Effect of water hardness on cardiovascular mortality: An ecological time series approach

Journal of Public Health

Volumn 32, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 479-487

  Lake, I R ^a   Swift, L ^a   Catling, L A ^b   Abubakar, I ^a   Sabel, C E ^c   Hunter, P R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^b Beccles Suffolk   (United Kingdom)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

calcium; cardiovascular mortality; epidemiology; magnesium; step change; water hardness

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; MAGNESIUM; WATER;

AGED; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CHEMISTRY; DRINKING; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FEASIBILITY STUDY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MIDDLE AGED; MORTALITY; RISK FACTOR; UNITED KINGDOM; VITAL STATISTICS;

AGED; CALCIUM; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DRINKING; ENGLAND; ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING; FEASIBILITY STUDIES; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNESIUM; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS; VITAL STATISTICS; WALES; WATER;

EID: 78649552408     PISSN: 17413842     EISSN: 17413850     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdp121     Document Type: Article

References (14)

1. Kobayashi J. On geographical relationship between the chemical nature of river water and death rate from apoplexy. Ber des Ohara Institutes fur Landurtschaftuche Biologie 1957;11:12-21.
2. Schroeder H. Relationship between mortality from cardiovascular disease and treated water supplies. Variations in states and 163 largest municipalities of the United States. J Am Med Assoc 1960;172:1902-8.
3. Monarca S, Donato F, Zerbini I et al. Review of epidemiological studies on drinking water hardness and cardiovascular diseases. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2006;13(4):495-506.
4. Catling LA, Abubakar I, Lake IR et al. A systematic review of analytical observational studies investigating the association between cardiovascular disease and drinking water hardness. J Water Health 2008;6(4):433-42.
5. World Health Organisation. Hardness in Drinking Water. Geneva: World Health Organisation, 2003.
6. Cotruvo J, Bartram J. (eds.) Calcium and Magnesium in Drinkingwater: Public health significance. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2009.
7. Kundzewicz ZW, Mata LJ, Arnell NW et al. Freshwater resources and their management. In: Parry ML, Canziani OF, Palutikof JP et al. (eds). Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007, 173-210.
8. Keating WR. Cold exposure and winter mortality from ischaemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, and all causes in warm and cold regions of Europe. Lancet 1997;349(9062):1341-6.
9. McGregor GR. The meteorological sensitivity of ischaemic heart disease mortality events in Birmingham, UK. Int J Biometeorol 2001;45(3):133-42.
10. Näyhä S. Cold and the risk of cardiovascular diseases. A review. Int J Circumpolar health 2002;61(4):373-80.
11. Donaldson GC, Tchernjavskii VE, Ermakov SP et al. Winter mortality and cold stress in Yekaterinburg, Russia: interview survey. Br Med J 1998;316(7130):514-8.
12. Allender S, Scarborough P, O'Flaherty M et al. Patterns of coronary heart disease mortality over the 20th century in England and Wales: Possible plateaus in the rate of decline. BMC Public Health 2008;8(148):1-12.
13. British Heart Foundation. 2005 Coronary Heart Disease Statistics 2005.
14. Lacey RF, Shaper AG. Changes in water hardness and cardiovascular death rates. Int J Epidemiol 1984;13(1):18-24.