Trachoma prevalence and associated risk factors in the Gambia and Tanzania: Baseline results of a cluster randomised controlled trial

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Volumn 4, Issue 11, 2010, Pages

  Harding Esch, Emma M ^a   Edwards, Tansy ^a   Mkocha, Harran ^b   Munoz, Beatriz ^c   Holland, Martin J ^a,d   Burr, Sarah E ^a,d   Sillah, Ansumana ^e   Gaydos, Charlotte A ^f   Stare, Dianne ^c   Mabey, David C W ^a   Bailey, Robin L ^a   West, Sheila K ^c  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b Kongwa Trachoma Project   (Tanzania)

^c JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d MEDICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL LABORATORIES   (Gambia)

^e National Eye Care Programme   (Gambia)

^f DEPARTMENT OF PATHOLOGY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; CROWDING; EDUCATION; EYE DISCHARGE; EYE EXAMINATION; FEMALE; FLY; GAMBIA; HUMAN; INFANT; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NOSE SECRETION; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PREVALENCE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL; RISK FACTOR; TANZANIA; TRACHOMA; EYE; GENETICS; ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION; MICROBIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS; EYE; FEMALE; GAMBIA; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; RISK FACTORS; TANZANIA; TRACHOMA;

EID: 78649768381     PISSN: 19352727     EISSN: 19352735     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000861     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. Resnikoff S, Pascolini D, Etya'ale D, Kocur I, Pararajasegaram R, et al. (2004) Global data on visual impairment in the year 2002. Bull World Health Organ 82: 844-851.
2. Mariotti SP, Pascolini D, Rose-Nussbaumer J (2009) Trachoma: global magnitude of a preventable cause of blindness. Br J Ophthalmol 93: 563-568.
3. WHO (2004) Report of the eighth meeting of the WHO Alliance for the Global Elimination of Blinding Trachoma, Geneva: Switzerland. http://www.who.int/blindness/publications/GET_8_Report.pdf.
4. Kuper H, Solomon AW, Buchan J, Zondervan M, Foster A, et al. (2003) A critical review of the SAFE strategy for the prevention of blinding trachoma. Lancet Infect Dis 3: 372-381.
5. Harding-Esch EM, Edwards T, Sillah A, Sarr I, Roberts CH, et al. (2009) Active trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in two Gambian regions:on course for elimination by 2020? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3: e573.
6. WHO (2008) Trachoma Data Form World Health Organization Alliance for the Global Elimination of Blinding Trachoma, Twelfth Meeting Geneva, Switzerland: 28-30 April 2008.
7. Baral K, Osaki S, Shreshta B, Panta CR, Boulter A, et al. (1999) Reliability of clinical diagnosis in identifying infectious trachoma in a low-prevalence area of Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 77: 461-466.
8. Holm SO, Jha HC, Bhatta RC, Chaudhary JS, Thapa BB, et al. (2001) Comparison of two azithromycin distribution strategies for controlling trachoma in Nepal. Bull World Health Organ 79: 194-200.
9. Burton MJ, Holland MJ, Faal N, Aryee EA, Alexander ND, et al. (2003) Which members of a community need antibiotics to control trachoma? Conjunctival Chlamydia trachomatis infection load in Gambian villages. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 44: 4215-4222.
10. Miller K, Schmidt G, Melese M, Alemayehu W, Yi E, et al. (2004) How reliable is the clinical exam in detecting ocular chlamydial infection? Ophthalmic Epidemiol 11: 255-262.
11. Solomon AW, Harding-Esch E, Alexander ND, Aguirre A, Holland MJ, et al. (2008) Two doses of azithromycin to eliminate trachoma in a Tanzanian community. N Engl J Med 358: 1870-1871.
12. Abdou A, Nassirou B, Kadri B, Moussa F, Munoz BE, et al. (2007) Prevalence and risk factors for trachoma and ocular Chlamydia trachomatis infection in Niger. Br J Ophthalmol 91: 13-17.
13. West SK, Rapoza P, Munoz B, Katala S, Taylor HR (1991) Epidemiology of ocular chlamydial infection in a trachoma-hyperendemic area. J Infect Dis 163: 752-756.
14. Thylefors B, Dawson CR, Jones BR, West SK, Taylor HR (1987) A simple system for the assessment of trachoma and its complications. Bull World Health Organ 65: 477-483.
15. Solomon AW, Holland MJ, Burton MJ, West SK, Alexander ND, et al. (2003) Strategies for control of trachoma: observational study with quantitative PCR. Lancet 362: 198-204.
16. Dalesio N, Marsiglia V, Quinn A, Quinn TC, Gaydos CA (2004) Performance of the MagNA pure LC robot for extraction of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae DNA from urine and swab specimens. J Clin Microbiol 42: 3300-3302.
17. Faal H, Minassian DC, Dolin PJ, Mohamed AA, Ajewole J, et al. (2000) Evaluation of a national eye care programme: re-survey after 10 years. Br J Ophthalmol 84: 948-951.
18. Dolin PJ, Faal H, Johnson GJ, Minassian D, Sowa S, et al. (1997) Reduction of trachoma in a sub-Saharan village in absence of a disease control programme. Lancet 349: 1511-1512.
19. ITI (2009) Tanzania http://www.trachoma.org/media/documents/ FinalTanzaniaFactSheet6.10.08.pdf.
20. Harding-Esch EM, Edwards T, Sillah A, Sarr-Sissoho I, Aryee EA, et al. (2008) Risk factors for active trachoma in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 1255-1262.
21. Schemann JF, Sacko D, Malvy D, Momo G, Traore L, et al. (2002) Risk factors for trachoma in Mali. Int J Epidemiol 31: 194-201.
22. Montgomery MA, Desai MM, Elimelech M (2009) Assessment of latrine use and quality and association with risk of trachoma in rural Tanzania. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg.
23. Fouad D, Mousa A, Courtright P (2004) Sociodemographic characteristics associated with blindness in a Nile Delta governorate of Egypt. Br J Ophthalmol 88: 614-618.
24. Zack R, Mkocha H, Zack E, Munoz B, West SK (2008) Issues in defining and measuring facial cleanliness for national trachoma control programs. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102: 426-431.
25. Edwards T, Cumberland P, Hailu G, Todd J (2006) Impact of health education on active trachoma in hyperendemic rural communities in Ethiopia. Ophthalmology 113: 548-555.
26. West S, Munoz B, Lynch M, Kayongoya A, Chilangwa Z, et al. (1995) Impact of face-washing on trachoma in Kongwa, Tanzania. Lancet 345: 155-158.
27. Hsieh YH, Bobo LD, Quinn TO, West SK (2000) Risk factors for trachoma: 6-year follow-up of children aged 1 and 2 years. Am J Epidemiol 152: 204-211.
28. West SK, Munoz B, Lynch M, Kayongoya A, Mmbaga BB, et al. (1996) Risk factors for constant, severe trachoma among preschool children in Kongwa, Tanzania. Am J Epidemiol 143: 73-78.
29. West SK, Congdon N, Katala S, Mele L (1991) Facial cleanliness and risk of trachoma in families. Arch Ophthalmol 109: 855-857.
30. Baggaley RF, Solomon AW, Kuper H, Polack S, Massae PA, et al. (2006) Distance to water source and altitude in relation to active trachoma in Rombo district, Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 11: 220-227.
31. Brechner RJ, West S, Lynch M (1992) Trachoma and flies. Individual vs environmental risk factors. Arch Ophthalmol 110: 687-689.
32. Emerson PM, Bailey RL, Mahdi OS, Walraven GE, Lindsay SW (2000) Transmission ecology of the fly Musca sorbens, a putative vector of trachoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 94: 28-32.
33. Emerson PM, Bailey RL, Walraven GE, Lindsay SW (2001) Human and other faeces as breeding media of the trachoma vector Musca sorbens. Med Vet Entomol 15: 314-320.
34. Emerson PM, Simms VM, Makalo P, Bailey RL (2005) Household pit latrines as a potential source of the fly Musca sorbens-a one year longitudinal study from The Gambia. Trop Med Int Health 10: 706-709.
35. Emerson PM, Lindsay SW, Alexander N, Bah M, Dibba SM, et al. (2004) Role of flies and provision of latrines in trachoma control: cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 363: 1093-1098.
36. Simms VM, Makalo P, Bailey RL, Emerson PM (2005) Sustainability and acceptability of latrine provision in The Gambia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 631-637.
37. Taylor HR, West SK, Mmbaga BB, Katala SJ, Turner V, et al. (1989) Hygiene factors and increased risk of trachoma in central Tanzania. Arch Ophthalmol 107: 1821-1825.
38. Polack SR, Solomon AW, Alexander ND, Massae PA, Safari S, et al. (2005) The household distribution of trachoma in a Tanzanian village: an application of GIS to the study of trachoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 218-225.
39. West S, Lynch M, Turner V, Munoz B, Rapoza P, et al. (1989) Water availability and trachoma. Bull World Health Organ 67: 71-75.
40. Bailey R, Downes B, Downes R, Mabey D (1991) Trachoma and water use; a case control study in a Gambian village. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 85: 824-828.
41. Bailey R, Osmond C, Mabey DC, Whittle HC, Ward ME (1989) Analysis of the household distribution of trachoma in a Gambian village using a Monte Carlo simulation procedure. Int J Epidemiol 18: 944-951.
42. Wright HR, Taylor HR (2005) Clinical examination and laboratory tests for estimation of trachoma prevalence in a remote setting: what are they really telling us? Lancet Infect Dis 5: 313-320.
43. Schachter J, West SK, Mabey D, Dawson CR, Bobo L, et al. (1999) Azithromycin in control of trachoma. Lancet 354: 630-635.
44. Bobo L, Munoz B, Viscidi R, Quinn T, Mkocha H, et al. (1991) Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis eye infection in Tanzania by polymerase chain reaction/enzyme immunoassay. Lancet 338: 847-850.
45. Solomon AW, Holland MJ, Alexander ND, Massae PA, Aguirre A, et al. (2004) Mass treatment with single-dose azithromycin for trachoma. N Engl J Med 351: 1962-1971.
46. Ngondi J, Gebre T, Shargie EB, Adamu L, Ejigsemahu Y, et al. (2009) Evaluation of three years of the SAFE strategy (Surgery, Antibiotics, Facial cleanliness and Environmental improvement) for trachoma control in five districts of Ethiopia hyperendemic for trachoma. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg.