Bypassing Germany's reformstau: The remarkable rise of renewable energy

German Politics

Volumn 19, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 148-163

  Stefes, Christoph H ^a  

^a NONE

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 78649746552     PISSN: 09644008     EISSN: 17438993     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09644001003793222     Document Type: Article

References (69)

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5. Schmidt, Political Institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany, p.45.
6. The Chancellor, who has to accept the Ressortprinzip, thereby plays a largely coordinating function, finding compromises between the various ministries that are in line with the general policy guidelines of the government.
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9. Katzenstein, Policy and Politics in West Germany, pp.24f.
10. Schmidt, Political Institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany, p.46.
11. DailyNet. de, Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz ist Erfolgsmodell und Exportschlager, 5 July 2007, available at http://www.dailynet.de/EnergieUmwelt/4429.php (accessed 29 Sept. 2009). It should be mentioned that Germany did not invent the FITM. In fact, Germany borrowed this model from Denmark, which used the policy to rapidly expand wind energy production along its coastlines.
12. Margaret Levi, 'A Model, a Method, and a Map: Rational Choice in Comparative and Historical Analysis', in Mark I. Lichbach and Alan S. Zuckerman (eds), Comparative Politics: Rationality, Culture, and Structure (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p.28.
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22. John W. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, 2nd edn (New York: Longman, 1995), p.179.
23. Capoccia and Kelemen, 'The Study of Critical Junctures', p.348. Emphasis added.
24. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, pp.168ff.
25. Thelen, 'Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics', p.396.
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28. Danyel Reiche, Rahmenbedingungen für erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Vorreiterpolitik (Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2004), pp.147-60.
29. Interviews with Bernd Hirschl, Fellow Institute for Ecological Economy Research (Berlin, 9 Dec. 2006).
30. and Ludger Eltrop, Head of Department 'System Analysis and Renewable Energies', Institute of Energy Economics and the Renewable Use of Energy (IER) (Stuttgart, 18 Dec. 2006).
31. Agentur für Erneuerbare Energien, Erneuerbare Energien sind Exportschlager, available at http:// www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/de/wirtschaft/export.html (accessed 29 Sept. 2009).
32. The quota model-sometimes also called, renewable portfolio standard-is used in the United Kingdom and around 30 US states. The results have been mixed, as RE prices are higher and the expansion of RE slower than in the feed-in-tariff countries (Wilson Rickerson and Robert C. Grace, The Debates over Fixed Price Incentive for Renewable Electricity in Europe and the United States: Fallout and Future Directions, Washington, DC: Heinrich Böll Foundation, 2007).
33. Staffan Jacobsson and Volkmar Lauber, 'The Politics and Policy of Energy System Transformation-Explaining the German Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technology', Energy Policy 34/3 (2006), pp. 256-76.
34. Staffan Jacobsson and Volkmar Lauber, 'The Politics and Policy of Energy System Transformation-Explaining the German Diffusion of Renewable Energy Technology', Energy Policy 34/3 (2006), pp.261-7.
35. Reiche, Rahmenbedingungen für erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland, p.161.
36. Interview with the author, anonymous (Essen, Jan. 2007). In interviews with the authors, members of the pro-RE coalition shared this opinion, e.g. Wolfhart Dürrschmidt, Head of Division KI I 1, BMU (Berlin, 28 Nov. 2006).
37. Ralf Bischof, Managing Director of Federal Association Wind Energy (Bundesverband WindEnergie; Berlin, 12 Dec. 2006).
38. and Johannes Lackmann, President, BEE (Berlin, 23 Nov. 2006).
39. Infratest dimap, 'DeutschlandTREND: Erneuerbare Energien', available at http://www.infratest-dimap. de/umfragen-analysen/bundesweit/ard-deutschlandtrend/2004/juni/; (accessed 25 Feb. 2010).
40. Schmidt, Political Institutions in the Federal Republic of Germany, p.90.
41. Andreas Berchem, 'Das unterschätzte Gesetz', ZEIT online, 25 Aug. 2006.
42. Kingdon, Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies, p.183.
43. Deutscher Bundestag, 11. Wahlperiode, 224. Sitzung, Bonn, 13 Sept. 1990, available at http://dip21. bundestag.de/dip21/btp/11/11224.pdf (accessed 1 Oct. 2009), p.17752. My translation.
44. Frithjof Staiß, Jahrbuch Erneuerbare Energien 2007 (Stuttgart: Stiftung Energieforschung Baden-Württemberg, 2007).
45. Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, 'Tiefensee: Bei erneuerbaren Energien liegt Ostdeutschland vorn' (12 Jan. 2007), available at http://www.bmvbs.de/-,302.984490/doc.htm (accessed 25 Feb. 2010).
46. Reiche, Rahmenbedingungen für erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland, pp.62-9.
47. http://www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/en/homepage.html (accessed 17 Feb. 2010).
48. Interviews with Dürrschmidt; Wolfgang Dirschauer, Consultant, SPD-Fraction in the German Bundestag (Berlin, 13 Nov. 2006).
49. Hans-Josef Fell, Member of the German Bundestag, Green Party (Berlin, 22 Nov. 2006).
50. Volker Oschmann, Head of Division Z III 1, BMU (Berlin, 17 July 2003.
51. and Uwe Büsgen, Deputy Head of Division KI III 1, BMU (Berlin, 16 July 2003).
52. Interviews with Axel Berg, Member of the German Bundestag, SPD (Berlin, 23 Nov. 2006) and Josef Göppel, Member of the German Bundestag, CSU (Berlin, 1 Dec. 2006).
53. Ian Budge et al., Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors and Governments 1945-1998 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p.228.
54. Lauber and Mez, 'Three Decades of Renewable Electricity Policies in Germany', pp.106-8.
55. Interview with Fell.
56. Preussen Elektra AG v Schleswag AG. Ruling by the European Court of Justice, Case # C-379/98 (13 March 2001), available in German at: http://www.inek.de/fileadmin/template/inek/pdf/infoboerse/ Urteil_des_Europischen_Gerichtshof_zum_StrEG.pdf (accessed 12 Feb. 2010).
57. 'Der Windmühlen-Wahn', Der Spiegel, 14 (2004). For a critical inquiry into the origins of this story, see Netzzeitung. de, 'Auf der Spur des Windenergie-Gegners Aust' (29 July 2004), available at http://www. netzeitung.de/medien/297835.html (accessed 26 Feb. 2010).
58. Interview with Manfred Fischdick, Senior Research Fellow, Energy Division, Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy (Wuppertal, 10 July 2003)
59. Ralf Köpke, 'Neue Umweltbewegung geboren', Neue Energie 10 (1997).
60. Micha Bechberger, Das Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG): Eine Analyse des Politikformulierungsprozesses (Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin-Forschungsstelle für Umweltpolitik, 2006).
61. Reiche, Rahmenbedingungen für erneuerbare Energien in Deutschland, pp.147-60.
62. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU), Entwicklung der erneuerbaren Energien in Deutschland im Jahr 2008, June 2009, available at http://www.bmu.de/files/pdfs/ allgemein/application/pdf/ee_in_deutschland_graf_tab_2008.pdf (accessed 26 Oct. 2009).
63. Interviews with Büsgen; Dirschauer; and Hirschl.
64. DENA, 'about dena', http://www.dena.de/en/infos/about-dena/ (accessed 12 Feb. 2010).
65. Interviews with Fell; Dürrschmidt; and Oschmann.
66. Bundesministerium für Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU), Erneuerbare Energien weiter auf Wachstumskurs, Pressemitteilungen 116/;09, 24 March 2009, available at http://www. erneuerbare-energien.de/inhalt/43811/40289/ (accessed 5 Oct. 2009).
67. Interviews with Michael Kauch, Member of the German Bundestag, FDP (Berlin, 29 Nov. 2006).
68. Till Boehmer, Consultant for Energy Policies and Energy Economics, VDEW (Berlin, 20 Nov. 2006).
69. Wachstum, Bildung, Zusammenhalt. Der Koalitionsvertrag zwischen CDU, CSU und FDP, available at http://www.cdu.de/doc/pdfc/091026-koalitionsvertrag-cducsu-fdp.pdf (accessed 26 Oct. 2009), p.27. However, it should also be mentioned that the coalition treaty considers the extension of the operating time of nuclear power plants, extending the nuclear phase-out that the Red-Green government had introduced. This decision undermines RE's competitiveness in the German energy market at least to some degree.