Origin of stratified basal ice in outlet glaciers of Vatnajökull and Öræfajökull, Iceland

Boreas

Volumn 39, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 457-470

  Larson, Grahame J ^a   Lawson, Daniel E ^b   Evenson, Edward B ^c   Knudsen, Óskar ^d   Alley, Richard B ^e   Phanikumar, Mantha S ^f  

^a MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Engineering Research and Development Center   (United States)

^c LEHIGH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d The Commercial College of Iceland   (Iceland)

^e PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^f Michigan State University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BASAL ICE; ENGLACIAL PROCESS; FREEZING; PARTIAL MELTING; SUBGLACIAL DEPOSIT;

ICELAND; VATNAJOKULL;

EID: 78649519494     PISSN: 03009483     EISSN: 15023885     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00134.x     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. Alley, R. B., Lawson, D. E., Evenson, E. B., Strasser, J. C. & Larson, G. J. 1998: Glaciohydraulic supercooling: A freeze-on mechanism to create stratified, debris-rich basal ice: II. Theory. Journal of Glaciology 44, 563-569.
2. Alley, R. B., Lawson, D. E., Larson, G. J., Evenson, E. B. & Baker, G. S. 2003: Stabilizing feedbacks in glacier bed erosion. Nature 424, 258-260.
3. Arcone, S. A., Lawson, D. E. & Delaney, A. J. 1995: Short-pulse radar wavelet recovery and resolution of dielectric contrasts within englacial and basal ice of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska. U.S.A. Journal of Glaciology 41, 68-86.
4. Árnason, B. 1969: Equilibrium constant for the fractionation of deuterium between ice and water. Journal of Physical Chemistry 7, 3491-3494.
5. Bennett, M. R., Huddart, D. & Waller, R. I. 2000: Glaciofluvial crevasse and conduit fills as indicators of supraglacial dewatering during a surge, Skei arárjökull, Iceland. Journal of Glaciology 46, 25-34.
6. Björnsson, H. 2002: Subglacial lakes and jökulhlaups in Iceland. Global and Planetary Change 35, 255-271.
7. Björnsson, H., Pálsson, F. & Magnússon, E. 1999: Skeidarárjökull: Landslag og rennslisleidir vatns undir spordi. Raunvísindastofnun Háskólans RH-11-99, 20 pp.
8. Björnsson, H., Pálsson, F., Singurethsson, O. & Flowers, E. 2003: Surges of glaciers in Iceland. Annals of Glaciology 36, 82-90.
9. Clark, I. & Fritz, P. 1997: Environmental Isotopes in Hydrogeology. 328 pp. Lewis, New York.
10. Cook, S. J., Knight, P. G., Waller, R. I., Robinson, Z. P. & Adam, W. G. 2007: The geography of basal ice and its relationship to glaciohydraulic supercooling: Svínafellsjökull, southeast Iceland. Quaternary Science Reviews 26, 2309-2315.
11. Cook, S. J., Robinson, Z. P., Fairchild, I. J., Knight, P. G., Waller, R. I. & Boomer, I. 2010: Role of glaciohydraulic supercooling in the formation of stratified facies basal ice: Svínafellsjökull and Skaftafellsjökull, southeast Iceland. Boreas, 39, 24-38.
12. Craig, H. 1961: Isotopic variations in meteoric waters. Science 133, 1702-1703.
13. Daly, S. F. 1984: Frazil ice dynamics. US.Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Monograph 84-1, 46 pp.
14. Evenson, E. B., Lawson, D. E., Strasser, J. C., Larson, G. J., Alley, R. B., Ensminger, S. L. & Stevenson, W. E. 1999: Field evidence for the recognition of glaciohydraulic supercooling. In Mickelson, D. M. & Attig, J. W. (eds.): Glacial Processes Past and Present: Boulder Colorado, 23-35. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 337
15. Flowers, G. E., Björnsson, H. & Pálsson, F. 2003: New insights into the subglacial and periglacial hydrology of Vatnajökull, Iceland, from a distributed physical model. Journal of Glaciology 49, 257-270.
16. Hooke, R. LeB. 1991: Positive feedbacks associated with erosion of glacial cirques and overdeepenings. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 103, 1104-1108.
17. Hooke, R. LeB. & Iverson, N. R. 1995: Grain-size distribution in deforming subglacial tills, role of grain fracture. Geology 23, 57-60.
18. Hooke, R. LeB. & Pohjola, V. A. 1994: Hydrology of a segment of a glacier situated in an overdeepening, Storglaciaren, Sweden. Journal of Glaciology 40, 140-148.
19. Hooke, R. LeB., Gould, J. E. & Brzozowski, J. 1983: Near-surface temperatures near and below the equilibrium line on polar and subpolar glaciers. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie 19, 1-25.
20. Hubbard, B. & Sharp, M. 1993: Weertman regelation, multiple refreezing events and isotopic evolution of the basal ice layer. Journal of Glaciology 39, 275-291.
21. Hubbard, B. & Sharp, M. 1995: Basal ice facies and their formation and deformation. Arctic and Alpine Research 27, 301-310.
22. Iverson, N. R. 1993: Regelation of ice through debris at glacier beds: Implications for sediment transport. Geology 21, 559-562.
23. Iverson, N. R. & Semmens, D. J. 1995: Intrusion of ice into porous media by regelation: A mechanism of sediment entrainment by glaciers. Journal of Geophysical Research 100, 10219-10230.
24. Iverson, N. R. & Souchez, R. 1996: Isotopic signature of debris-rich ice formed by regelation into a subglacial sediment bed. Geophysical Research Letters 23, 1151-1154.
25. Jóhannesson, H. & Sæmunethsson, K. 1999: Ísland Jar{eth}fræ{eth}ikort (Iceland Geological Map), Náttúrufræ{eth}istofnun Íslands (Icelandic Institute of Natural History) scale 1:1, 000.000. Iceland Ministry of the Environment, Reykjavik, Iceland.
26. Jouzel, J. & Souchez, R. A. 1982: Melting-refreezing at the glacier sole and the isotopic composition of the ice. Journal of Glaciology 28, 35-42.
27. Kamb, B. & LaChapelle, E. 1964: Direct observation of the mechanism of glacier sliding over bedrock. Journal of Glaciology 5, 159-172.
28. Kessler, M. J. 1988: Effective use of low level liquid scintillation analysis. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Seminar for Liquid Scintillation Analysis, 256-301. Packard Japan KK, Tokyo.
29. Knight, P. G. 1989: Stacking of basal debris layers without bulk freezing on: isotopic evidence from west Greenland. Journal of Glaciology 35, 214-216.
30. Knudsen, Ó., Roberts, M. J., Tweed, F. S., Russell, A. J., Lawson, D. E., Larson, G. J., Evenson, E. B. & Björnsson, H. 2001: Five "supercool" Icelandic glaciers. EOS, Transactions of the American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting Supplement 82, p. 557.
31. Larson, G. J., Daniel, E., Lawson, D. E., Evenson, E. B., Alley, R. B., Knudsen, Ó., Lachniet, M. S. & Goetz, S. L. 2006: Glaciohydraulic supercooling in former ice sheets? Geomorphology 75, 20-32.
32. Lawson, D. E. 1979: Sedimentological analysis of the western terminus region of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska. US Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL Report 79-9, 112 pp.
33. Lawson, D. E. 1981: Distinguishing characteristics of diamictons at the margin of the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska. Annals of Glaciology 2, 78-84.
34. Lawson, D. E. 1982: Mobilization, movement and deposition of active subaerial sediment flows, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska. Journal of Geology 90, 279-300.
35. Lawson, D. E. 1995: Sedimentary and hydrologic processes within terrestrial valley glaciers. In Menzies, J. (ed.): Modern Glacial Environments: Processes, Dynamics and Sediments, 337-363. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston.
36. Lawson, D. E., Strasser, J. C., Evenson, E. B., Alley, R. B., Larson, G. J. & Arcone, S. A. 1998: Glaciohydraulic supercooling: a freeze-on mechanism to create stratified, debris-rich basal ice. I. Field evidence. Journal of Glaciology 44, 547-561.
37. Lehmann, M. & Siegenthaler, U. 1991: Equilibrium oxygen- and hydrogen-isotope fractionation between ice and water. Journal of Glaciology 37, 23-26.
38. Leventhal, J. S. & Libby, W. F. 1970: Tritium fallout in the Pacific United States. Journal of Geophysical Research 75, 7628-7633.
39. Libby, W. F. 1955: Tritium in nature. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 45, 301-314.
40. Martin, S. 1981: Frazil ice in rivers and oceans. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 13, 379-397.
41. Nick, F. M., Van Der Kwast, J. & Oerlemans, J. 2007: Simulation of the evolution of Breidamerkurjökull in the late Holocene. Journal of Geophysical Research 112, B01103, doi:DOI: 10.1029/2006JB004358.
42. Nye, J. F. 1970: Glacier sliding without cavitation in a linear viscous approximation. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A 315, 381-403.
43. Nye, J. F. & Frank, F. C. 1973: Hydrology of the intergranular veins in a temperate glacier. In Stelczer, K. (ed.): Symposium on the Hydrology of Glaciers, Cambridge, 7-13 September 1969, International Association Hydrological Sciences Publication 95, 157-161.
44. O'Neil, J. R. 1968: Hydrogen and oxygen isotope fractionation between ice and water. Journal of Physical Chemistry 72, 3683-3684.
45. Osterkamp, T. E. & Gilfillian, R. E. 1975: Nucleation characteristics of stream water and frazil ice nucleation. Water Resources Research 11, 926-928.
46. Pálsson, F. & Björnsson, H. 2000: Vatnsrennsli undan eystri hluta Fláajökull. Raunvísindastofnun Háskólans RH-14-00, 22 pp.
47. Pálsson, S. & Vifgússon, G. H. 1996: Gagnasafn aurbur{eth}armælinga 1963-1995. Orkustofnun Report OS-96032/VOD-05 B, 270 pp.
48. Pálsson, F., Björnsson, H., Magnússon, E. & Eydal, G. 1998: Könnun rennslisleida vatns úr Skrámulóni, undir spor{eth} Svínafellsjökull. Raunvísindastofnun Háskólans RH-08-98, 4 pp.
49. Paterson, W. S. B. 1994: The Physics of Glaciers. 480 pp. Pergamon, Oxford.
50. Poage, M. A. & Chamberlain, C. P. 2001: Empirical relationships between elevation and the stable isotope composition of precipitation and surface waters; considerations for studies of paleoelevation change. American Journal of Science 301, 1-15.
51. Press, W. H., Teukolsky, S. A., Vetterling, W. T. & Flannery, B. P. 2007: Numerical Recipes in C++: The Art of Scientific Computing. 1265 pp. Cambridge University Press, New York.
52. Raymond, C. F. & Harrison, W. D. 1975: Some observations on the behavior of the liquid and gas phases in temperate glacier ice. Journal of Glaciology 14, 213-233.
53. Rempel, A. W. 2008: A theory for ice-till interactions and sediment entrainment beneath glaciers. Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Surface 113, F01013, doi:DOI: 10.1029/2007JF000870.
54. Roberts, M. J., Russell, A. J., Tweed, F. S. & Knudsen, Ó. 2000: Ice fracturing during jökulhaups: implications for englacial floodwater routing and outlet development. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 25, 1429-1446.
55. Roberts, M. J., Tweed, F. S., Russell, A. J., Knudsen, Ó., Lawson, D. E., Larson, G. J., Evenson, E. B. & Björnsson, H. 2002: Glaciohydraulic supercooling in Iceland. Geology 30, 439-442.
56. Röthlisberger, H. 1968: Erosive processes which are likely to accentuate or reduce the bottom relief of valley glaciers. International Association of Hydrological Sciences Publication 7, 87-97.
57. Röthlisberger, H. & Lang, H. 1987: Glacial hydrology. In Gurnell, A. M. & Clark, M. J. (eds.): Glacio-fluvial Sediment Transfer: An Alpine Perspective, 37-44. John Wiley, Chichester.
58. Shreve, R. L. 1972: Movement of water in glaciers. Journal of Glaciology 11, 205-214.
59. 18O of water and ice during freezing. Journal of Glaciology 30, 369-372.
60. Strasser, J. C., Lawson, D. E., Larson, G. J., Evenson, E. D. & Alley, R. B. 1996: Preliminary results of tritium analysis of basal ice, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, U.S.A.: evidence for subglacial accretion. Annals of Glaciology 22, 126-133.
61. Swift, D. A., Evans, D. J. A. & Fallick, A. E. 2006: Transverse englacial debris-rich ice bands at Kviárjökull, southeast Iceland. Quaternary Science Reviews 25, 1708-1718.
62. Titus, D. D., Larson, G. J., Strasser, J. C., Lawson, D. E., Evenson, E. B. & Alley, R. B. 1999: Isotopic composition of vent discharge from the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska: Implications for the origin of basal ice. In Mickelson, D. M. & Attig, J. W. (eds.): Glacial Processes Past and Present: Boulder Colorado, 37-44. Geological Society of America, Special Paper 337.
63. Tweed, F. S., Roberts, M. J. & Russell, A. J. 2005: Hydrologic monitoring of supercooled meltwater from Icelandic glaciers. Quaternary Science Reviews 24, 2308-2318.
64. Vivian, R. 1970: Hydrologie et érosion sous-glaciaires. Revue de Géographie Alpine 58, 241-264.
65. Weertman, J. 1957: On the sliding of glaciers. Journal of Glaciology 3, 33-38.
66. Weertman, J. 1961: Mechanism for the formation of inner moraines found near the edge of cold ice caps and ice sheets. Journal of Glaciology 3, 965-978.
67. Weertman, J. 1964: The theory of glacier sliding. Journal of Glaciology 5, 287-303.
68. Weertman, J. 1972: General theory of water flow at the base of a glacier or ice sheet. Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 10, 287-333.
69. Winkler, G. R. 1992: Geologic map and summary geochronology of the Anchorage 1°× 3° Quadrangle, southern Alaska. U.S. Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Series Map I-2283, scale 1:250, 000.