Saliva as a Diagnostic Fluid

Dental Clinics of North America

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 159-178

  Malamud, Daniel ^a,b  

^a NEW YORK UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF DENTISTRY   (United States)

^b NEW YORK UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Biofluid; Biomarker; Oral disease; Point of care diagnostics; Saliva; Systematic disease

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; SALIVA PROTEIN;

CHEMISTRY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; HUMAN; METABOLISM; REVIEW; SALIVA; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

BIOLOGICAL MARKERS; DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURES; HUMANS; SALIVA; SALIVARY PROTEINS AND PEPTIDES; SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY;

EID: 78649404957     PISSN: 00118532     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2010.08.004     Document Type: Review

References (143)

1. Corstjens P.L.A.M., Malamud D. Point-of-care diagnostics for infectious diseases. Saliva diagnostics 2008, 243-254. Wiley-Blackwell, Ames (IA). D.T. Wong (Ed.).
2. Farnaud S.J., Kosti O., Getting S.J., et al. Saliva: physiology and diagnostic potential in health and disease. Scientific World Journal 2010, 10:434-456.
3. Malamud D, Tabak LA, editors. Saliva as a diagnostic fluid. Ann NY Acad Sci 1993;694.
4. Malamud D., Niedbala R.S., New York Academy of Sciences Oral-based diagnostics 2007, Blackwell Pub. on behalf of the New York Academy of Sciences, Boston.
5. Wong D. Salivary diagnostics 2008, Wiley-Blackwell, Ames (IA).
6. Greenberg B.L., Glick M., Frantsve-Hawley J., et al. Dentists' attitudes toward chairside screening for medical conditions. J Am Dent Assoc 2010, 141(1):52-62.
7. Parisi M.R., Soldini L., Di Perri G., et al. Offer of rapid testing and alternative biological samples as practical tools to implement HIV screening programs. New Microbiol 2009, 32(4):391-396.
8. White D.A., Scribner A.N., Huang J.V. A comparison of patient acceptance of fingerstick whole blood and oral fluid rapid HIV screening in an emergency department. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2009, 52(1):75-78.
9. Lijnen I., Willems G. DNA research in forensic dentistry. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2001, 23(9):511-517.
10. Virkler K., Lednev I.K. Analysis of body fluids for forensic purposes: from laboratory testing to non-destructive rapid confirmatory identification at a crime scene. Forensic Sci Int 2009, 188(1-3):1-17.
11. Kohnemann S., Pfeiffer H. Application of mtDNA SNP analysis in forensic casework. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2010, [Epub ahead of print].
12. Gerritsen L., Geerlings M.I., Beekman A.T., et al. Early and late life events and salivary cortisol in older persons. Psychol Med 2010, 40(9):1569-1578.
13. Hedriana H.L., Munro C.J., Eby-Wilkens E.M., et al. Changes in rates of salivary estriol increases before parturition at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001, 184(2):123-130.
14. Kim M.S., Lee Y.J., Ahn R.S. Day-to-day differences in cortisol levels and molar cortisol-to-DHEA ratios among working individuals. Yonsei Med J 2010, 51(2):212-218.
15. Klebanoff M.A., Meis P.J., Dombrowski M.P., et al. Salivary progesterone and estriol among pregnant women treated with 17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate or placebo. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008, 199(5):506. e501-7.
16. Matchock R.L., Dorn L.D., Susman E.J. Diurnal and seasonal cortisol, testosterone, and DHEA rhythms in boys and girls during puberty. Chronobiol Int 2007, 24(5):969-990.
17. Touitou Y., Auzeby A., Camus F., et al. Daily profiles of salivary and urinary melatonin and steroids in healthy prepubertal boys. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2009, 22(11):1009-1015.
18. Abrams W.R., Barber C.A., McCann K., et al. Development of a microfluidic device for detection of pathogens in oral samples using upconverting phosphor technology (UPT). Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007, 1098:375-388.
19. Groschl M. The physiological role of hormones in saliva. BioEssays 2009, 31:843-852.
20. Gau V., Wong D. Oral fluid nanosensor test (OFNASET) with advanced electrochemical-based molecular analysis platform. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007, 1098:401-410.
21. Walt D.R., Blicharz T.M., Hayman R.B., et al. Microsensor arrays for saliva diagnostics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007, 1098:389-400.
22. Brandtzaeg P. Do salivary antibodies reliably reflect both mucosal and systemic immunity?. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007, 1098:288-311.
23. Dias Fernandes C.S., Salum F.G., Bandeira D., et al. Salivary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels in patients with the complaint of burning mouth: a case-control study. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009, 108(4):537-543.
24. Gavrilova N., Lindau S.T. Salivary sex hormone measurement in a national, population-based study of older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2009, 64(Suppl 1):i94-105.
25. Gray S.H., Ebe L.K., Feldman H.A., et al. Salivary progesterone levels before menarche: a prospective study of adolescent girls. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010, 95:3507-3511.
26. Hamilton L.D., van Anders S.M., Cox D.N., et al. The effect of competition on salivary testosterone in elite female athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2009, 4(4):538-542.
27. Manolopoulou J., Gerum S., Mulatero P., et al. Salivary aldosterone as a diagnostic aid in primary aldosteronism. Horm Metab Res 2010, 42:400-405.
28. Vitzthum V.J., Worthman C.M., Beall C.M., et al. Seasonal and circadian variation in salivary testosterone in rural Bolivian men. Am J Human Biol 2009, 21(6):762-768.
29. Warrener L., Slibinskas R., Brown D., et al. Development and evaluation of a rapid immunochromatographic test for mumps-specific IgM in oral fluid specimens and use as a matrix for preserving viral nucleic acid for RT-PCR. J Med Virol 2010, 82(3):485-493.
30. Adisen E., Aral A., Aybay C., et al. Salivary epidermal growth factor levels in Behcet's disease and recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Dermatology 2008, 217(3):235-240.
31. Eckley C.A., Rios Lda S., Rizzo L.V. Salivary EGF concentration in adults with reflux chronic laryngitis before and after treatment: preliminary results. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2007, 73(2):156-160.
32. Nam J.W., Chung J.W., Kho H.S., et al. Nerve growth factor concentration in human saliva. Oral Dis 2007, 13(2):187-192.
33. Taichman N.S., Cruchley A.T., Fletcher L.M., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor in normal human salivary glands and saliva: a possible role in the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis. Lab Invest 1998, 78(7):869-875.
34. Upile T., Jerjes W., Kafas P., et al. Salivary VEGF: a non-invasive angiogenic and lymphangiogenic proxy in head and neck cancer prognostication. Int Arch Med 2009, 2(1):12.
35. Blicharz T.M., Rissin D.M., Bowden M., et al. Use of colorimetric test strips for monitoring the effect of hemodialysis on salivary nitrite and uric acid in patients with end-stage renal disease: a proof of principle. Clin Chem 2008, 54(9):1473-1480.
36. Suh K.I., Kim Y.K., Kho H.S. Salivary levels of IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha in patients with burning mouth syndrome. Arch Oral Biol 2009, 54(9):797-802.
37. Teles R.P., Likhari V., Socransky S.S., et al. Salivary cytokine levels in subjects with chronic periodontitis and in periodontally healthy individuals: a cross-sectional study. J Periodont Res 2009, 44(3):411-417.
38. Thomas M.V., Branscum A., Miller C.S., et al. Within-subject variability in repeated measures of salivary analytes in healthy adults. J Periodontol 2009, 80(7):1146-1153.
39. Roescher N., Tak P.P., Illei G.G. Cytokines in Sjogren's syndrome. Oral Dis 2009, 15(8):519-526.
40. Malamud D., Abrams W.R., Bau H., et al. Oral-based techniques for the diagnosis of infectious diseases. J Calif Dent Assoc 2006, 34(4):297-301.
41. Palanisamy V., Sharma S., Deshpande A., et al. Nanostructural and transcriptomic analyses of human saliva derived exosomes. PLoS One 2010, 5(1):e8577.
42. Starke E.M., Smoot J.C., Wu J.H., et al. Saliva-based diagnostics using 16S rRNA microarrays and microfluidics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007, 1098:345-361.
43. Zimmermann B.G., Park N.J., Wong D.T. Genomic targets in saliva. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007, 1098:184-191.
44. Qvarnstrom M., Janket S., Jones J.A., et al. Salivary lysozyme and prevalent hypertension. J Dent Res 2008, 87(5):480-484.
45. Yan W., Apweiler R., Balgley B.M., et al. Systematic comparison of the human saliva and plasma proteomes. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009, 3(1):116-134.
46. Zehetbauer S., Wojahn T., Hiller K.A., et al. Resemblance of salivary protein profiles between children with early childhood caries and caries-free controls. Eur J Oral Sci 2009, 117(4):369-373.
47. Bosker W.M., Huestis M.A. Oral fluid testing for drugs of abuse. Clin Chem 2009, 55(11):1910-1931.
48. Drummer O.H. Drug testing in oral fluid. Clin Biochem Rev 2006, 27(3):147-159.
49. Langel K., Engblom C., Pehrsson A., et al. Drug testing in oral fluid-evaluation of sample collection devices. J Anal Toxicol 2008, 32(6):393-401.
50. Langman L.J. The use of oral fluid for therapeutic drug management: clinical and forensic toxicology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007, 1098:145-166.
51. Floriano P.N., Christodoulides N., Miller C.S., et al. Use of saliva-based nano-biochip tests for acute myocardial infarction at the point of care: a feasibility study. Clin Chem 2009, 55(8):1530-1538.
52. Meurman J.H. Infectious and dietary risk factors of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2010, 46:411-413.
53. Miller C.S., Foley J.D., Bailey A.L., et al. Current developments in salivary diagnostics. Biomark Med 2010, 4(1):171-189.
54. Arregger A.L., Cardoso E.M., Tumilasci O., et al. Diagnostic value of salivary cortisol in end stage renal disease. Steroids 2008, 73(1):77-82.
55. Nagler R.M. Saliva analysis for monitoring dialysis and renal function. Clin Chem 2008, 54(9):1415-1417.
56. Savica V., Calo L., Santoro D., et al. Salivary phosphate secretion in chronic kidney disease. J Ren Nutr 2008, 18(1):87-90.
57. Savica V., Calo L.A., Granata A., et al. A new approach to the evaluation of hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease. Clin Nephrol 2007, 68(4):216-221.
58. Dabbs J.M. Salivary testosterone measurements in behavioral studies. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993, 694:177-183.
59. Azuma M., Kasai Y., Tamatani T., et al. Involvement of p53 mutation in the development of human salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas. Cancer Lett 1992, 65(1):61-71.
60. Streckfus C., Bigler L., Tucci M., et al. A preliminary study of CA15-3, c-erbB-2, epidermal growth factor receptor, cathepsin-D, and p53 in saliva among women with breast carcinoma. Cancer Invest 2000, 18(2):101-109.
61. Streckfus C., Bigler L. The use of soluble, salivary c-erbB-2 for the detection and post-operative follow-up of breast cancer in women: the results of a five-year translational research study. Adv Dent Res 2005, 18(1):17-24.
62. Chen D.X., Schwartz P.E., Li F.Q. Saliva and serum CA 125 assays for detecting malignant ovarian tumors. Obstet Gynecol 1990, 75(4):701-704.
63. Blackburn A.C., Hill L.Z., Roberts A.L., et al. Genetic mapping in mice identifies DMBT1 as a candidate modifier of mammary tumors and breast cancer risk. Am J Pathol 2007, 170(6):2030-2041.
64. Braidotti P., Nuciforo P.G., Mollenhauer J., et al. DMBT1 expression is down-regulated in breast cancer. BMC Cancer 2004, 4:46.
65. Zhang L., Henson B.S., Camargo P.M., et al. The clinical value of salivary biomarkers for periodontal disease. Periodontol 2000 2009, 51:25-37.
66. Rao P.V., Reddy A.P., Lu X., et al. Proteomic identification of salivary biomarkers of type-2 diabetes. J Proteome Res 2009, 8(1):239-245.
67. Novak B.J., Blake D.R., Meinardi S., et al. Exhaled methyl nitrate as a noninvasive marker of hyperglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007, 104(40):15613-15618.
68. Strauss S.M., Wheeler A.J., Russell S.L., et al. The potential use of gingival crevicular blood for measuring glucose to screen for diabetes: an examination based on characteristics of the blood collection site. J Periodontol 2009, 80(6):907-914.
69. Whitcher J.P., Shiboski C.H., Shiboski S.C., et al. A simplified quantitative method for assessing keratoconjunctivitis sicca from the Sjogren's Syndrome International Registry. Am J Ophthalmol 2010, 149(3):405-415.
70. Pillemer S.R., Matteson E.L., Jacobsson L.T., et al. Incidence of physician-diagnosed primary Sjogren's syndrome in residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc 2001, 76(6):593-599.
71. Cummins M.J., Papas A., Kammer G.M., et al. Treatment of primary Sjogren's syndrome with low-dose human interferon alfa administered by the oromucosal route: combined phase III results. Arthritis Rheum 2003, 49(4):585-593.
72. Kruszka P., O'Brian R.J. Diagnosis and management of Sjogren's syndrome. Am Fam Physician 2009, 79(6):465-470.
73. Hu S., Wang J., Meijer J., et al. Salivary proteomic and genomic biomarkers for primary Sjogren's syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 2007, 56(11):3588-3600.
74. Denny P., Hagen F.K., Hardt M., et al. The proteomes of human parotid and submandibular/sublingual gland salivas collected as the ductal secretions. J Proteome Res 2008, 7(5):1994-2006.
75. Hu S., Xie Y., Ramachandran P., et al. Large-scale identification of proteins in human salivary proteome by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Proteomics 2005, 5(6):1714-1728.
76. Sondej M., Denny P.A., Xie Y., et al. Glycoprofiling of the human salivary proteome. Clin Proteomics 2009, 5(1):52-68.
77. Zheng M., Li L., Tang Y.L., et al. Biomarkers in tongue cancer: understanding the molecular basis and their clinical implications. Postgrad Med J 2010, 86(1015):292-298.
78. Petersen P.E. Oral cancer prevention and control-the approach of the World Health Organization. Oral Oncol 2009, 45(4-5):454-460.
79. Tshering Vogel D.W., Zbaeren P., Thoeny H.C. Cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Cancer Imaging 2010, 10:62-72.
80. Guneri P., Epstein J.B., Ergun S., et al. Toluidine blue color perception in identification of oral mucosal lesions. Clin Oral Investig 2010, [Epub ahead of print].
81. Seoane Leston J., Diz Dios P. Diagnostic clinical aids in oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2010, 46:418-422.
82. Xie H., Onsongo G., Popko J., et al. Proteomics analysis of cells in whole saliva from oral cancer patients via value-added three-dimensional peptide fractionation and tandem mass spectrometry. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008, 7(3):486-498.
83. Williams M.D. Integration of biomarkers including molecular targeted therapies in head and neck cancer. Head Neck Pathol 2010, 4(1):62-69.
84. Sugimoto M., Wong D.T., Hirayama A., et al. Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry-based saliva metabolomics identified oral, breast and pancreatic cancer-specific profiles. Metabolomics 2010, 6(1):78-95.
85. Lee J.M., Garon E., Wong D.T. Salivary diagnostics. Orthod Craniofac Res 2009, 12(3):206-211.
86. Hu S., Arellano M., Boontheung P., et al. Salivary proteomics for oral cancer biomarker discovery. Clin Cancer Res 2008, 14(19):6246-6252.
87. Bigler L.R., Streckfus C.F., Dubinsky W.P. Salivary biomarkers for the detection of malignant tumors that are remote from the oral cavity. Clin Lab Med 2009, 29(1):71-85.
88. Bilodeau E., Alawi F., Costello B.J., et al. Molecular diagnostics for head and neck pathology. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2010, 22(1):183-194.
89. Ghannoum M.A., Jurevic R.J., Mukherjee P.K., et al. Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in healthy individuals. PLoS Pathog 2010, 6(1):e1000713.
90. Samaranayake L.P., Keung Leung W., Jin L. Oral mucosal fungal infections. Periodontol 2000 2009, 49:39-59.
91. Richardson R., Antilla V.J. Duodecim 2010, 126(2):174-180. [in Finnish].
92. Iatta R., Napoli C., Borghi E., et al. Rare mycoses of the oral cavity: a literature epidemiologic review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009, 108(5):647-655.
93. Terai H., Shimahara M. Usefulness of culture test and direct examination for the diagnosis of oral atrophic candidiasis. Int J Dermatol 2009, 48(4):371-373.
94. Kurita H., Kamata T., Zhao C., et al. Usefulness of a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for Candida mannan antigen for detecting Candida in oral rinse solutions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009, 107(4):531-534.
95. Naglik J.R., Scott J., Rahman D., et al. Serum and saliva antibodies do not inhibit Candida albicans Sap2 proteinase activity using a BSA hydrolysis assay. Med Mycol 2005, 43(1):73-77.
96. Pomarico L., Cerqueira D.F., de Araujo Soares R.M., et al. Associations among the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, oral candidiasis, oral Candida species and salivary immunoglobulin A in HIV-infected children. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009, 108(2):203-210.
97. Pomarico L., de Souza I.P., Castro G.F., et al. Levels of salivary IgA antibodies to Candida spp. in HIV-infected adult patients: a systematic review. J Dent 2010, 38(1):10-15.
98. Andrews E., Seaman W.T., Webster-Cyriaque J. Oropharyngeal carcinoma in non-smokers and non-drinkers: a role for HPV. Oral Oncol 2009, 45(6):486-491.
99. Andrews E., Shores C., Hayes D.N., et al. Concurrent human papillomavirus-associated tonsillar carcinoma in 2 couples. J Infect Dis 2009, 200(6):882-887.
100. Gennaro S., Naidoo S., Berthold P. Oral health & HIV/AIDS. MCN Am J Matern Child Nurs 2008, 33(1):50-57.
101. Grande S.R., Imbronito A.V., Okuda O.S., et al. Herpes viruses in periodontal compromised sites: comparison between HIV-positive and -negative patients. J Clin Periodontol 2008, 35(10):838-845.
102. Heinic G.S., Greenspan D., Greenspan J.S. Oral CMV lesions and the HIV infected. Early recognition can help prevent morbidity. J Am Dent Assoc 1993, 124(2):99-105.
103. Hille J.J., Webster-Cyriaque J., Palefski J.M., et al. Mechanisms of expression of HHV8, EBV and HPV in selected HIV-associated oral lesions. Oral Dis 2002, 8(Suppl 2):161-168.
104. Itin P.H., Lautenschlager S. Viral lesions of the mouth in HIV-infected patients. Dermatology 1997, 194(1):1-7.
105. Merchant V.A. An update on the herpesviruses. J Calif Dent Assoc 1996, 24(1):38-46.
106. Reichart P.A. Oral ulcerations in HIV infection. Oral Dis 1997, 3(Suppl 1):S180-S182.
107. Ramirez-Amador V.A., Espinosa E., Gonzalez-Ramirez I., et al. Identification of oral candidosis, hairy leukoplakia and recurrent oral ulcers as distinct cases of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. Int J STD AIDS 2009, 20(4):259-261.
108. Shiboski C.H., Patton L.L., Webster-Cyriaque J.Y., et al. The Oral HIV/AIDS research alliance: updated case definitions of oral disease endpoints. J Oral Pathol Med 2009, 38(6):481-488.
109. Chen D., Mauk M., Qiu X., et al. An integrated, self-contained microfluidic cassette for isolation, amplification, and detection of nucleic acids. Biomed Microdevices 2010, 12(4):705-719.
110. Chohan B.H., Lavreys L., Mandaliya K.N., et al. Validation of a modified commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 immunoglobulin G antibodies in saliva. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001, 8(2):346-348.
111. Liu C., Qiu X., Ongagna S., et al. A timer-actuated immunoassay cassette for detecting molecular markers in oral fluids. Lab Chip 2009, 9(6):768-776.
112. Qiu X., Thompson J.A., Chen Z., et al. Finger-actuated, self-contained immunoassay cassettes. Biomed Microdevices 2009, 11(6):1175-1186.
113. Sherman G.G., Lilian R.R., Coovadia A.H. Oral fluid tests for screening of human immunodeficiency virus-exposed infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010, 29(2):169-172.
114. Whitney J.B., Luedemann C., Bao S., et al. Monitoring HIV vaccine trial participants for primary infection: studies in the SIV/macaque model. AIDS 2009, 23(12):1453-1460.
115. Wu X., Jackson S. Plasma and salivary IgA subclasses and IgM in HIV-1-infected individuals. J Clin Immunol 2002, 22(2):106-115.
116. Yapijakis C., Panis V., Koufaliotis N., et al. Immunological and molecular detection of human immunodeficiency virus in saliva, and comparison with blood testing. Eur J Oral Sci 2006, 114(3):175-179.
117. Gardner M.S., Rowland M.D., Siu A.Y., et al. Comprehensive defensin assay for saliva. Anal Chem 2009, 81(2):557-566.
118. Adamopoulou M., Vairaktaris E., Panis V., et al. HPV detection rate in saliva may depend on the immune system efficiency. In Vivo 2008, 22(5):599-602.
119. Chuang A.Y., Chuang T.C., Chang S., et al. Presence of HPV DNA in convalescent salivary rinses is an adverse prognostic marker in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2008, 44(10):915-919.
120. Cameron J.E., Snowhite I.V., Chaturvedi A.K., et al. Human papillomavirus-specific antibody status in oral fluids modestly reflects serum status in human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2003, 10(3):431-438.
121. Idesawa M., Sugano N., Ikeda K., et al. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in saliva by real-time PCR. Oral Microbiol Immunol 2004, 19(4):230-232.
122. Ling P.D., Vilchez R.A., Keitel W.A., et al. Epstein-Barr virus DNA loads in adult human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2003, 37(9):1244-1249.
123. Mbulaiteye S.M., Walters M., Engels E.A., et al. High levels of Epstein-Barr virus DNA in saliva and peripheral blood from Ugandan mother-child pairs. J Infect Dis 2006, 193(3):422-426.
124. Imbronito A.V., Grande S.R., Freitas N.M., et al. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus and human cytomegalovirus in blood and oral samples: comparison of three sampling methods. J Oral Sci 2008, 50(1):25-31.
125. Yamamoto A.Y., Mussi-Pinhata M.M., Marin L.J., et al. Is saliva as reliable as urine for detection of cytomegalovirus DNA for neonatal screening of congenital CMV infection?. J Clin Virol 2006, 36(3):228-230.
126. Grosjean J., Hantz S., Cotin S., et al. Direct genotyping of cytomegalovirus envelope glycoproteins from toddler's saliva samples. J Clin Virol 2009, 46(Suppl 4):S43-S48.
127. Raggam R.B., Wagner J., Michelin B.D., et al. Reliable detection and quantitation of viral nucleic acids in oral fluid: Liquid phase-based sample collection in conjunction with automated and standardized molecular assays. J Med Virol 2008, 80(9):1684-1688.
128. Gandhi M., Koelle D.M., Ameli N., et al. Prevalence of human herpesvirus-8 salivary shedding in HIV increases with CD4 count. J Dent Res 2004, 83(8):639-643.
129. Widmer I.C., Erb P., Grob H., et al. Human herpesvirus 8 oral shedding in HIV-infected men with and without Kaposi sarcoma. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006, 42(4):420-425.
130. Mancuso R., Biffi R., Valli M., et al. HHV8 a subtype is associated with rapidly evolving classic Kaposi's sarcoma. J Med Virol 2008, 80(12):2153-2160.
131. Holt S.C., Ebersole J.L. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia: the "red complex", a prototype polybacterial pathogenic consortium in periodontitis. Periodontol 2000 2005, 38:72-122.
132. Kanasi E., Johansson I., Lu S.C., et al. Microbial risk markers for childhood caries in pediatricians' offices. J Dent Res 2010, 89(4):378-383.
133. Wen Z.T., Yates D., Ahn S.J., et al. Biofilm formation and virulence expression by Streptococcus mutans are altered when grown in dual-species model. BMC Microbiol 2010, 10:111.
134. Goncalves Lda R., Soares M.R., Nogueira F.C., et al. Comparative proteomic analysis of whole saliva from chronic periodontitis patients. J Proteomics 2010, 73(7):1334-1341.
135. Haigh B.J., Stewart K.W., Whelan J.R., et al. Alterations in the salivary proteome associated with periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2010, 37(3):241-247.
136. Wu Y., Shu R., Luo L.J., et al. Initial comparison of proteomic profiles of whole unstimulated saliva obtained from generalized aggressive periodontitis patients and healthy control subjects. J Periodont Res 2009, 44(5):636-644.
137. Ramseier C.A., Kinney J.S., Herr A.E., et al. Identification of pathogen and host-response markers correlated with periodontal disease. J Periodontol 2009, 80(3):436-446.
138. Herr A.E., Hatch A.V., Giannobile W.V., et al. Integrated microfluidic platform for oral diagnostics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007, 1098:362-374.
139. Koss M.A., Castro C.E., Salum K.M., et al. Changes in saliva protein composition in patients with periodontal disease. Acta Odontol Latinoam 2009, 22(2):105-112.
140. Mogi M., Otogoto J. Expression of cathepsin-K in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis. Arch Oral Biol 2007, 52(9):894-898.
141. Mogi M., Otogoto J., Ota N., et al. Differential expression of RANKL and osteoprotegerin in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontitis. J Dent Res 2004, 83(2):166-169.
142. Denny P.C. A saliva-based prognostic test for dental caries susceptibility. J Dent Hyg 2009, 83(4):175-176.
143. Denny P.C., Denny P.A., Takashima J., et al. A novel saliva test for caries risk assessment. J Calif Dent Assoc 2006, 34(4):287-290. 292-4.