Defining the fetal cardiac axis between 11 + 0 and 14 + 6 weeks of gestation: Experience with 100 consecutive pregnancies

Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology

Volumn 36, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 676-681

  Sinkovskaya, E ^a   Horton, S ^a   Berkley, E M ^a   Cooper, J K ^a   Indika, S ^b   Abuhamad, A ^a  

^a Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine   (United States)

^b EASTERN VIRGINIA MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

cardiac axis; echocardiography; fetal heart; first trimester; heart defects

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; CONGENITAL HEART MALFORMATION; CONGENITAL MALFORMATION; DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY; ECHOGRAPHY; FEMALE; FETUS ECHOGRAPHY; FETUS HEART; FIRST TRIMESTER PREGNANCY; GESTATIONAL AGE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; METHODOLOGY; OBSERVER VARIATION; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREGNANCY; PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT; PROSPECTIVE STUDY; SECOND TRIMESTER PREGNANCY;

ADULT; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, DOPPLER, COLOR; FEMALE; FETAL HEART; GESTATIONAL AGE; HEART DEFECTS, CONGENITAL; HUMANS; OBSERVER VARIATION; PREGNANCY; PREGNANCY TRIMESTER, FIRST; PREGNANCY TRIMESTER, SECOND; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; ULTRASONOGRAPHY, PRENATAL;

EID: 78649668053     PISSN: 09607692     EISSN: 14690705     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/uog.8814     Document Type: Article

References (22)

1. Johnson B, Simpson LL,. Screening for congenital heart disease: a move toward earlier echocardiography. Am J Perinatol 2007; 24: 449-456.
2. Smrcek JM, Berg C, Geipel A, Fimmers R, Axt-Fiedner R, Diedrich K, Gembruch U,. Detection rate of early fetal echocardiography and in utero development of congenital heart defects. J Ultrasound Med 2006; 25: 187-196.
3. Huggon IC, Ghi T, Cook AC, Zosmer N, Allan LD, Nicolaides KN,. Fetal cardiac abnormalities identified prior to 14 weeks gestation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 20: 22-29.
4. Haak MC, van Vugt JM,. Echocardiography in early pregnancy: review of literature. J Ultrasound Med 2003; 22: 271-280.
5. Cardiac screening examination of the fetus: guidelines for performing the 'basic' and 'extended basic' cardiac scan. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 27: 107-113.
6. Comstock CH,. Normal fetal heart axis and position. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 255.
7. Crane JM, Ash K, Fink N, Desjardins C,. Abnormal fetal cardiac axis in the detection of intrathoracic anomalies and congenital heart disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1997; 10: 90-93.
8. Shipp TD, Bromley B, Hornberger LK, Nadel A, Benacerraf BR,. Levorotation of the fetal cardiac axis: a clue for the presence of congenital heart disease. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 97-102.
9. Smith RS, Comstock CH, Kirk JS, Lee W,. Ultrasonographic left cardiac axis deviation: a marker for fetal anomalies. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 187-191.
10. Comstock CH, Smith R, Lee W, Kirk JS,. Right fetal cardiac axis: clinical significance and associated findings. Obstet Gynecol 1998; 91: 495-499.
11. Bland JM, Altman DG,. Applying the right statistics: analyses of measurement studies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2003; 22: 85-93.
12. Hoffman JIE, Christianson R,. Congenital heart disease in a cohort of 19,502 births with long-term follow-up. Am J Cardiol 1978; 42: 641-647.
13. Small M, Copel JA,. Indications for fetal echocardiography. Pediatr Cardiol 2004; 25: 210-222.
14. Allan LD, Sharland GK, Milburn A, Lockhart SM, Groves AM, Anderson RH, Cook AC, Fagg NL,. Prospective diagnosis of 1,006 consecutive cases of congenital heart disease in the fetus. J Am Coll Cardiol 1994; 23: 1452-1458.
15. Copel JA, Pilu G, Green J, Hobbins JC, Kleinman CS,. Fetal echocardiographic screening for congenital heart disease: the importance of the four-chamber view. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157: 648-655.
16. Allan LD, Lockhart S,. Intrathoracic cardiac position in the fetus. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1993; 3: 93-96.
17. Haak MC, Twisk JWR, van Vugt JMG,. How successful is fetal echocardiographic examination in the first trimester of pregnancy? Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 20: 9-13.
18. Smrcek JM, Berg C, Geipel A, Fimmers R, Diedrich K, Gembruch U,. Early fetal echocardiography: heart biometry and visualization of cardiac structures between 10 and 15 weeks' gestation. J Ultrasound Med 2006; 25: 173-182.
19. Abuhamad A, Chaoui R,. Fetal cardiac axis. In A Practical Guide to Fetal Echocardiography: Normal and Abnormal Hearts. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins: Philadelphia, PA, 2010; 34-36.
20. Matias A, Huggon I, Areias JC, Montenegro N, Nicolaides KH,. Cardiac defects in chromosomally normal fetuses with abnormal ductus venosus blood flow at 10-14 weeks. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 1999; 14: 307-310.
21. Martinez JM, Comas M, Borrell A, Bennasar M, Gomez O, Puerto B, Gratacos E,. Abnormal first-trimester ductus venosus blood flow: a marker of cardiac defects in fetuses with normal karyotype and nuchal translucency. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2010; 35: 267-272.
22. Smrcek JM, Krapp M, Axt-Fliedner R, Kohl T, Geipel A, Diedrich K, Gembruh U, Berg C,. Atypical ductus venosus blood flow pattern in fetuses with severe tricuspid valve regurgitation. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2005; 26: 180-182.