The emotional experience associated with worrying: Anxiety, depression, or stress?

Anxiety, Stress and Coping

Volumn 24, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 91-105

  Szabó, Marianna ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Anxiety; DASS; Depression; Generalized anxiety disorder; Stress; Worry

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANXIETY; ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; EMOTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; MENTAL STRESS; NONPARAMETRIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOLOGICAL RATING SCALE; THINKING;

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; ANXIETY; DEPRESSION; EMOTIONS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; STATISTICS, NONPARAMETRIC; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; THINKING; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 78649639499     PISSN: 10615806     EISSN: 14772205     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10615801003653430     Document Type: Article

References (46)

1. American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders III Revised (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: Author.
2. American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
3. Andrews, V.H., & Borkovec, T.D. (1988). The differential effects of inductions of worry, somatic anxiety, and depression on emotional experience. Journal of Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 19, 21-26.
4. Antony, M.M., Bieling, P.J., Cox, B.J., Enns, M.W., & Swinson, R.P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment, 10, 176-181.
5. Barlow, D.H. (2000). Unraveling the mysteries of anxiety and its disorders from the perspective of emotion theory. American Psychologist, 55, 1247-1263.
6. Beck, A.T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893-897.
7. Behar, E., Vescio, T.K., & Borkovec, T.D. (2005). The effects of suppressing thoughts and images about worrisome stimuli. Behavior Therapy, 36, 289-298.
8. Borkovec, T.D. (1985). Worry: A potentially valuable concept. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 481-482.
9. Borkovec, T.D., Alcaine, O.M., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R.G. Heimberg, C.L. Turk & D.S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice (pp. 77-108). New York, NY: Guildford Press.
10. Borkovec, T.D., & Hu, S. (1990). The effect of worry on cardiovascular response to phobic imagery. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 69-73.
11. Borkovec, T.D., & Inz, J. (1990). The nature of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: A predominance of thought activity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 153-158.
12. Borkovec, T.D., Lyonfields, J.D., Wiser, S.L., & Diehl, L. (1993). The role of worrisome thinking in the suppression of cardiovascular response to phobic imagery. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 321-324.
13. Borkovec, T.D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T, & DePree, J.A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 9-16.
14. Brown, T.A., Anthony, M.M., & Barlow, D.H. (1992). Psychometric properties of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 30, 33-37.
15. Brown, T.A., Chorpita, B.F., & Barlow, D.H. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM-IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 179-192.
16. Brown, T.A., Chorpita, B.F., Korotitsch, W, & Barlow, D.H. (1997). Psychometric properties of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) in clinical samples. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 79-89.
17. Brown, T.A., Marten, P.A., & Barlow, D.A. (1995). Discriminant validity of the symptoms constituting the DSM-III-R and DSM-IV associated symptom criterion of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 9, 317-328.
18. Clark, L.A., & Watson, D. (l991). Tripartite model of anxiety and depression: Psychometric evidence and taxonomic implications. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 316-336.
19. Craske, M.G., Rapee, R.M., Jackel, L., & Barlow, D.H. (1989). Qualitative dimensions of worry in DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder subjects and nonanxious controls. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 27, 397-402.
20. Crawford, J.R., & Henry, J.D. (2003). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 42, 111-131.
21. Davey, G.C.L., & Wells, A. (Eds.). (2006). Worry and its psychological disorders: Theory, assessment, and treatment. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
22. Freeston, M.H., Dugas, M.J., Letarte, H., & Rheaume, J. (1996). Physical symptoms associated with worry in a non-clinical population. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 10, 365-377.
23. Henry, J.D., & Crawford, J.R. (2005). The short-form version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21): Construct validity and normative data in a large non-clinical sample. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 44, 227-239.
24. Hoehn-Saric, R., McLeod, D.R., & Zimmerli, WD. (1989). Somatic manifestations in women with generalised anxiety disorder: Psychophysiological responses to psychological stress. Archives of General Psychiatry, 46, 1113-1119.
25. Hofmann, S.G., Moscovitch, D.A., Litz, B.T., Kim, H-J., Davis, L.L., & Pizzagalli, D.A. (2005). The worried mind: Autonomic and prefrontal activation during worrying. Emotion,5, 464-475.
26. Hong, R.Y. (2007). Worry and rumination: Differential associations with anxious and depressive symptoms and coping behavior. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 277-290.
27. Hoyer, J., Becker, E.S., & Roth, W.T. (2001). Characteristics of worry in GAD patients, social phobics, and controls. Depression and Anxiety, 13, 89-96.
28. Joormann, J., & Stober, J. (1999). Somatic symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder from the DSM-IV: Associations with pathological worry and depression symptoms in a nonclinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 491-503.
29. Keith, T.Z. (2006). Multiple regression and beyond. Boston, MA: Pearson. Lovibond, P.F. (1998). Long-term stability of depression, anxiety, and stress syndromes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107, 520-526.
30. Lovibond, P.F., & Lovibond, S.H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335-343.
31. Lovibond, S.H., & Lovibond, P.F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (2nd ed.). Sydney, NSW: Psychology Foundation.
32. Marten, P.A., Brown, T.A., Barlow, D.H., Borkovec, T.D., Shear, M.K., & Lydiard, B. (1993). Evaluation of the ratings comprising the associated symptom criterion of DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 181, 676-682.
33. Mathews, A. (1990). Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 455-468.
34. McLaughlin, K.A., Borkovec, T.D., & Sibrava, N.J. (2007). The effects of worry and rumination on affect states and cognitive activity. Behavior Therapy, 38, 23-38.
35. Meyer, T, Miller, M., Metzger, R., & Borkovec, T.D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487-495.
36. Molina, S., & Borkovec, T.D. (1994). The Penn State Worry Questionnaire: Psychometric properties and associated characteristics. In G.C.L. Davey & F Tallis (Eds.), Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 265-283). Oxford: John Wiley.
37. Molina, S., Borkovec, T.D., Peasly, C, & Person, D. (1998). Content analysis of worrisome streams of consciousness in anxious and dysphoric participants. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 109-123.
38. Rapee, R.M. (1991). Generalised anxiety disorder: A review of clinical features and theoretical concepts. Clinical Psychology Review, 11, 419-440.
39. Segerstrom, S.C., Tsao, J.C.I., Alden, L.E., & Craske, M.G. (2000). Worry and rumination: Repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 24, 671-688.
40. Spielberger, CD. (1983). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
41. Starcevic, V., Fallon, S., & Uhlenhuth, E.H. (1994). The frequency and severity of generalized anxiety disorder symptoms. Toward a less cumbersome conceptualisation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 182, 80-84.
42. Szabo, M., & Lovibond, P.F. (2002). The cognitive content of naturally occurring worry episodes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26(2), 167-177.
43. Szabo, M., & Lovibond, P.F. (2006). Worry episodes and perceived problem solving: A diary-based approach. Anxiety. Stress and Coping, 19, 175-187.
44. Tallis, F, Eysenck, M.W, & Mathews, A. (1992). A questionnaire for the measurement of non-pathological worry. Personality and Individual Differences, 13, 161-168.
45. Verkuil, B., Brosschot, J.F, & Thayer, JF (2007). Capturing worry in daily life: Are trait questionnaires sufficient? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1835-1844.
46. Watson, D., Clark, L.A., Weber, K, Assenheimer, J.S., Strauss, M.E., & McCormick, R.A. (1995). Testing a tripartite model: II. Exploring the symptom structure of anxiety and depression in student, adult and patient samples. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 15-25.