Lung perfusion measured using magnetic resonance imaging: New tools for physiological insights into the pulmonary circulation

Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Volumn 32, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1287-1301

  Hopkins, Susan R ^a   Prisk, G Kim ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

ASL FAIRER; functional lung imaging; lung water; MRI; pulmonary perfusion

Indexed keywords

MICROSPHERE; TRACER;

COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; LUNG BLOOD FLOW; LUNG CIRCULATION; LUNG FLUID; LUNG FUNCTION; LUNG PERFUSION; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; SPIN LABELING;

ALGORITHMS; CONTRAST MEDIA; DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING; GRAVITATION; HUMANS; LUNG; LUNG DISEASES; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MICROSPHERES; PERFUSION; RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGICAL PHENOMENA; SPIN LABELS;

EID: 78649677882     PISSN: 10531807     EISSN: 15222586     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jmri.22378     Document Type: Review

References (90)

1. Wagner PD, Saltzman HA, West JB., Measurement of continuous distributions of ventilation-perfusion ratios: theory. J Appl Physiol 1974; 36: 588-599.
2. Wagner PD., The multiple inert gas elimination technique (MIGET). Intensive Care Med 2008; 34: 994-1001.
3. Hlastala MP, Robertson HT., Inert gas elimination characteristics of the normal and abnormal lung. J Appl Physiol 1978; 44: 258-266.
4. Lewis SM, Evans JW, Jalowayski AA., Continuous distributions of specific ventilation recovered from inert gas washout. J Appl Physiol 1978; 44: 416-423.
5. Morlion B, Polak AG., Simulation of lung function evolution after heart-lung transplantation using a numerical model. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2005; 52: 1180-1187.
6. West JB, Dollery CT., Distribution of blood flow and ventilation- perfusion ratio in the lung, measured with radioactive CO 2. J Appl Physiol 1960; 15: 405-410.
7. West JB, Dollery CT, Naimark A., Distribution of bloodflow in isolated lung: Relation to vascular and alveolar pressures. J Appl Physiol 1964; 19: 713-724.
8. West JB., Pulmonary gas flow and gas exchange. In:, West JB, editor. Respiratory physiology: people and ideas. New York: Oxford Press; 1966. p 140-196.
9. Williams LE., Anniversary paper: nuclear medicine: fifty years and still counting. Med Phys 2008; 35: 3020-3029.
10. Prinzen FW, Glenny RW., Developments in non-radioactive microsphere techniques for blood flow measurement. Cardiovasc Res 1994; 28: 1467-1475.
11. Luchtel DL, Boykin JC, Bernard SL, Glenny RW., Histological methods to determine blood flow distribution with fluorescent microspheres. Biotech Histochem 1998; 73: 291-309.
12. Glenny R, Robertson H., Fractal properties of pulmonary blood flow: characterization of spatial heterogeneity. J Appl Physiol 1990; 69: 532-545.
13. Glenny RW, Lamm WJE, Albert RK, Robertson HT., Gravity is a minor determinant of pulmonary blood flow distribution. J Appl Physiol 1991; 72: 620-629.
14. Glenny RW, Polissar L, Robertson HT., Relative contribution of gravity to pulmonary perfusion heterogeneity. J Appl Physiol 1991; 71: 2449-2452.
15. Robertson HT, Glenny RW, Stanford D, McInnes LN, Luchtel DL, Covert D., High-resolution maps of regional ventilation utilizing inhaled fluorescent microspheres. J Appl Physiol 1997; 82: 943-953.
16. Glenny R, Bernard S, Robertson H, Hlastala M., Gravity is an important but secondary determinant of regional pulmonary blood flow in upright primates. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 623-632.
17. Petersson J, Rohdin M, Sanchez-Crespo A, et al. Paradoxical redistribution of pulmonary blood flow in prone and supine humans exposed to hypergravity. J Appl Physiol 2006; 100: 240-248.
18. Brudin LH, Rhodes CG, Valind SO, Wollmer P, Hughes JMB., Regional lung density and blood volume in nonsmoking and smoking subjects measured by PET. J Appl Physiol 1987; 63: 1324-1334.
19. Hoffman EA, Simon BA, McLennan G,. State of the art. A structural and functional assessment of the lung via multidetector-row computed tomography: phenotyping chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2006; 3: 519-532.
20. Capen RL, Latham LP, Wagner WW Jr,. Comparison of direct and indirect measurements of pulmonary capillary transit times. J Appl Physiol 1987; 62: 1150-1154.
21. Clough AV, Haworth ST, Hanger CC, et al. Transit time dispersion in the pulmonary arterial tree. J Appl Physiol 1998; 85: 565-574.
22. Hopkins SR, Henderson AC, Levin DL, et al. Vertical gradients in regional lung density and perfusion in the supine human lung: the Slinky effect. J Appl Physiol 2007; 103: 240-248.
23. Prisk GK, Yamada K, Henderson AC, et al. Pulmonary perfusion in the prone and supine postures in the normal human lung. J Appl Physiol 2007; 103: 883-894.
24. Henderson AC, Prisk GK, Levin DL, Hopkins SR, Buxton RB., Characterizing pulmonary blood flow distribution measured using arterial spin labeling. NMR Biomed 2009; 22: 1025-1035.
25. Ochs M, Nyengaard JR, Jung A, et al. The number of alveoli in the human lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 169: 120-124.
26. Weibel ER, Gomez DM., A principle for counting tissue structures on random sections. J Appl Physiol 1962; 17: 343-348.
27. Young I, Mazzone RW, Wagner PD., Identification of functional lung unit in the dog by graded vascular embolization. J Appl Physiol 1980; 49: 132-141.
28. Engel LA, Wood LDH, Utz G, Macklem PT., Gas mixing during inspiration. J Appl Physiol 1973; 35: 18-24.
29. Verbanck S, Schuermans D, Van Muylem A, Paiva M, Noppen M, Vincken W., Ventilation distribution during histamine provocation. J Appl Physiol 1997; 83: 1907-1916.
30. Verbanck S, Schuermans D, Van Muylem A, et al. Conductive and acinar lung-zone contributions to ventilation inhomogeneity in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157 (5 Pt 1): 1573-1577.
31. Weibel ER, Sapoval B, Filoche M., Design of peripheral airways for efficient gas exchange. Resp Physiol Neurobiol 2005; 148: 3-21.
32. Filoche M, Moreira AA, Andrade JS Jr, Sapoval B., Quantitative analysis of the oxygen transfer in the human acinus. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008; 605: 167-172.
33. Sapoval B, Filoche M., Role of diffusion screening in pulmonary diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol 2008; 605: 173-178.
34. Haefeli-Bleuer B, Weibel ER., Morphometry of the human pulmonary acinus. Anat Rec 1988; 220: 401-414.
35. Hatabu H, Alsop DC, Listerud J, Bonnet M, Gefter WB., T2* and proton density measurement of normal human lung parenchyma using submillisecond echo timegradient echo magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Radiol 1999; 29: 245-252.
36. Theilmann RJ, Arai TJ, Samiee A, et al. Quantitative MRI measurement of lung density must account for the change in T(2) (*) with lung inflation. J Magn Reson Imaging 2009; 30: 527-534.
37. Tyler DJ, Robson MD, Henkelman RM, Young IR, Bydder GM., Magnetic resonance imaging with ultrashort TE (UTE) PULSE sequences: technical considerations. J Magn Reson Imaging 2007; 25: 279-289.
38. Estilaei M, MacKay A, Whittall K, Mayo JP., In vitro measurements of water content and T2 relaxation times in lung using a clinical MRI scanner. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999; 9: 699-703.
39. Parra-Robles J, Dominguez Viqueira W, Xu X, Ouriadov A, Santyr GE., Theoretical prediction and experimental measurement of the field dependence of the apparent transverse relaxation of hyperpolarized noble gases in lungs. J Magn Reson 2008; 192: 85-91.
40. Hopkins SR, Levin DL, Emami K, et al. Advances in magnetic resonance imaging of lung physiology. J Appl Physiol 2007; 102: 1244-1254.
41. Thompson HK Jr, Starmer CF, Whalen RE, McIntosh HD,. Indicator transit time considered as a gamma variate. Circ Res 1964; 14: 502-515.
42. Wilke N, Jerosch-Herold M, Stillman AE, et al. Concepts of myocardial perfusion imaging in magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Q 1994; 10: 249-286.
43. Shellock FG, Kanal E., Safety of magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999; 10: 477-484.
44. Elmstahl B, Nyman U, Leander P, et al. Gadolinium contrast media are more nephrotoxic than iodine media. The importance of osmolality in direct renal artery injections. Eur Radiol 2006; 16: 2712-2720.
45. Briguori C, Colombo A, Airoldi F, et al. Gadolinium-based contrast agents and nephrotoxicity in patients undergoing coronary artery procedures. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2006; 67: 175-180.
46. Kauczor HU, Kreitner KF., Contrast-enhanced MRI of the lung. Eur J Radiol 2000; 34: 196-207.
47. Uematsu H, Levin DL, Hatabu H., Quantification of pulmonary perfusion with MR imaging: recent advances. Eur J Radiol 2001; 37: 155-163.
48. Weisskoff RM, Chesler D, Boxerman JL, Rosen BR,. Pitfalls in MR measurement of tissue blood flow with intravascular tracers: which mean transit time? Magn Reson Med 1993; 29: 553-558.
49. Hatabu H, Tadamura E, Levin DL, et al. Quantitative assessment of pulmonary perfusion with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Med 1999; 42: 1033-1038.
50. Arai TJ, Henderson AC, Dubowitz DJ, et al. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction does not contribute to pulmonary blood flow heterogeneity in normoxia in normal supine humans. J Appl Physiol 2009; 106: 1057-1064.
51. Henderson AC, Levin DL, Hopkins SR, Olfert IM, Buxton RB, Prisk GK., Steep head-down tilt has persisting effects on the distribution of pulmonary blood flow. J Appl Physiol 2006; 101: 583-589.
52. Hopkins SR, Garg J, Bolar D, Balouch J, Levin D., Pulmonary blood flow heterogeneity during hypoxia in subjects with prior high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 171: 83-87. Official Journal of the American Thoracic Society Diane Gern, Publisher.
53. Mai VM, Hagspeil KD, Christopher JM, et al. Perfusion imaging of the human lung using flow-sensitive alternating frequency inversion recovery with an extra radiofrequency pulse (FAIRER). Magn Reson Med 1999; 17: 355-361.
54. Bolar DS, Levin DL, Hopkins SR, et al. Quantification of regional pulmonary blood flow using ASL-FAIRER. Magn Reson Med 2006; 55: 1308-1317.
55. Buxton RB., Quantifying CBF with arterial spin labeling. J Magn Reson Imaging 2005; 22: 723-726.
56. Buxton RB, Frank LR, Wong EC, Siewert B, Warach S, Edelman RR., A general kinetic model for quantitative perfusion imaging with arterial spin labeling. Magn Reson Med 1998; 40: 383-396.
57. Levin DL, Buxton RB, Spiess JP, Arai T, Balouch J, Hopkins SR., Effects of age on pulmonary perfusion heterogeneity measured by magnetic resonance imaging. J Appl Physiol 2007; 102: 2064-2070.
58. Poncelet BP, Koelling TM, Schmidt CJ, et al. Measurement of human myocardial perfusion by double-gated flow alternating inversion recovery EPI. Magn Reson Med 1999; 41: 510-519.
59. Raynaud JS, Duteil S, Vaughan JT, et al. Determination of skeletal muscle perfusion using arterial spin labeling NMRI: validation by comparison with venous occlusion plethysmography. Magn Reson Med 2001; 46: 305-311.
60. Mayo JR, MacKay A, Whittall K, Baile EM, Pare PD., Measurement of lung water content and pleural pressure gradient with magnetic resonance imaging. J Thoracic Imaging 1995; 10: 73-81.
61. Glenny RW., Blood flow distribution in the lung. Chest 1998; 114: 8S-16S.
62. Hackett PH, Rennie DW., The incidence, importance, and prophylaxis of acute mountain sickness. Lancet 1976; 1976; 2: 1149-1155.
63. Cremona G, Asnaghi R, Baderna P, et al. Pulmonary extravascular fluid accumulation in recreational climbers: a prospective study. Lancet 2002; 359: 303-309.
64. Bartsch P, Maggiorini M, Ritter M, Noti C, Vock P, Oelz O., Prevention of high-altitude pulmonary edema by nifedipine. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1284-1289.
65. Visscher MB., Studies on embolization of lung vessels. Med Thorac 1962; 19: 334-340.
66. Hultgren HN,. High altitude medicine. Stanford, CA: Hultgren Publications; 1997.
67. Glenny RW, Robertson HT., Fractal modeling of pulmonary blood-flow heterogeneity. J Appl Physiol 1991; 70: 1024-1030.
68. Altemeier WA, McKinney S, Glenny RW., Fractal nature of regional ventilation distribution. J Appl Physiol 2000; 88: 1551-1557.
69. Qian H, Bassingthwaighte JB., A class of flow bifurcation models with lognormal distribution and fractal dispersion. J Theor Biol 2000; 205: 261-268.
70. Bryan AC, Milic-Emili J, Pengelly D., Effect of gravity on the distribution of pulmonary ventilation. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21: 778-784.
71. Milic-Emili J, Henderson JAM, Dolovich MB, Trop D, Kaneko K., Regional distribution of inspired gas in the lung. J Appl Physiol 1966; 21: 749-759.
72. Hughes JM, Glazier JB, Maloney JE, West JB., Effect of lung volume on the distribution of pulmonary blood flow in man. Respir Physiol 1968; 4: 58-72.
73. Glenny RW, Bernard S, Robertson HT, Hlastala MP., Gravity is an important but secondary determinant of regional pulmonary blood flow in upright primates. J Appl Physiol 1999; 86: 623-632.
74. Chatte G, Sab J, Dubois J, Sirodot M, Gaussorges P, Robert D., Prone position in mechanically ventilated patients with severe acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 155: 473-478.
75. Mure M, Martling CR, Lindahl SG., Dramatic effect on oxygenation in patients with severe acute lung insufficiency treated in the prone position. Crit Care Med 1997; 25: 1539-1544.
76. Mure M, Lindahl SG. Prone position improves gas exchange - but how? Acta Anaesth Scand 2001;45:150-159.
77. Langer M, Mascheroni D, Marcolin R, Gattinoni L. The prone position in ARDS patients: a clinical study. Chest 1988;94: 103-107.
78. Tobin A, Kelly W. Prone ventilation - it's time. Anaesth Intensive Care 1999;27:194-201.
79. Tawhai M, Nash M, Lin C, Hoffman E. Supine and prone differences in regional lung density and pleural pressure gradients in the human lung with constant shape. J Appl Physiol 2009;DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00324.2009.
80. Hopkins SR, McKenzie DC, Schoene RB, Glenny RW, Robertson HT. Pulmonary gas exchange during exercise in athletes I: ventilation- perfusion mismatch and diffusion limitation. J Appl Physiol 1994;77:912-917.
81. Hopkins SR, Gavin TP, Siafakas NM, et al. Effect of prolonged, heavy exercise on pulmonary gas exchange in athletes. J Appl Physiol 1998;85:1523-1532.
82. Schaffartzik W, Poole DC, Derion T, et al. VA/Q distribution during heavy exercise and recovery in humans: implications for pulmonary edema. J Appl Physiol 1992;72:1657-1667.
83. Burnham KJ, Arai TJ, Dubowitz DJ, et al. Pulmonary perfusion heterogeneity is increased by sustained heavy exercise in humans. J Appl Physiol 2009;DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00491. 2009.
84. Albert MS, Cates GD, Driehuys B, et al. Biological magnetic-resonance- imaging using laser polarized Xe-129. Nature 1994;370: 199-201.
85. Salerno M, Altes TA, Mugler JP 3rd, Nakatsu M, Hatabu H, de Lange EE. Hyperpolarized noble gas MR imaging of the lung: potential clinical applications. Eur J Radiol 2001;40:33-44.
86. Altes TA, Powers PL, Knight-Scott J, et al. Hyperpolarized 3He MR lung ventilation imaging in asthmatics: preliminary findings. J Magn Reson Imaging 2001;13:378-384.
87. Kauczor HU, Chen XJ, van Beek EJR, Schreiber WG. Pulmonary ventilation imaged by magnetic resonance: at the doorstep of clinical application. Eur Respir J 2001;17:1008-1023.
88. Kauczor HU. Hyperpolarized helium-3 gas magnetic resonance imaging of the lung [magnetic resonance of pulmonary disease]. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2003;14:223-230.
89. Cieslar K, Alsaid H, Stupar V, et al. Measurement of nonlinear pO2 decay in mouse lungs using 3He-MRI. NMR Biomed 2007; 20:383-391.
90. Cieslar K, Stupar V, Canet-Soulas E, Gaillard S, Cremillieux Y. Alveolar oxygen partial pressure and oxygen depletion rate mapping in rats using 3He ventilation imaging. Magn Reson Med 2007;57:423-430.