. E., Herrera, B., Hinney, A., Hunt, S. E., Jarvelin, M. R., Johnson, T., Jolley, J. D., Karpe, F., Keniry, A., Khaw, K. T., Luben, R. N., Mangino, M., Marchini, J., McArdle, W. L., McGin-nis, R., Meyre, D., Munroe, P. B., Morris, A. D., Ness, A. R., Neville, M. J., Nica, A. C., Ong, K. K., O'Rahilly, S., Owen, K. R., Palmer, C. N., Papadakis, K., Potter, S., Pouta, A., Qi, L., Nurses' Health Study, Randall, J. C., Rayner, N. W., Ring, S. M., Sandhu, M. S., Scherag, A., Sims, M. A., Song, K., Soranzo, N., Speliotes, E. K., Syddall, H. E., Teichmann, S. A., Timpson, N. J., Tobias, J. H., Uda M., Vogel, C. I., Wallace, C., Waterworth, D. M., Weedon, M. N., Willer, C. J., FUSION, Wraight, Yuan, X., Zeggini, E., Hirschhorn, J. N., Strachan, D. P., Ouwehand, W. H., Caulfield, M. J., Samani, N. J., Frayling, T. M., Vollenweider, P., Waeber, G., Mooser, V., Deloukas, P., McCarthy, M. I., Wareham, N. J., Barroso, I., Jacobs, K. B., Chanock, S. J., Hayes, R. B., Lamina, C., Gieger, C., Illig, T., Meitinger, T., Wichmann, H. E., Kraft, P., Hankinson, S. E., Hunter, D. J., Hu, F. B., Lyon, H. N., Voight, B. F., Ridderstrale, M., Groop, L., Scheet, P., Sanna, S., Abecasis, G. R., Albai, G., Nagaraja, R., Schlessinger, D., Jackson, A. U., Tuomilehto, J., Collins, F. S., Boehnke, M., and Mohlke, K. L. (2008). Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity. Nat. Genet. 40: 768-775.
7. Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., Poole, C., and Lash, T. L. (2008a). Causation and causal inference.In: Modern Epidemiology, 3rd edition, pp. 5-31. Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., and Lash, T. L.,Eds., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
8. Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., and Lash, T. L. (2008b). Precision and statistics in epidemiologic studies. In: Modern Epidemiology, 3rd edition, pp. 148-167. Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., and Lash, T. L., Eds., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
9. Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., and Lash, T. L. (2008c). Validity in epidemiologic studies. In: Modern Epidemiology, 3rd edition, pp. 128-147. Rothman, K. J., Greenland, S., and Lash, T. L., Eds., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.
10. United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare. (1964). Smoking and Health: Report of the Advisory Committee to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
11. United States Department of Health and Human Services. (2004). The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.
12. World Cancer Research Fund. (1997). Food, Nutrition and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington, DC.
13. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. (2007). Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: A Global Perspective. American Institute for Cancer Research, Washington, DC.
14. World Health Organization. (1964). Prevention of Cancer. Report of a WHO Committee, Technical Report Series 276.
15. WHO, Geneva, Switzerland. Wynder, E. L. (1987). Workshop on Guidelines to the Epidemiology of Weak Associations: Introduction. Prev. Med. 16: 139-141.