Drug targeting to the kidney: Advances in the active targeting of therapeutics to proximal tubular cells

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews

Volumn 62, Issue 14, 2010, Pages 1344-1357

  Dolman, M E M ^a   Harmsen, S ^a   Storm, G ^a   Hennink, W E ^a   Kok, R J ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Drug delivery; Drug release; Kidney; Kinase inhibitor; Linkage technology; Receptor; Renal carrier

Indexed keywords

DRUG RELEASE; KIDNEY; KINASE INHIBITORS; LINKAGE TECHNOLOGY; RECEPTOR; RENAL CARRIER;

DRUG DELIVERY; ENZYME INHIBITION; SIGNALING;

DRUG INTERACTIONS;

4 (1 AMINOETHYL) N (4 PYRIDYL)CYCLOHEXANECARBOXAMIDE; 4 (4 FLUOROPHENYL) 2 (4 HYDROXYPHENYL) 5 (4 PYRIDYL)IMIDAZOLE; ANGIOTENSIN 1 RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CAPTOPRIL; CELL PROTEIN; DAUNORUBICIN; DENDRIMER; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DOXORUBICIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR; ERLOTINIB; FOLIC ACID; IBUPROFEN; LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT CHITOSAN; LY 364947; LYSOZYME; METHYLPREDNISOLONE; NAPROXEN; PIRFENIDONE; PLATELET DERIVED GROWTH FACTOR; POLY(VINYLPYRROLIDONE CO DIMETHYL MALEIC ACID); PREDNISOLONE; SPIRONOLACTONE; STREPTAVIDIN; SULFAMETHOXAZOLE; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR BETA1; TRIPTOLIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG;

CELL COMPARTMENTALIZATION; CELL FUNCTION; CELL TYPE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CYTOSOL; DISULFIDE BOND; DRUG RELEASE; DRUG TARGETING; DYSPEPSIA; ENDOCYTOSIS; GLOMERULUS BASEMENT MEMBRANE; HUMAN; INTERSTITIAL NEPHRITIS; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FIBROSIS; KIDNEY TUBULE ABSORPTION; KIDNEY TUBULE CELL; KIDNEY TUBULE EXCRETION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; TUBULOINTERSTITIAL FIBROSIS;

DRUG CARRIERS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; FIBROSIS; HUMANS; KIDNEY DISEASES; KIDNEY TUBULES, PROXIMAL;

EID: 78649448612     PISSN: 0169409X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.07.011     Document Type: Review

References (185)

1. Kellum J.A., Bellomo R., Ronco C. Definition and classification of acute kidney injury. Nephron Clin. Pract. 2008, 109:c182-c187.
2. Van Biesen W., Vanholder R., Lameire N. Defining acute renal failure: RIFLE and beyond. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006, 1:1314-1319.
3. Levey A.S., Eckardt K.U., Tsukamoto Y., Levin A., Coresh J., Rossert J., De Zeeuw D., Hostetter T.H., Lameire N., Eknoyan G. Definition and classification of chronic kidney disease: a position statement from Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO). Kidney Int. 2005, 67:2089-2100.
4. Eriksen B.O., Tomtum J., Ingebretsen O.C. Predictors of Declining Glomerular Filtration Rate in a Population-Based Chronic Kidney Disease Cohort. Nephron Clin. Pract. 2010, 115:c41-c50.
5. Krol E., Rutkowski B., Czarniak P., Kraszewska E., Lizakowski S., Szubert R., Czekalski S., Sulowicz W., Wiecek A. Early detection of chronic kidney disease: results of the PolNef study. Am. J. Nephrol. 2009, 29:264-273.
6. El Nahas A.M. A.K. Bello, Chronic kidney disease: the global challenge. Lancet 2005, 365:331-340.
7. Liu Y. Renal fibrosis: new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutics. Kidney Int. 2006, 69:213-217.
8. Uhlenhaut N.H., Treier M. Transcriptional regulators in kidney disease: gatekeepers of renal homeostasis. Trends Genet. 2008, 24:361-371.
9. Remuzzi G., Cattaneo D., Perico N. The aggravating mechanisms of aldosterone on kidney fibrosis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008, 19:1459-1462.
10. Razzaque M.S., Taguchi T. Cellular and molecular events leading to renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Med. Electron Microsc. 2002, 35:68-80.
11. Eddy A.A. Molecular basis of renal fibrosis. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2000, 15:290-301.
12. Fogo A.B. Mechanisms of progression of chronic kidney disease. Pediatr. Nephrol. 2007, 22:2011-2022.
13. Eddy A.A. Serine proteases, inhibitors and receptors in renal fibrosis. Thromb. Haemost. 2009, 101:656-664.
14. Lan H.Y., Mu W., Tomita N., Huang X.R., Li J.H., Zhu H.J., Morishita R., Johnson R.J. Inhibition of renal fibrosis by gene transfer of inducible Smad7 using ultrasound-microbubble system in rat UUO model. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2003, 14:1535-1548.
15. Misseri R., Rink R.C., Meldrum D.R., Meldrum K.K. Inflammatory mediators and growth factors in obstructive renal injury. J. Surg. Res. 2004, 119:149-159.
16. Branton M.H., Kopp J.B. TGF-beta and fibrosis. Microbes Infect. 1999, 1:1349-1365.
17. Burns W.C., Kantharidis P., Thomas M.C. The role of tubular epithelial-mesenchymal transition in progressive kidney disease. Cells Tissues Organs 2007, 185:222-231.
18. Shihab F.S. Do we have a pill for renal fibrosis?. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007, 2:876-878.
19. Laping N.J. ALK5 inhibition in renal disease. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2003, 3:204-208.
20. Fu P., Liu F., Su S., Wang W., Huang X.R., Entman M.L., Schwartz R.J., Wei L., Lan H.Y. Signaling mechanism of renal fibrosis in unilateral ureteral obstructive kidney disease in ROCK1 knockout mice. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2006, 17:3105-3114.
21. Boor P., Sebekova K., Ostendorf T., Floege J. Treatment targets in renal fibrosis. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2007, 22:3391-3407.
22. Ludewig D., Kosmehl H., Sommer M., Bohmer F.D., Stein G. PDGF receptor kinase blocker AG1295 attenuates interstitial fibrosis in rat kidney after unilateral obstruction. Cell Tissue Res. 2000, 299:97-103.
23. Kisseleva T., Brenner D.A. Mechanisms of fibrogenesis. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood) 2008, 233:109-122.
24. Melenhorst W.B., Mulder G.M., Xi Q., Hoenderop J.G., Kimura K., Eguchi S., van Goor H. Epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in the kidney: key roles in physiology and disease. Hypertension 2008, 52:987-993.
25. Gonzalez-Perez J.G., Vale L., Stearns S.C., Wordsworth S. Hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease: a cost-effectiveness analysis of treatment-options. Int. J. Technol. Assess. Health Care 2005, 21:32-39.
26. Yu L., Noble N.A., Border W.A. Therapeutic strategies to halt renal fibrosis. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 2002, 2:177-181.
27. Ripley E. Complementary effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers in slowing the progression of chronic kidney disease. Am. Heart J. 2009, 157:S7-S16.
28. Guney I., Selcuk N.Y., Altintepe L., Atalay H., Basarali M.K., Buyukbas S. Antifibrotic effects of aldosterone receptor blocker (spironolactone) in patients with chronic kidney disease. Ren. Fail. 2009, 31:779-784.
29. Cho M.E., Kopp J.B. Pirfenidone: an anti-fibrotic therapy for progressive kidney disease. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 2010, 19:275-283.
30. Cho M.E., Smith D.C., Branton M.H., Penzak S.R., Kopp J.B. Pirfenidone slows renal function decline in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2007, 2:906-913.
31. Ng Y.Y., Huang T.P., Yang W.C., Chen Z.P., Yang A.H., Mu W., Nikolic-Paterson D.J., Atkins R.C., Lan H.Y. Tubular epithelial-myofibroblast transdifferentiation in progressive tubulointerstitial fibrosis in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Kidney Int. 1998, 54:864-876.
32. Rodriguez-Iturbe B., Garcia Garcia G. The Role of Tubulointerstitial Inflammation in the Progression of Chronic Renal Failure. Nephron Clin. Pract. 2010, 116:c81-c88.
33. Prakash J., de Borst M.H., van Loenen-Weemaes A.M., Lacombe M., Opdam F., van Goor H., Meijer D.K., Moolenaar F., Poelstra K., Kok R.J. Cell-specific delivery of a transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor kinase inhibitor to proximal tubular cells for the treatment of renal fibrosis. Pharm. Res. 2008, 25:2427-2439.
34. Fretz M.M., Dolman M.E., Lacombe M., Prakash J., Nguyen T.Q., Goldschmeding R., Pato J., Storm G., Hennink W.E., Kok R.J. Intervention in growth factor activated signaling pathways by renally targeted kinase inhibitors. J. Control. Release 2008, 132:200-207.
35. Gellibert F., de Gouville A.C., Woolven J., Mathews N., Nguyen V.L., Bertho-Ruault C., Patikis A., Grygielko E.T., Laping N.J., Huet S. Discovery of 4-{4-[3-(pyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]pyridin-2-yl}-N-(tetrahydro-2H- pyran-4-yl)benzamide (GW788388): a potent, selective, and orally active transforming growth factor-beta type I receptor inhibitor. J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49:2210-2221.
36. Prakash J., Sandovici M., Saluja V., Lacombe M., Schaapveld R.Q., de Borst M.H., van Goor H., Henning R.H., Proost J.H., Moolenaar F., Keri G., Meijer D.K., Poelstra K., Kok R.J. Intracellular delivery of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor SB202190 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole] in renal tubular cells: a novel strategy to treat renal fibrosis. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2006, 319:8-19.
37. Nishida M., Okumura Y., Sato H., Hamaoka K. Delayed inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase ameliorates renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2008, 23:2520-2524.
38. Stambe C., Atkins R.C., Tesch G.H., Masaki T., Schreiner G.F., Nikolic-Paterson D.J. The role of p38alpha mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in renal fibrosis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2004, 15:370-379.
39. Prakash J., de Borst M.H., Lacombe M., Opdam F., Klok P.A., van Goor H., Meijer D.K., Moolenaar F., Poelstra K., Kok R.J. Inhibition of renal rho kinase attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008, 19:2086-2097.
40. Wang S., Wilkes M.C., Leof E.B., Hirschberg R. Imatinib mesylate blocks a non-Smad TGF-beta pathway and reduces renal fibrogenesis in vivo. FASEB J. 2005, 19:1-11.
41. Luo G.H., Lu Y.P., Song J., Yang L., Shi Y.J., Li Y.P. Inhibition of connective tissue growth factor by small interfering RNA prevents renal fibrosis in rats undergoing chronic allograft nephropathy. Transplant. Proc. 2008, 40:2365-2369.
42. Hwang M., Kim H.J., Noh H.J., Chang Y.C., Chae Y.M., Kim K.H., Jeon J.P., Lee T.S., Oh H.K., Lee Y.S., Park K.K. TGF-beta1 siRNA suppresses the tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the kidney of ureteral obstruction. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 2006, 81:48-54.
43. Murphy M., Docherty N.G., Griffin B., Howlin J., McArdle E., McMahon R., Schmid H., Kretzler M., Droguett A., Mezzano S., Brady H.R., Furlong F., Godson C., Martin F. IHG-1 amplifies TGF-beta1 signaling and is increased in renal fibrosis. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2008, 19:1672-1680.
44. Xia Z., Abe K., Furusu A., Miyazaki M., Obata Y., Tabata Y., Koji T., Kohno S. Suppression of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by small interfering RNA targeting heat shock protein 47. Am. J. Nephrol. 2008, 28:34-46.
45. Lammers T., Hennink W.E., Storm G. Tumour-targeted nanomedicines: principles and practice. Br. J. Cancer 2008, 99:392-397.
46. Brigger I., Dubernet C., Couvreur P. Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2002, 54:631-651.
47. Peer D., Karp J.M., Hong S., Farokhzad O.C., Margalit R., Langer R. Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2:751-760.
48. Kaidanovich-Beilin O., Eldar-Finkelman H. Peptides targeting protein kinases: strategies and implications. Physiology (Bethesda) 2006, 21:411-418.
49. Loirand G., Guerin P., Pacaud P. Rho kinases in cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology. Circ. Res. 2006, 98:322-334.
50. Wettschureck N., Offermanns S. Rho/Rho-kinase mediated signaling in physiology and pathophysiology. J. Mol. Med. 2002, 80:629-638.
51. Harper S.J., LoGrasso P. Signalling for survival and death in neurones: the role of stress-activated kinases, JNK and p38. Cell. Signal. 2001, 13:299-310.
52. Robert C., Soria J.C., Spatz A., Le Cesne A., Malka D., Pautier P., Wechsler J., Lhomme C., Escudier B., Boige V., Armand J.P., Le Chevalier T. Cutaneous side-effects of kinase inhibitors and blocking antibodies. Lancet Oncol. 2005, 6:491-500.
53. de Kogel C.E., Schellens J.H. Imatinib. Oncologist 2007, 12:1390-1394.
54. Chu T.F., Rupnick M.A., Kerkela R., Dallabrida S.M., Zurakowski D., Nguyen L., Woulfe K., Pravda E., Cassiola F., Desai J., George S., Morgan J.A., Harris D.M., Ismail N.S., Chen J.H., Schoen F.J., Van den Abbeele A.D., Demetri G.D., Force T., Chen M.H. Cardiotoxicity associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor sunitinib. Lancet 2007, 370:2011-2019.
55. Kerkela R., Grazette L., Yacobi R., Iliescu C., Patten R., Beahm C., Walters B., Shevtsov S., Pesant S., Clubb F.J., Rosenzweig A., Salomon R.N., Van Etten R.A., Alroy J., Durand J.B., Force T. Cardiotoxicity of the cancer therapeutic agent imatinib mesylate. Nat. Med. 2006, 12:908-916.
56. Stormark T.A., Strommen K., Iversen B.M., Matre K. Three-dimensional ultrasonography can detect the modulation of kidney volume in two-kidney, one-clip hypertensive rats. Ultrasound Med. Biol. 2007, 33:1882-1888.
57. Kaissling B., Hegyi I., Loffing J., Le Hir M. Morphology of interstitial cells in the healthy kidney. Anat. Embryol. (Berl) 1996, 193:303-318.
58. Lemley K.V., Kriz W. Anatomy of the renal interstitium. Kidney Int. 1991, 39:370-381.
59. Satchell S.C., Braet F. Glomerular endothelial cell fenestrations: an integral component of the glomerular filtration barrier. Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol. 2009, 296:F947-F956.
60. Stan R.V., Kubitza M., Palade G.E. PV-1 is a component of the fenestral and stomatal diaphragms in fenestrated endothelia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1999, 96:13203-13207.
61. Bearer E.L., Orci L. Endothelial fenestral diaphragms: a quick-freeze, deep-etch study. J. Cell Biol. 1985, 100:418-428.
62. Nico B., Crivellato E., Ribatti D. The importance of electron microscopy in the study of capillary endothelial cells: an historical review. Endothelium 2007, 14:257-264.
63. Alcorn D., Maric C., McCausland J. Development of the renal interstitium. Pediatr. Nephrol. 1999, 13:347-354.
64. Akilesh S., Huber T.B., Wu H., Wang G., Hartleben B., Kopp J.B., Miner J.H., Roopenian D.C., Unanue E.R., Shaw A.S. Podocytes use FcRn to clear IgG from the glomerular basement membrane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105:967-972.
65. Levidiotis V., Power D.A. New insights into the molecular biology of the glomerular filtration barrier and associated disease. Nephrology (Carlton) 2005, 10:157-166.
66. Karnovsky M.J. The ultrastructure of glomerular filtration. Annu. Rev. Med. 1979, 30:213-224.
67. Lewis E.J., Xu X. Abnormal glomerular permeability characteristics in diabetic nephropathy: implications for the therapeutic use of low-molecular weight heparin. Diab. Care 2008, 31(Suppl 2):S202-S207.
68. Batsford S.R., Rohrbach R., Vogt A. Size restriction in the glomerular capillary wall: importance of lamina densa. Kidney Int. 1987, 31:710-717.
69. Tryggvason K. Unraveling the mechanisms of glomerular ultrafiltration: nephrin, a key component of the slit diaphragm. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1999, 10:2440-2445.
70. Pavenstadt H. Roles of the podocyte in glomerular function. Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol. 2000, 278:F173-F179.
71. Reiser J., Kriz W., Kretzler M., Mundel P. The glomerular slit diaphragm is a modified adherens junction. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2000, 11:1-8.
72. Schipper M.L., Iyer G., Koh A.L., Cheng Z., Ebenstein Y., Aharoni A., Keren S., Bentolila L.A., Li J., Rao J., Chen X., Banin U., Wu A.M., Sinclair R., Weiss S., Gambhir S.S. Particle size, surface coating, and PEGylation influence the biodistribution of quantum dots in living mice. Small 2009, 5:126-134.
73. Takakura Y., Mahato R., Nishikawa M., Hashida M. Control of pharmacokinetic profiles of drug-macromolecule conjugates. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 1996, 19:377-399.
74. Atherton J.C. Renal blood flow, glomerular filtration and plasma clearance. Anaesth. Intensive Care Med. 2009, 10:271-275.
75. Terada T., Inui K. Physiological and pharmacokinetic roles of H+/organic cation antiporters (MATE/SLC47A). Biochem. Pharmacol. 2008, 75:1689-1696.
76. Lee W., Kim R.B. Transporters and renal drug elimination. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2004, 44:137-166.
77. Hagenbuch B. Drug uptake systems in liver and kidney: a historic perspective. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 2010, 87:39-47.
78. El-Sheikh A.A., Masereeuw R., Russel F.G. Mechanisms of renal anionic drug transport. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2008, 585:245-255.
79. Dresser M.J., Leabman M.K., Giacomini K.M. Transporters involved in the elimination of drugs in the kidney: organic anion transporters and organic cation transporters. J. Pharm. Sci. 2001, 90:397-421.
80. Ciarimboli G. Organic cation transporters. Xenobiotica 2008, 38:936-971.
81. Koepsell H., Lips K., Volk C. Polyspecific organic cation transporters: structure, function, physiological roles, and biopharmaceutical implications. Pharm. Res. 2007, 24:1227-1251.
82. Saito A., Sato H., Iino N., Takeda T. Molecular mechanisms of receptor-mediated endocytosis in the renal proximal tubular epithelium. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2010, 403272.
83. Birn H., Spiegelstein O., Christensen E.I., Finnell R.H. Renal tubular reabsorption of folate mediated by folate binding protein 1. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2005, 16:608-615.
84. Birn H. The kidney in vitamin B12 and folate homeostasis: characterization of receptors for tubular uptake of vitamins and carrier proteins. Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol. 2006, 291:F22-F36.
85. Suzuki K., Susaki H., Okuno S., Sugiyama Y. Renal drug targeting using a vector "alkylglycoside". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1999, 288:57-64.
86. Suzuki K., Susaki H., Okuno S., Yamada H., Watanabe H.K., Sugiyama Y. Specific renal delivery of sugar-modified low-molecular-weight peptides. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1999, 288:888-897.
87. Lee Y.J., Lee Y.J., Han H.J. Regulatory mechanisms of Na(+)/glucose cotransporters in renal proximal tubule cells. Kidney Int. Suppl. 2007, S27-S35.
88. Wood I.S., Trayhurn P. Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): expanded families of sugar transport proteins. Br. J. Nutr. 2003, 89:3-9.
89. Moestrup S.K., Verroust P.J. Megalin- and cubilin-mediated endocytosis of protein-bound vitamins, lipids, and hormones in polarized epithelia. Annu. Rev. Nutr. 2001, 21:407-428.
90. Christensen E.I., Verroust P.J., Nielsen R. Receptor-mediated endocytosis in renal proximal tubule. Pfluegers Arch. 2009, 458:1039-1048.
91. Christensen E.I., Birn H. Megalin and cubilin: multifunctional endocytic receptors. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2002, 3:256-266.
92. Verroust P.J., Christensen E.I. Megalin and cubilin-the story of two multipurpose receptors unfolds. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2002, 17:1867-1871.
93. West K.R., Otto S. Reversible covalent chemistry in drug delivery. Curr. Drug Discov. Technol. 2005, 2:123-160.
94. Lebeau C., Debelle F.D., Arlt V.M., Pozdzik A., De Prez E.G., Phillips D.H., Deschodt-Lanckman M.M., Vanherweghem J.L., Nortier J.L. Early proximal tubule injury in experimental aristolochic acid nephropathy: functional and histological studies. Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2005, 20:2321-2332.
95. Leheste J.R., Rolinski B., Vorum H., Hilpert J., Nykjaer A., Jacobsen C., Aucouturier P., Moskaug J.O., Otto A., Christensen E.I., Willnow T.E. Megalin knockout mice as an animal model of low molecular weight proteinuria. Am. J. Pathol. 1999, 155:1361-1370.
96. Sandoval R.M., Kennedy M.D., Low P.S., Molitoris B.A. Uptake and trafficking of fluorescent conjugates of folic acid in intact kidney determined using intravital two-photon microscopy. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2004, 287:C517-C526.
97. Hamid A., Kaur J. Decreased expression of transporters reduces folate uptake across renal absorptive surfaces in experimental alcoholism. J. Membr. Biol. 2007, 220:69-77.
98. Collins J.F. Novel insights into intestinal and renal folate transport. Focus on "Apical membrane targeting and trafficking of the human proton-coupled folate transporter in polarized epithelia". Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 2008, 294:C381-C382.
99. Hilgenbrink A.R., Low P.S. Folate receptor-mediated drug targeting: from therapeutics to diagnostics. J. Pharm. Sci. 2005, 94:2135-2146.
100. Low P.S., Kularatne S.A. Folate-targeted therapeutic and imaging agents for cancer. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 2009, 13:256-262.
101. Sudimack J., Lee R.J. Targeted drug delivery via the folate receptor. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2000, 41:147-162.
102. Lu Y., Low P.S. Folate-mediated delivery of macromolecular anticancer therapeutic agents. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2002, 54:675-693.
103. Salazar M.D., Ratnam M. The folate receptor: what does it promise in tissue-targeted therapeutics?. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2007, 26:141-152.
104. Sabharanjak S., Mayor S. Folate receptor endocytosis and trafficking. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2004, 56:1099-1109.
105. Cojocel C., Baumann K. Renal handling of endogenous lysozyme in the rat. Ren. Physiol. 1983, 6:258-265.
106. Zhang Z., Zheng Q., Han J., Gao G., Liu J., Gong T., Gu Z., Huang Y., Sun X., He Q. The targeting of 14-succinate triptolide-lysozyme conjugate to proximal renal tubular epithelial cells. Biomaterials 2009, 30:1372-1381.
107. Prakash J., van Loenen-Weemaes A.M., Haas M., Proost J.H., Meijer D.K., Moolenaar F., Poelstra K., Kok R.J. Renal-selective delivery and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition by subcutaneously administered captopril-lysozyme. Drug Metab. Dispos. 2005, 33:683-688.
108. Schechter B., Arnon R., Colas C., Burakova T., Wilchek M. Renal accumulation of streptavidin: potential use for targeted therapy to the kidney. Kidney Int. 1995, 47:1327-1335.
109. Rudolphi K., Gerwin N., Verzijl N., van der Kraan P., van den Berg W. Pralnacasan, an inhibitor of interleukin-1beta converting enzyme, reduces joint damage in two murine models of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2003, 11:738-746.
110. Vasandani V.M., Wu Y.N., Mikulski S.M., Youle R.J., Sung C. Molecular determinants in the plasma clearance and tissue distribution of ribonucleases of the ribonuclease A superfamily. Cancer Res. 1996, 56:4180-4186.
111. de Cassia da Silveira E.S.R., de Oliveira Guerra M. Reproductive toxicity of lapachol in adult male Wistar rats submitted to short-term treatment. Phytother. Res. 2007, 21.
112. Vegt E., van Eerd J.E., Eek A., Oyen W.J., Wetzels J.F., de Jong M., Russel F.G., Masereeuw R., Gotthardt M., Boerman O.C. Reducing renal uptake of radiolabeled peptides using albumin fragments. J. Nucl. Med. 2008, 49:1506-1511.
113. Gotthardt M., van Eerd-Vismale J., Oyen W.J., de Jong M., Zhang H., Rolleman E., Maecke H.R., Behe M., Boerman O. Indication for different mechanisms of kidney uptake of radiolabeled peptides. J. Nucl. Med. 2007, 48:596-601.
114. Kodaira H., Tsutsumi Y., Yoshioka Y., Kamada H., Kaneda Y., Yamamoto Y., Tsunoda S., Okamoto T., Mukai Y., Shibata H., Nakagawa S., Mayumi T. The targeting of anionized polyvinylpyrrolidone to the renal system. Biomaterials 2004, 25:4309-4315.
115. Kamada H., Tsutsumi Y., Sato-Kamada K., Yamamoto Y., Yoshioka Y., Okamoto T., Nakagawa S., Nagata S., Mayumi T. Synthesis of a poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-dimethyl maleic anhydride) co-polymer and its application for renal drug targeting. Nat. Biotechnol. 2003, 21:399-404.
116. Yamamoto Y., Tsutsumi Y., Yoshioka Y., Kamada H., Sato-Kamada K., Okamoto T., Mukai Y., Shibata H., Nakagawa S., Mayumi T. Poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-dimethyl maleic acid) as a novel renal targeting carrier. J. Control. Release 2004, 95:229-237.
117. Yuan Z.X., Sun X., Gong T., Ding H., Fu Y., Zhang Z.R. Randomly 50% N-acetylated low molecular weight chitosan as a novel renal targeting carrier. J. Drug Target. 2007, 15:269-278.
118. Yuan Z.X., Zhang Z.R., Zhu D., Sun X., Gong T., Liu J., Luan C.T. Specific renal uptake of randomly 50% N-acetylated low molecular weight chitosan. Mol. Pharm. 2009, 6:305-314.
119. Kean T., Thanou M. Biodegradation, biodistribution and toxicity of chitosan. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2010, 62:3-11.
120. Noguchi Y., Wu J., Duncan R., Strohalm J., Ulbrich K., Akaike T., Maeda H. Early phase tumor accumulation of macromolecules: a great difference in clearance rate between tumor and normal tissues. Jpn J. Cancer Res. 1998, 89:307-314.
121. Pike D.B., Ghandehari H. HPMA copolymer-cyclic RGD conjugates for tumor targeting. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2010, 62:167-183.
122. Borgman M.P., Aras O., Geyser-Stoops S., Sausville E.A., Ghandehari H. Biodistribution of HPMA copolymer-aminohexylgeldanamycin-RGDfK conjugates for prostate cancer drug delivery. Mol. Pharm. 2009, 6:1836-1847.
123. Wang Y., Ye F., Jeong E.K., Sun Y., Parker D.L., Lu Z.R. Noninvasive visualization of pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tumor targeting of poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] in mice using contrast enhanced MRI. Pharm. Res. 2007, 24:1208-1216.
124. Kissel M., Peschke P., Subr V., Ulbrich K., Strunz A.M., Kuhnlein R., Debus J., Friedrich E. Detection and cellular localisation of the synthetic soluble macromolecular drug carrier pHPMA. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 2002, 29:1055-1062.
125. Mitra A., Nan A., Ghandehari H., McNeill E., Mulholland J., Line B.R. Technetium-99m-Labeled N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymers: synthesis, characterization, and in vivo biodistribution. Pharm. Res. 2004, 21:1153-1159.
126. Borgman M.P., Coleman T., Kolhatkar R.B., Geyser-Stoops S., Line B.R., Ghandehari H. Tumor-targeted HPMA copolymer-(RGDfK)-(CHX-A"-DTPA) conjugates show increased kidney accumulation. J. Control. Release 2008, 132:193-199.
127. Rypacek F., Drobnik J., Chmelar V., Kalal J. The renal excretion and retention of macromolecules: The chemical structure effect. Pfluegers Arch. 1982, 392:211-217.
128. Kobayashi H., Sato N., Kawamoto S., Saga T., Hiraga A., Ishimori T., Konishi J., Togashi K., Brechbiel M.W. Novel intravascular macromolecular MRI contrast agent with generation-4 polyamidoamine dendrimer core: accelerated renal excretion with coinjection of lysine. Magn. Reson. Med. 2001, 46:457-464.
129. Kobayashi H., Kawamoto S., Jo S.K., Bryant H.L., Brechbiel M.W., Star R.A. Macromolecular MRI contrast agents with small dendrimers: pharmacokinetic differences between sizes and cores. Bioconjug. Chem. 2003, 14:388-394.
130. Kobayashi H., Sato N., Saga T., Nakamoto Y., Ishimori T., Toyama S., Togashi K., Konishi J., Brechbiel M.W. Monoclonal antibody-dendrimer conjugates enable radiolabeling of antibody with markedly high specific activity with minimal loss of immunoreactivity. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 2000, 27:1334-1339.
131. Eichman J.D., Bielinska A.U., Kukowska-Latallo J.F., Baker J.R. The use of PAMAM dendrimers in the efficient transfer of genetic material into cells. Pharm. Sci. Technol. Today 2000, 3:232-245.
132. Kotoh T., Dhar D.K., Masunaga R., Tabara H., Tachibana M., Kubota H., Kohno H., Nagasue N. Antiangiogenic therapy of human esophageal cancers with thalidomide in nude mice. Surgery 1999, 125:536-544.
133. Kobayashi H., Kawamoto S., Jo S.K., Sato N., Saga T., Hiraga A., Konishi J., Hu S., Togashi K., Brechbiel M.W., Star R.A. Renal tubular damage detected by dynamic micro-MRI with a dendrimer-based magnetic resonance contrast agent. Kidney Int. 2002, 61:1980-1985.
134. Kobayashi H., Jo S.K., Kawamoto S., Yasuda H., Hu X., Knopp M.V., Brechbiel M.W., Choyke P.L., Star R.A. Polyamine dendrimer-based MRI contrast agents for functional kidney imaging to diagnose acute renal failure. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2004, 20:512-518.
135. Kukowska-Latallo J.F., Candido K.A., Cao Z., Nigavekar S.S., Majoros I.J., Thomas T.P., Balogh L.P., Khan M.K., Baker J.R. Nanoparticle targeting of anticancer drug improves therapeutic response in animal model of human epithelial cancer. Cancer Res. 2005, 65:5317-5324.
136. Song E.Q., Zhang Z.L., Luo Q.Y., Lu W., Shi Y.B., Pang D.W. Tumor cell targeting using folate-conjugated fluorescent quantum dots and receptor-mediated endocytosis. Clin. Chem. 2009, 55:955-963.
137. Mathias C.J., Hubers D., Low P.S., Green M.A. Synthesis of [(99m)Tc]DTPA-folate and its evaluation as a folate-receptor-targeted radiopharmaceutical. Bioconjug. Chem. 2000, 11:253-257.
138. Trump D.P., Mathias C.J., Yang Z., Low P.S., Marmion M., Green M.A. Synthesis and evaluation of 99mTc(CO)(3)-DTPA-folate as a folate-receptor-targeted radiopharmaceutical. Nucl. Med. Biol. 2002, 29:569-573.
139. Akizawa H., Uehara T., Arano Y. Renal uptake and metabolism of radiopharmaceuticals derived from peptides and proteins. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2008, 60:1319-1328.
140. Grunberg J., Novak-Hofer I., Honer M., Zimmermann K., Knogler K., Blauenstein P., Ametamey S., Maecke H.R., Schubiger P.A. In vivo evaluation of 177Lu- and 67/64Cu-labeled recombinant fragments of antibody chCE7 for radioimmunotherapy and PET imaging of L1-CAM-positive tumors. Clin. Cancer Res. 2005, 11:5112-5120.
141. Behr T.M., Becker W.S., Sharkey R.M., Juweid M.E., Dunn R.M., Bair H.J., Wolf F.G., Goldenberg D.M. Reduction of renal uptake of monoclonal antibody fragments by amino acid infusion. J. Nucl. Med. 1996, 37:829-833.
142. Baines R.J., Brunskill N.J. The molecular interactions between filtered proteins and proximal tubular cells in proteinuria. Nephron Exp. Nephrol. 2008, 110:e67-e71.
143. Wang S.N., Lapage J., Hirschberg R. Glomerular ultrafiltration and apical tubular action of IGF-I, TGF-beta, and HGF in nephrotic syndrome. Kidney Int. 1999, 56:1247-1251.
144. Qiu L.Y., Bae Y.H. Polymer architecture and drug delivery. Pharm. Res. 2006, 23:1-30.
145. Saito G., Swanson J.A., Lee K.-D. Drug delivery strategy utilizing conjugation via reversible disulfide linkages: role and site of cellular reducing activities. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2003, 55:199-215.
146. Kurtoglu Y.E., Navath R.S., Wang B., Kannan S., Romero R., Kannan R.M. Poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-drug conjugates with disulfide linkages for intracellular drug delivery. Biomaterials 2009, 30:2112-2121.
147. Soyez H., Schacht E., Vanderkerken S. The crucial role of spacer groups in macromolecular prodrug design. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 1996, 21:81-106.
148. Bohley P., Seglen P.O. Proteases and proteolysis in the lysosome. Experientia 1992, 48:151-157.
149. Huang H., Ma C., Yang M., Tang C., Wang H. Adrenomedullin impairs the profibrotic effects of transforming growth factor-beta1 through recruiting Smad6 protein in human renal tubular cells. Cell. Physiol. Biochem. 2005, 15:117-124.
150. Sogorb M.A., Vilanova E. Enzymes involved in the detoxification of organophosphorus, carbamate and pyrethroid insecticides through hydrolysis. Toxicol. Lett. 2002, 128:215-228.
151. Duncan R., Vicent M.J., Greco F., Nicholson R.I. Polymer-drug conjugates: towards a novel approach for the treatment of endrocine-related cancer. Endocrinol. Relat. Cancer 2005, 12(Suppl 1):S189-S199.
152. Carvalho E., Francisco A.P., Iley J., Rosa E. Triazene drug metabolites. Part 17: Synthesis and plasma hydrolysis of acyloxymethyl carbamate derivatives of antitumour triazenes. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2000, 8:1719-1725.
153. Meng F., Hennink W.E., Zhong Z. Reduction-sensitive polymers and bioconjugates for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2009, 30:2180-2198.
154. Dolman M.E., Fretz M.M., Segers G.J., Lacombe M., Prakash J., Storm G., Hennink W.E., Kok R.J. Renal targeting of kinase inhibitors. Int. J. Pharm. 2008, 364:249-257.
155. Franssen E.J., Koiter J., Kuipers C.A., Bruins A.P., Moolenaar F., de Zeeuw D., Kruizinga W.H., Kellogg R.M., Meijer D.K. Low molecular weight proteins as carriers for renal drug targeting. Preparation of drug-protein conjugates and drug-spacer derivatives and their catabolism in renal cortex homogenates and lysosomal lysates. J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35:1246-1259.
156. Franssen E.J., Moolenaar F., de Zeeuw D., Meijer D.K. Low molecular weight proteins as carriers for renal drug targeting: naproxen coupled to lysozyme via the spacer L-lactic acid. Pharm. Res. 1993, 10:963-969.
157. Haas M., Kluppel A.C., Wartna E.S., Moolenaar F., Meijer D.K., de Jong P.E., de Zeeuw D. Drug-targeting to the kidney: renal delivery and degradation of a naproxen-lysozyme conjugate in vivo. Kidney Int. 1997, 52:1693-1699.
158. Haas M., Moolenaar F., Meijer D.K., de Jong P.E., de Zeeuw D. Renal targeting of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug: effects on renal prostaglandin synthesis in the rat. Clin. Sci. (Lond) 1998, 95:603-609.
159. Kurtoglu Y.E., Mishra M.K., Kannan S., Kannan R.M. Drug release characteristics of PAMAM dendrimer-drug conjugates with different linkers. Int. J. Pharm. 2010, 384:189-194.
160. Khandare J., Kolhe P., Pillai O., Kannan S., Lieh-Lai M., Kannan R.M. Synthesis, cellular transport, and activity of polyamidoamine dendrimer-methylprednisolone conjugates. Bioconjug. Chem. 2005, 16:330-337.
161. Ulbrich K., Etrych T., Chytil P., Jelinkova M., Rihova B. HPMA copolymers with pH-controlled release of doxorubicin: in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo antitumor activity. J. Control. Release 2003, 87:33-47.
162. Ulbrich K., Subr V. Polymeric anticancer drugs with pH-controlled activation. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2004, 56:1023-1050.
163. Franssen E.J.F., Moolenaar F., de Zeeuw D., Meijer D.K.F. Renal specific delivery of sulfamethoxazole in the rat by coupling to the low molecular weight protein lysozyme via an acid-sensitive linker. Int. J. Pharm. 1992, 80:R15-R19.
164. Haas M., Moolenaar F., Elsinga A., Van der Wouden E.A., de Jong P.E., Meijer D.K., de Zeeuw D. Targeting of doxorubicin to the urinary bladder of the rat shows increased cytotoxicity in the bladder urine combined with an absence of renal toxicity. J. Drug Target. 2002, 10:81-89.
165. Garnett M.C. Targeted drug conjugates: principles and progress. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2001, 53:171-216.
166. Blattler W.A., Kuenzi B.S., Lambert J.M., Senter P.D. New heterobifunctional protein cross-linking reagent that forms an acid-labile link. Biochemistry 1985, 24:1517-1524.
167. McIntyre G.D., Scott C.F., Ritz J., Blattler W.A., Lambert J.M. Preparation and characterization of interleukin-2-gelonin conjugates made using different crosslinking reagents. Bioconjug. Chem. 1994, 5:88-97.
168. Kok R.J., Grijpstra F., Walthuis R.B., Moolenaar F., de Zeeuw D., Meijer D.K. Specific delivery of captopril to the kidney with the prodrug captopril-lysozyme. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1999, 288:281-285.
169. Kok R.J., Haverdings R.F., Grijpstra F., Koiter J., Moolenaar F., de Zeeuw D., Meijer D.K. Targeting of captopril to the kidney reduces renal angiotensin-converting enzyme activity without affecting systemic blood pressure. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2002, 301:1139-1143.
170. Windt W.A., Prakash J., Kok R.J., Moolenaar F., Kluppel C.A., de Zeeuw D., van Dokkum R.P., Henning R.H. Renal targeting of captopril using captopril-lysozyme conjugate enhances its antiproteinuric effect in adriamycin-induced nephrosis. J. Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2004, 5:197-202.
171. Satyam A. Design and synthesis of releasable folate-drug conjugates using a novel heterobifunctional disulfide-containing linker. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2008, 18:3196-3199.
172. Meyer Y., Richard J.-A., Delest B., Noack P., Renard P.-Y., Romieu A. A comparative study of the self-immolation of para-aminobenzylalcohol and hemithioaminal-based linkers in the context of protease-sensitive fluorogenic probes. Org. Biomol. Chem. 2010, 8:1777-1780.
173. Ojima I. Guided molecular missiles for tumor-targeting chemotherapy-case studies using the second-generation taxoids as warheads. Acc. Chem. Res. 2008, 41:108-119.
174. Gopin A., Rader C., Shabat D. New chemical adaptor unit designed to release a drug from a tumor targeting device by enzymatic triggering. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2004, 12:1853-1858.
175. Shabat D., Amir R.J., Gopin A., Pessah N., Shamis M. Chemical adaptor systems. Chemistry 2004, 10:2626-2634.
176. Temming K., Fretz M.M., Kok R.J. Organ- and cell-type specific delivery of kinase inhibitors: a novel approach in the development of targeted drugs. Curr. Mol. Pharmacol. 2008, 1:1-12.
177. Sheikh-Hamad D., Timmins K., Jalali Z. Cisplatin-induced renal toxicity: possible reversal by N-acetylcysteine treatment. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 1997, 8:1640-1644.
178. Lloyd J.B. Lysosome membrane permeability: implications for drug delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2000, 41:189-200.
179. Sekine T., Miyazaki H., Endou H. Molecular physiology of renal organic anion transporters. Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol. 2006, 290:F251-F261.
180. Li M., Anderson G.D., Wang J. Drug-drug interactions involving membrane transporters in the human kidney. Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. 2006, 2:505-532.
181. Prakash J., Poelstra K., van Goor H., Moolenaar F., Meijer D.K.F., Kok R.J. Novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Curr. Signal Transduct. Ther. 2008, 3:97-111.
182. Varma M.V., Feng B., Obach R.S., Troutman M.D., Chupka J., Miller H.R., El-Kattan A. Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance. J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52:4844-4852.
183. Wright S.H. Role of organic cation transporters in the renal handling of therapeutic agents and xenobiotics. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005, 204:309-319.
184. Launay-Vacher V., Izzedine H., Karie S., Hulot J.S., Baumelou A., Deray G. Renal tubular drug transporters. Nephron Physiol. 2006, 103:97-106.
185. Rubio-Aliaga I., Daniel H. Peptide transporters and their roles in physiological processes and drug disposition. Xenobiotica 2008, 38:1022-1042.