-
1
-
-
0032836781
-
A review of the properties and limitations of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales as measures of spasticity
-
Pandyan AD, Johnson GR, Price CI, Curless RH, Barnes MP, Rodgers H. A review of the properties and limitations of the Ashworth and modified Ashworth Scales as measures of spasticity. Clin Rehabil 1999; 13: 373-383.
-
(1999)
Clin Rehabil
, vol.13
, pp. 373-383
-
-
Pandyan, A.D.1
Johnson, G.R.2
Price, C.I.3
Curless, R.H.4
Barnes, M.P.5
Rodgers, H.6
-
2
-
-
0347600948
-
Spasticity after stroke: its occurrence and association with motor impairments and activity limitations
-
Sommerfeld DK, Eek EU, Svensson AK, Holmqvist LW, Von Arbin MH. Spasticity after stroke: its occurrence and association with motor impairments and activity limitations. Stroke 2004; 35: 134-139.
-
(2004)
Stroke
, vol.35
, pp. 134-139
-
-
Sommerfeld, D.K.1
Eek, E.U.2
Svensson, A.K.3
Holmqvist, L.W.4
Von Arbin, M.H.5
-
3
-
-
0035992880
-
Prevalence of spasticity post stroke
-
Watkins CL, Leathley MJ, Gregson JM, Moore AP, Smith TL, Sharma AK. Prevalence of spasticity post stroke. Clin Rehabil 2002; 16: 515-522.
-
(2002)
Clin Rehabil
, vol.16
, pp. 515-522
-
-
Watkins, C.L.1
Leathley, M.J.2
Gregson, J.M.3
Moore, A.P.4
Smith, T.L.5
Sharma, A.K.6
-
4
-
-
33745350126
-
Effects of botulinum toxin-A on gait velocity, step length, and base of support of patients with dynamic equinovarus foot
-
Cioni M, Esquenazi A, Hirai B. Effects of botulinum toxin-A on gait velocity, step length, and base of support of patients with dynamic equinovarus foot. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 85: 600-606.
-
(2006)
Am J Phys Med Rehabil
, vol.85
, pp. 600-606
-
-
Cioni, M.1
Esquenazi, A.2
Hirai, B.3
-
5
-
-
36549066890
-
The role of botulinum toxin injections in the management of muscle overactivity of the lower limb
-
Gracies JM, Singer BJ, Dunne JW. The role of botulinum toxin injections in the management of muscle overactivity of the lower limb. Disabil Rehabil 2007; 29: 1789-1805.
-
(2007)
Disabil Rehabil
, vol.29
, pp. 1789-1805
-
-
Gracies, J.M.1
Singer, B.J.2
Dunne, J.W.3
-
7
-
-
50849098217
-
Combined effects of botulinum toxin and casting treatments on lower limb spasticity after stroke
-
Farina S, Migliorini C, Gandolfi M, et al. Combined effects of botulinum toxin and casting treatments on lower limb spasticity after stroke. Funct Neurol 2008; 23: 87-91.
-
(2008)
Funct Neurol
, vol.23
, pp. 87-91
-
-
Farina, S.1
Migliorini, C.2
Gandolfi, M.3
-
8
-
-
0035553935
-
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke
-
Bakheit AM, Pittock S, Moore AP, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A in upper limb spasticity in patients with stroke. Eur J Neurol 2001; 8: 559-565.
-
(2001)
Eur J Neurol
, vol.8
, pp. 559-565
-
-
Bakheit, A.M.1
Pittock, S.2
Moore, A.P.3
-
9
-
-
0033800715
-
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb spasticity after stroke
-
Bakheit AM, Thilmann AF, Ward AB, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study to compare the efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) with placebo in upper limb spasticity after stroke. Stroke 2000; 31: 2402-2406.
-
(2000)
Stroke
, vol.31
, pp. 2402-2406
-
-
Bakheit, A.M.1
Thilmann, A.F.2
Ward, A.B.3
-
10
-
-
0029951449
-
Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
-
Simpson DM, Alexander DN, O'Brien CF, et al. Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of upper extremity spasticity: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Neurology 1996; 46: 1306-1310.
-
(1996)
Neurology
, vol.46
, pp. 1306-1310
-
-
Simpson, D.M.1
Alexander, D.N.2
O'Brien, C.F.3
-
11
-
-
3242735082
-
Dose-dependent response to intramuscular botulinum toxin type A for upper-limb spasticity in patients after a stroke
-
Childers MK, Brashear A, Jozefczyk P, et al. Dose-dependent response to intramuscular botulinum toxin type A for upper-limb spasticity in patients after a stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85: 1063-1069.
-
(2004)
Arch Phys Med Rehabil
, vol.85
, pp. 1063-1069
-
-
Childers, M.K.1
Brashear, A.2
Jozefczyk, P.3
-
12
-
-
19044367525
-
Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) for spasticity in adults. What is the evidence?
-
Moore AP. Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) for spasticity in adults. What is the evidence? Eur J Neurol 2002; 9(Suppl. 1): 42-47.
-
(2002)
Eur J Neurol
, vol.9
, Issue.SUPPL. 1
, pp. 42-47
-
-
Moore, A.P.1
-
13
-
-
42149085573
-
Evidence-based systematic review on the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin-A therapy in post-stroke spasticity
-
Rosales RL, Chua-Yap AS. Evidence-based systematic review on the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin-A therapy in post-stroke spasticity. J Neural Transm 2008; 115: 617-623.
-
(2008)
J Neural Transm
, vol.115
, pp. 617-623
-
-
Rosales, R.L.1
Chua-Yap, A.S.2
-
14
-
-
19444378915
-
A randomised, double-blind, dose-ranging study to evaluate efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) for the treatment of spastic foot
-
Mancini F, Sandrini G, Moglia A, Nappi G, Pacchetti C. A randomised, double-blind, dose-ranging study to evaluate efficacy and safety of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Botox) for the treatment of spastic foot. Neurol Sci 2005; 26: 26-31.
-
(2005)
Neurol Sci
, vol.26
, pp. 26-31
-
-
Mancini, F.1
Sandrini, G.2
Moglia, A.3
Nappi, G.4
Pacchetti, C.5
-
15
-
-
0033798121
-
Evaluating the role of botulinum toxin in the management of focal hypertonia in adults
-
Richardson D, Sheean G, Werring D, et al. Evaluating the role of botulinum toxin in the management of focal hypertonia in adults. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000; 69: 499-506.
-
(2000)
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
, vol.69
, pp. 499-506
-
-
Richardson, D.1
Sheean, G.2
Werring, D.3
-
16
-
-
0027984226
-
Botulinum toxin treatment for lower limb extensor spasticity in chronic hemiparetic patients
-
Hesse S, Lucke D, Malezic M, et al. Botulinum toxin treatment for lower limb extensor spasticity in chronic hemiparetic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 1321-1324.
-
(1994)
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
, vol.57
, pp. 1321-1324
-
-
Hesse, S.1
Lucke, D.2
Malezic, M.3
-
17
-
-
9544250392
-
A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of botulinum toxin in the treatment of spastic foot in hemiparetic patients
-
Burbaud P, Wiart L, Dubos JL, et al. A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of botulinum toxin in the treatment of spastic foot in hemiparetic patients. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1996; 61: 265-269.
-
(1996)
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
, vol.61
, pp. 265-269
-
-
Burbaud, P.1
Wiart, L.2
Dubos, J.L.3
-
18
-
-
0037261997
-
A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity after stroke
-
Pittock SJ, Moore AP, Hardiman O, et al. A double-blind randomised placebo-controlled evaluation of three doses of botulinum toxin type A (Dysport) in the treatment of spastic equinovarus deformity after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 2003; 15: 289-300.
-
(2003)
Cerebrovasc Dis
, vol.15
, pp. 289-300
-
-
Pittock, S.J.1
Moore, A.P.2
Hardiman, O.3
-
19
-
-
0035209353
-
Locomotor-specific measure of spasticity of plantarflexor muscles after stroke
-
Lamontagne A, Malouin F, Richards CL. Locomotor-specific measure of spasticity of plantarflexor muscles after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2001; 82: 1696-1704.
-
(2001)
Arch Phys Med Rehabil
, vol.82
, pp. 1696-1704
-
-
Lamontagne, A.1
Malouin, F.2
Richards, C.L.3
-
20
-
-
0029914622
-
Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary?
-
Jadad AR, Moore RA, Carroll D, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials 1996; 17: 1-12.
-
(1996)
Control Clin Trials
, vol.17
, pp. 1-12
-
-
Jadad, A.R.1
Moore, R.A.2
Carroll, D.3
-
21
-
-
0034702175
-
Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs
-
Concato J, Shah N, Horwitz RI. Randomized, controlled trials, observational studies, and the hierarchy of research designs. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 1887-1892.
-
(2000)
N Engl J Med
, vol.342
, pp. 1887-1892
-
-
Concato, J.1
Shah, N.2
Horwitz, R.I.3
-
22
-
-
0003577917
-
Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences
-
2nd Edn. New York: Academic Press,
-
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences, 2nd Edn. New York: Academic Press, 1988.
-
(1988)
-
-
Cohen, J.1
-
23
-
-
0003624732
-
Practical Meta-Analysis
-
Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications Inc.,
-
Lipsey M, Wilson D. Practical Meta-Analysis. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications Inc., 2001.
-
(2001)
-
-
Lipsey, M.1
Wilson, D.2
-
24
-
-
29344435798
-
Low-dose botulinum toxin with short-term electrical stimulation in poststroke spastic drop foot: a preliminary study
-
Bayram S, Sivrioglu K, Karli N, Ozcan O. Low-dose botulinum toxin with short-term electrical stimulation in poststroke spastic drop foot: a preliminary study. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2006; 85: 75-81.
-
(2006)
Am J Phys Med Rehabil
, vol.85
, pp. 75-81
-
-
Bayram, S.1
Sivrioglu, K.2
Karli, N.3
Ozcan, O.4
-
25
-
-
3042535593
-
The effect of combined use of botulinum toxin type A and functional electric stimulation in the treatment of spastic drop foot after stroke: a preliminary investigation
-
Johnson CA, Burridge JH, Strike PW, Wood DE, Swain ID. The effect of combined use of botulinum toxin type A and functional electric stimulation in the treatment of spastic drop foot after stroke: a preliminary investigation. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2004; 85: 902-909.
-
(2004)
Arch Phys Med Rehabil
, vol.85
, pp. 902-909
-
-
Johnson, C.A.1
Burridge, J.H.2
Strike, P.W.3
Wood, D.E.4
Swain, I.D.5
-
26
-
-
0344882590
-
Comparison of phenol block and botulinus toxin type A in the treatment of spastic foot after stroke: a randomized, double-blind trial
-
Kirazli Y, On AY, Kismali B, Aksit R. Comparison of phenol block and botulinus toxin type A in the treatment of spastic foot after stroke: a randomized, double-blind trial. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 77: 510-515.
-
(1998)
Am J Phys Med Rehabil
, vol.77
, pp. 510-515
-
-
Kirazli, Y.1
On, A.Y.2
Kismali, B.3
Aksit, R.4
-
28
-
-
0031945143
-
Low-dose botulinum toxin with ankle taping for the treatment of spastic equinovarus foot after stroke
-
Reiter F, Danni M, Lagalla G, Ceravolo G, Provinciali L. Low-dose botulinum toxin with ankle taping for the treatment of spastic equinovarus foot after stroke. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998; 79: 532-535.
-
(1998)
Arch Phys Med Rehabil
, vol.79
, pp. 532-535
-
-
Reiter, F.1
Danni, M.2
Lagalla, G.3
Ceravolo, G.4
Provinciali, L.5
-
29
-
-
0028810755
-
Short-term electrical stimulation enhances the effectiveness of Botulinum toxin in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in hemiparetic patients
-
Hesse S, Jahnke MT, Luecke D, Mauritz KH. Short-term electrical stimulation enhances the effectiveness of Botulinum toxin in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in hemiparetic patients. Neurosci Lett 1995; 201: 37-40.
-
(1995)
Neurosci Lett
, vol.201
, pp. 37-40
-
-
Hesse, S.1
Jahnke, M.T.2
Luecke, D.3
Mauritz, K.H.4
-
30
-
-
54049136489
-
Effect of simultaneous botulinum toxin injections into several muscles on impairment, activity, participation, and quality of life among stroke patients presenting with a stiff knee gait
-
Caty GD, Detrembleur C, Bleyenheuft C, Deltombe T, Lejeune TM. Effect of simultaneous botulinum toxin injections into several muscles on impairment, activity, participation, and quality of life among stroke patients presenting with a stiff knee gait. Stroke 2008; 39: 2803-2808.
-
(2008)
Stroke
, vol.39
, pp. 2803-2808
-
-
Caty, G.D.1
Detrembleur, C.2
Bleyenheuft, C.3
Deltombe, T.4
Lejeune, T.M.5
-
31
-
-
17844389074
-
Variability and predictability of functional efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in leg spastic muscles
-
Rousseaux M, Compere S, Launay MJ, Kozlowski O. Variability and predictability of functional efficacy of botulinum toxin injection in leg spastic muscles. J Neurol Sci 2005; 232: 51-57.
-
(2005)
J Neurol Sci
, vol.232
, pp. 51-57
-
-
Rousseaux, M.1
Compere, S.2
Launay, M.J.3
Kozlowski, O.4
-
32
-
-
67649378623
-
The effect of botulinum toxin injections on gait control in spastic stroke patients presenting with a stiff-knee gait
-
Bleyenheuft C, Cockx S, Caty G, Stoquart G, Lejeune T, Detrembleur C. The effect of botulinum toxin injections on gait control in spastic stroke patients presenting with a stiff-knee gait. Gait Posture 2009; 30: 168-172.
-
(2009)
Gait Posture
, vol.30
, pp. 168-172
-
-
Bleyenheuft, C.1
Cockx, S.2
Caty, G.3
Stoquart, G.4
Lejeune, T.5
Detrembleur, C.6
-
33
-
-
0030001873
-
Ankle muscle activity before and after botulinum toxin therapy for lower limb extensor spasticity in chronic hemiparetic patients
-
Hesse S, Krajnik J, Luecke D, Jahnke MT, Gregoric M, Mauritz KH. Ankle muscle activity before and after botulinum toxin therapy for lower limb extensor spasticity in chronic hemiparetic patients. Stroke 1996; 27: 455-460.
-
(1996)
Stroke
, vol.27
, pp. 455-460
-
-
Hesse, S.1
Krajnik, J.2
Luecke, D.3
Jahnke, M.T.4
Gregoric, M.5
Mauritz, K.H.6
-
34
-
-
0026927092
-
Hemiplegic gait: a kinematic analysis using walking speed as a basis
-
Wagenaar RC, Beek WJ. Hemiplegic gait: a kinematic analysis using walking speed as a basis. J Biomech 1992; 25: 1007-1015.
-
(1992)
J Biomech
, vol.25
, pp. 1007-1015
-
-
Wagenaar, R.C.1
Beek, W.J.2
-
35
-
-
0029041686
-
Classification of walking handicap in the stroke population
-
Perry J, Garrett M, Gronley JK, Mulroy SJ. Classification of walking handicap in the stroke population. Stroke 1995; 26: 982-989.
-
(1995)
Stroke
, vol.26
, pp. 982-989
-
-
Perry, J.1
Garrett, M.2
Gronley, J.K.3
Mulroy, S.J.4
-
36
-
-
0033792381
-
Management of spasticity in stroke
-
Bhakta BB. Management of spasticity in stroke. Br Med Bull 2000; 56: 476-485.
-
(2000)
Br Med Bull
, vol.56
, pp. 476-485
-
-
Bhakta, B.B.1
-
37
-
-
42149110195
-
Spasticity treatment with botulinum toxins
-
Ward AB. Spasticity treatment with botulinum toxins. J Neural Transm 2008; 115: 607-616.
-
(2008)
J Neural Transm
, vol.115
, pp. 607-616
-
-
Ward, A.B.1
-
38
-
-
34347337612
-
Improvements in speed-based gait classifications are meaningful
-
Schmid A, Duncan PW, Studenski S, et al. Improvements in speed-based gait classifications are meaningful. Stroke 2007; 38: 2096-2100.
-
(2007)
Stroke
, vol.38
, pp. 2096-2100
-
-
Schmid, A.1
Duncan, P.W.2
Studenski, S.3
-
39
-
-
0035687163
-
Botulinum treatment of spasticity: why is it so difficult to show a functional benefit?
-
Sheean GL. Botulinum treatment of spasticity: why is it so difficult to show a functional benefit? Curr Opin Neurol 2001; 14: 771-776.
-
(2001)
Curr Opin Neurol
, vol.14
, pp. 771-776
-
-
Sheean, G.L.1
|