Horizon scanning for novel therapeutics for the treatment of prostate cancer

Annals of Oncology

Volumn 21, Issue SUPPL. 7, 2010, Pages

  Bianchini, D ^a   Zivi, A ^a   Sandhu, S ^a   de Bono, J S ^a  

^a ROYAL MARSDEN HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Castration resistant prostate cancer; Chemotherapy; Hormonal therapy; Immunotherapy; Targeted therapy

Indexed keywords

17 DEMETHOXY 17 (2 DIMETHYLAMINOETHYLAMINO)GELDANAMYCIN; ABIRATERONE; ANDROGEN RECEPTOR; ANDROSTANOLONE; ANTIANDROGEN; ATRASENTAN; BEVACIZUMAB; BICALUTAMIDE; CABAZITAXEL; CLUSTERIN; CP 751871; CYTOTOXIC AGENT; DENOSUMAB; DOCETAXEL; EVEROLIMUS; KETOCONAZOLE; MDV 3100; MITOXANTRONE; N (5 CHLORO 1,3 BENZODIOXOL 4 YL) 7 [2 (4 METHYL 1 PIPERAZINYL)ETHOXY] 5 (TETRAHYDRO 2H PYRAN 4 YLOXY) 4 QUINAZOLINAMINE; OBLIMERSEN; OGX 011; PLACEBO; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROVENGE; ROMIDEPSIN; TANESPIMYCIN; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; XRP 6258;

ANDROGEN DEPRIVATION THERAPY; ANOREXIA; ANTINEOPLASTIC ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION; BONE METASTASIS; BREAST CANCER; CASTRATION RESISTANT PROSTATE CANCER; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONFERENCE PAPER; DIARRHEA; DRUG DOSE ESCALATION; DRUG ERUPTION; DRUG INDUCED HEADACHE; DRUG RECEPTOR BINDING; DRUG RESPONSE; FATIGUE; FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA; FEVER; FLUID RETENTION; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRANSAMINASEMIA; HYPOKALEMIA; MOLECULARLY TARGETED THERAPY; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; NAUSEA; PERIPHERAL EDEMA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; RHINITIS; RIGOR; SIDE EFFECT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TUMOR VASCULARIZATION;

EID: 78649381663     PISSN: 09237534     EISSN: 15698041     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq369     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (152)

1. American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures, 2009.
2. Keller ET, Zhang J, Cooper CR et al. Prostate carcinoma skeletal metastases: cross-talk between tumor and bone. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2001; 20: 333-349.
3. Cooperberg MR, Broering JM, Litwin MS. The contemporary management of prostate cancer in the United States: lessons from the cancer of the prostate strategic urologic research endeavor (CapSURE), a national disease registry. J Urol 2004; 171: 1393-13401.
4. Huggins C, Hodges CV. Studies on prostatic cancer, I: the effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of prostate. Cancer Res 1941; 1: 293-297.
5. Eisenberger MA, Blumenstein BA, Crawford ED et al. Bilateral orchiectomy with or without flutamide for metastatic prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 1036-1042.
6. Tannock IF, de Wit R, Berry WR et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1502-1512.
7. Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MH et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1513-1520.
8. Sternberg CN, Petrylak DP, Sartor O et al. Multinational, double-blind, phase III study of prednisone and either satraplatin or placebo in patients with castrate-refractory prostate cancer progressing after prior chemotherapy: the SPARC trial. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 5431-5438.
9. Mita AC, Denis LJ, Rowinsky EK. Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of XRP6258 (RPR 116258A), a novel taxane, administered as a 1-hour infusion every 3 weeks in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 723-730.
10. Sartor AO, Oudard S, Ozguroglu M et al. Cabazitaxel or mitoxantrone with prednisone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) previously treated with docetaxel: Final results of a multinational phase III trial (TROPIC). Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2010 Abstract 9.
11. Scher HI, Halabi S, Tannock I et al. Design and end points of clinical trials for patients with progressive prostate cancer and castrate levels of testosterone: recommendations of the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Working Group. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 1148-1159.
12. Mohler JL, Gregory CW, Ford OH 3rd et al. The androgen axis in recurrent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 440-448.
13. Mitsiades N, Schultz B, Taylor S et al. Increased expression of androgen receptor (AR) and enzymes involved in androgen synthesis in metastatic prostate cancer: targets for novel personalized therapies. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: (15 Suppl): abstract 5002.
14. Titus MA, Schell MJ, Lih FB et al. Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone tissue levels in recurrent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 4653-4657.
15. Chi KN, Bjartell A, Dearnaley D et al. Castration-resistant prostate cancer: from new pathophysiology to new treatment targets. Eur Urol 2009; 56: 594-605.
16. Feldman BJ, Feldman D. The development of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2001; 1: 34-45.
17. Attard G, Reid AH, Yap TA et al. Phase I clinical trial of a selective inhibitor of CYP17, abiraterone acetate, confirms that castration-resistant prostate cancer commonly remains hormone driven. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 4563-4571.
18. De Coster R, Caers I, Coene MC et al. Effects of high dose ketoconazole therapy on the main plasma testicular and adrenal steroids in previously untreated prostatic cancer patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1986; 24: 657-664.
19. Figg WD, Liu Y, Arlen P et al. A randomized, phase II trial of ketoconazole plus alendronate versus ketoconazole alone in patients with androgen independent prostate cancer and bone metastases. J Urol 2005; 173: 790-796.
20. O'Donnell A, Judson I, Dowsett M. Hormonal impact of the 17alpha-hydroxylase/C (17, 20)-lyase inhibitor abiraterone acetate (CB7630) in patients with prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 90: 2317-2325.
21. Attard G, Reid AH, A'Hern R et al. Selective inhibition of CYP17 with abiraterone acetate is highly active in the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 3742-3748.
22. Reid AH, Attard G, Danila DC et al. Significant and sustained anti-tumor activity in post-docetaxel castration-resistant prostate cancer with the CYP17 inhibitor abiraterone acetate. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1489-1495.
23. Ryan CJ, Smith MR, Fong L et al. Phase I cinical trial of the CYP17 inhibitor abiraterone acetate demonstrating clinical activity in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer who received prior ketoconazole therapy. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1481-1488.
24. Danila DC, Morris MJ, de Bono JS et al. Phase II multicenter study of abiraterone acetate plus prednisone therapy in patients with docetaxel-treated castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 1496-1501.
25. Shen HC, Balk SP. Development of androgen receptor antagonists with promising activity in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Cell 2009; 15: 461-463.
26. Chen CD, Welsbie DS, Tran C et al. Molecular determinants of resistance to antiandrogen therapy. Nat Med 2004; 10: 33-39.
27. Chen Y, Clegg NJ, Scher HI. Anti-androgens and androgen-depleting therapies in prostate cancer: new agents for an established target. Lancet Oncol 2009t; 10: 981-991.
28. Scher HI, Beer TM, Higano CS et al. Antitumor activity of MDV3100 in a phase I/II study of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Lancet 2010; 375: 1437-1446.
29. Olmos D, Arkenau HT, Ang JE et al. Circulating tumour cell (CTC) counts as intermediate end points in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC): a single-centre experience. Ann Oncol 2009; 20: 27-33.
30. Attard G, Clark J, Ambroisine L et al. Heterogeneity and clinical significance of ETV1 translocations in human prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2008; 99: 314-320.
31. Banerji U. Heat shock protein 90 as a drug target: some like it hot. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 9-14.
32. Powers MV, Workman P. Targeting of multiple signalling pathways by heat shock protein 90 molecular chaperone inhibitors. Endocr Relat Cancer 2006; 13 (Suppl 1): S125-S135.
33. Saporita AJ, Ai J, Wang Z et al. The Hsp90 inhibitor, 17-AAG, prevents the ligand-independent nuclear localization of androgen receptor in refractory prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2007; 67: 509-520.
34. Solit DB, Egorin M, Valentin G et al. Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic trial of docetaxel and 17AAG (17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin). J Clin Oncol 2004; 22 (14 Suppl): abstract 3032.
35. Heath EI, Hillman DW, Vaishampayan U et al. A phase II trial of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 7940-7946.
36. Pacey SC. A phase I trial of the HSP90 inhibitor, alvespimycin (17-DMAG) administered weekly, intravenously, to patients with advanced, solid tumours. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (15 Suppl): abstract 3534.
37. Gibbons NB, Watson RW, Coffey RN et al. Heat-shock proteins inhibit induction of prostate cancer cell apoptosis. Prostate 2000; 45: 58-65.
38. Rizzi F, Caccamo AE, Belloni L et al. Clusterin is a short half-life, poly-ubiquitinated protein, which controls the fate of prostate cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2009; 219: 314-323.
39. Steinberg J, Oyasu R, Lang S. Intracellular levels of SGP-2 (clusterin) correlate with tumor grade in prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 1997; 3: 1707-1711.
40. Redondo M, Villar E, Torres-Munoz J et al. Overexpression of clusterin in human breast carcinoma. Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 393-399.
41. Rauhala HE, Porkka KP, Saramaki OR et al. Clusterin is epigenetically regulated in prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 1601-1609.
42. Zhang H, Kim JK, Edwards CA. Clusterin inhibits apoptosis by interacting with activated Bax. Nat Cell Biol 2005; 7: 909-915.
43. Humphreys DT, Carver JA, Easterbrook-Smith SB et al. Clusterin has chaperone-like activity similar to that of small heat shock proteins. J Biol Chem 1999; 274: 6875-6881.
44. Miyake H, Chi KN, Gleave ME. Antisense TRPM-2 oligodeoxynucleotides chemosensitize human androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2000; 6: 1655-1663.
45. Chi KN, Hotte SJ, Yu E et al. Mature results of a randomized phase II study of OGX-011 in combination with docetaxel/prednisone versus docetaxel/prednisone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (15 Suppl): abstract 5012.
46. Bolden JE, Peart MJ, Johnstone RW. Anticancer activities of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2006; 5: 769-784.
47. Welsbie DS, Xu J, Chen Y et al. Histone deacetylases are required for androgen receptor function in hormone-sensitive and castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69: 958-966.
48. Bjorkman M, Iljin K, Halonen P et al. Defining the molecular action of HDAC inhibitors and synergism with androgen deprivation in ERG-positive prostate cancer. Int J Cancer 2008; 123: 2774-2781.
49. Carew JS, Giles FJ, Nawrocki ST. Histone deacetylase inhibitors: mechanisms of cell death and promise in combination cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2008; 269: 7-17.
50. Bradley D, Rathkopf D, Dunn R et al. Vorinostat in advanced prostate cancer patients progressing on prior chemotherapy (National Cancer Institute Trial 6862): trial results and interleukin-6 analysis: a study by the Department of Defense Prostate Cancer Clinical Trial Consortium and University of Chicago Phase 2 Consortium. Cancer 2009; 115: 5541-5549.
51. Molife LR, Attard G, Fong PC et al. Phase II, two-stage, single-arm trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) romidepsin in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Ann Oncol 2010; 21: 109-113.
52. Attard G, Ang JE, Olmos D et al. Dissecting prostate carcinogenesis through ETS gene rearrangement studies: implications for anticancer drug development. J Clin Pathol 2008; 61: 891-896.
53. Tomlins SA, Mehra R, Rhodes DR et al. TMPRSS2:ETV4 gene fusions define a third molecular subtype of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2006; 66: 3396-400.
54. Attard G, Reid AH, Olmos D et al. Antitumor activity with CYP17 blockade indicates that castration-resistant prostate cancer frequently remains hormone driven. Cancer Res 2009; 69: 4937-4940.
55. Kumar-Sinha C, Tomlins SA, Chinnaiyan AM. Recurrent gene fusions in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8: 497-511.
56. Danila DC, Anand A, Sung C et al. Molecular profiling of circulating tumor cells (CTC) in patients with castrate metastatic prostate cancer (CMPC) receiving abiraterone acetate (AA) after failure of docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Genitourinary Cancer Symposium: 2010 abstract 31.
57. Pollak M, Perdue JF, Margolese RG et al. Presence of somatomedin receptors on primary human breast and colon carcinomas. Cancer Lett. 1987; 38: 223-230.
58. Ma WW, Adjei AA. Novel agents on the horizon for cancer therapy. CA Cancer J Clin 2009; 59: 111-137.
59. Gualberto A, Pollak M. Emerging role of insulin-like growth factor receptor inhibitors in oncology: early clinical trial results and future directions. Oncogene 2009; 28: 3009-3021.
60. Cohen BD, Baker DA, Soderstrom C et al. Combination therapy enhances the inhibition of tumour growth with the fully human anti-type 1 insulin-like growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody CP-751,871. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11: 2063-2073.
61. Olmos D, Okuno S, Schuetze SM et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and preliminary activity of the anti-IGF-IR antibody CP-751,871 in patients with sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2008: 26 (May 20 Suppl): abstract 10501.
62. Karp DD, Novello S, Cardenal F et al. Continued high activity of figitumumab (CP-751,871) combination therapy in squamous lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (15 Suppl): abstract 8072.
63. Haluska P, Shaw HM, Batzel GN et al. Phase I dose escalation study of the anti insulin-like growth factor-I receptor monoclonal antibody CP-751,871 in patients with refractory solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 5834-5840.
64. de Bono JS, Attard G, Adjei A et al. Potential applications for circulating tumor cells expressing the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 3611-366.
65. Higano C, Alumkal J, Ryan CJ et al. A phase II study evaluating the efficacy and safety of single agent IMC A12, a monoclonal antibody (MAb), against the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-IR), as monotherapy in patients with metastastic, asymptomatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (15 Suppl): abstract 5142.
66. Sarker D, Reid AH, Yap TA et al. Targeting the PI3K/AKT pathway for the treatment of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 4799-4805.
67. Gray IC, Stewart LM, Phillips SM et al. Mutation and expression analysis of the putative prostate tumour-suppressor gene PTEN. Br J Cancer 1998; 78: 1296-1300.
68. Maehama T, Dixon JE. The tumor suppressor, PTEN/MMAC1, dephosphorylates the lipid second messenger, phosphatidylinositol 3, 4, 5-trisphosphate. J Biol Chem 1998; 273: 13375-13378.
69. Guertin DA, Sabatini DM. Defining the role of mTOR in cancer Cancer Cell 2007; 12: 9-22.
70. Knudson AG Jr. Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1971; 68: 820-823.
71. Di Cristofano A, Kotsi P, Peng YF et al. Impaired Fas response and autoimmunity in Pten mice. Science 1999; 285: 2122-2125.
72. Chen Z, Trotman LC, Shaffer D. Crucial role of p53-dependent cellular senescence in suppression of Pten-deficient tumorigenesis. Nature 2005; 436: 725-730.
73. Salmena L, Carracedo A, Pandolfi PP. Tenets of PTEN tumor suppression Cell 2008; 133: 403-414.
74. Ginn-Pease ME, Eng C. Increased nuclear phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 is associated with G0-G1 in MCF-7 cells. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 282-286.
75. Liu JL, Sheng X, Hortobagyi ZK et al. Nuclear PTEN-mediated growth suppression is independent of Akt down-regulation. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25: 6211-6224.
76. Shen WH, Balajee AS, Wang J et al. Essential role for nuclear PTEN in maintaining chromosomal integrity. Cell 2007; 128: 157-170.
77. Bristow RG, Zhao H, Fraser M. PTEN knockdown, DNA repair, and chemotherapy response in prostate cancer cell lines. Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2009: abstract 2009.
78. Assinder SJ, Dong Q, Kovacevic Z. The TGF-beta, PI3K/Akt and PTEN pathways: established and proposed biochemical integration in prostate cancer. Biochem J 2009; 417: 411-421.
79. Plas DR, Thompson CB. Akt dependent transformation: there is more than tumour growth than just surviving. Oncogene 2005; 24: 7435-7442.
80. Kreisberg JI, Malik SN, Prihoda TJ et al. Phosphorylation of Akt (Ser473) is an excellent predictor of poor clinical outcome in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2004; 64: 5232-5236.
81. Ayala G, Thompson T, Yang G et al. High levels of phosphorylated form of Akt-1 in prostate cancer and non-neoplastic prostate tissues are strong predictors of biochemical recurrence. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10: 6572-6578.
82. Chee KG, Longmate J, Quinn DI et al. The AKT inhibitor perifosine in biochemically recurrent prostate cancer: a phase II California/Pittsburgh cancer consortium trial. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2007; 5: 433-437.
83. Wang X, Yue P, Kim YA et al. Enhancing mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-targeted cancer therapy by preventing mTOR/raptor inhibition-initiated, mTOR/rictor-independent Akt activation. Cancer Res 2008; 68: 7409-7418.
84. Raymond E, Alexandre J, Faivre S et al. Safety and pharmacokinetics of escalated doses of weekly intravenous infusion of CCI-779, a novel mTOR inhibitor, in patients with cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2336-2347.
85. Ma WW, Jimeno A. Temsirolimus. Drugs Today (Barc) 2007; 43: 659-669.
86. O'Donnell A, Faivre S, Burris HA 3rd et al. Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the oral mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 1588-1595.
87. George DJ, Armstrong AJ, Creel P. A phase II study of RAD001 in men with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer (HRPC). Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2008: abstract 181.
88. Ross RW, Manola J, Oh WK et al. Phase I trial of RAD001 (R) and docetaxel (D) in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with FDG-PET assessment of RAD001 activity. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26 (May 20 Suppl): abstract 5069.
89. Miayake H, Tolcher A, Gleave ME. Chemosensitization and delayed androgen-independent recurrence of prostate cancer with the use of antisense Bcl-2 oligodeoxynucleotides. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 34-41.
90. Raffo AJ, Perlman H, Chen MW. Overexpression of bcl-2 protects prostate cancer cells from apoptosis in vitro and confers resistance to androgen depletion in vivo. Cancer Res 1995; 55: 4438-4445.
91. Sternberg CN, Dumez H, Van Poppel H et al. Docetaxel plus oblimersen sodium (Bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide): an EORTC, multicenter, randomized, phase II study in patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 2009; 20: 1264-1269.
92. Liu G, Kelly WK, Wilding G et al. An open-label, multicenter, phase I/II study of single-agent AT-101 in men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 3172-3176.
93. MacVicar GR, Greco A, Reeves J et al. An open-label, multicenter, phase I/II study of AT-101 in combination with docetaxel (D) and prednisone (P) in men with castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (15 Suppl): abstract 5062.
94. Shariat SF, Lotan Y, Saboorian H et al. Survivin expression is associated with features of biologically aggressive prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2004; 100: 751-757.
95. Tolcher AW, Papadopoulos K, Patnaik A et al. Phase I/II open-label study of YM155 plus docetaxel and prednisone in men with hormone refractory prostate cancer (HRPC). Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2009: abstract 214.
96. Folkman J. Tumor angiogenesis: therapeutic implications. N Engl J Med 1971; 285: 1182-1186.
97. Fox WD, Higgins B, Maiese KM et al. Antibody to vascular endothelial growth factor slows growth of an androgen-independent xenograft model of prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8: 3226-3231.
98. Ferrer FA, Miller LJ, Lindquist R et al. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in human prostate cancer. Urology 1999; 54: 567-572.
99. Duque JL, Loughlin KR, Adam RM et al. Plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are increased in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. Urology 1999; 54: 523-527.
100. Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 2335-2342.
101. Di Lorenzo G, Figg WD, Fossa SD et al. Combination of bevacizumab and docetaxel in docetaxel-pretreated hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a phase 2 study. Eur Urol 2008; 54: 1089-1094.
102. Kelly WK, Halabi S, Carducci MA et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial comparing docetaxel, prednisone, and placebo with docetaxel, prednisone, and bevacizumab in men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC): Survival results of CALGB 90401. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 7s, (suppl; abstr LBA4511).
103. Chu QS. Aflibercept (AVE0005): an alternative strategy for inhibiting tumour angiogenesis by vascular endothelial growth factors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009; 9: 263-271.
104. Isambert N, Freyer G, Zanetta S et al. A phase I dose escalation and pharmacokinetic study of intravenous aflibercept (VEGF trap) plus docetaxel in patients with advanced solid tumors: Preliminary results. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26 (May 20 Suppl): abstract 3599.
105. D'Amato RJ. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91: 4082-4085.
106. Figg WD, Dahut W, Duray P et al. A randomized phase II trial of thalidomide, an angiogenesis inhibitor, in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2001; 7: 1888-1893.
107. Dahut WL, Gulley JL, Arlen PM et al. Randomized phase II trial of docetaxel plus thalidomide in androgen-independent prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 2532-2539.
108. Cetnar JP, Rosen MA, Vaughn DJ. Phase II study of sorafenib and docetaxel in men with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: (Suppl): abstract e16055.
109. Chi KN, Ellard SL, Hotte SJ et al. A phase II study of sorafenib in patients with chemo-naive castration-resistant prostate cancer. Ann Oncol 2008; 19: 746-751.
110. Demers LM, Costa L, Lipton A et al. Biochemical markers and skeletal metastases. Cancer 2000; 88 (12 Suppl): 2919-2926.
111. Mundy GR. Metastasis to bone: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer 2002; 2: 584-593.
112. Saad F, Gleason DM, Murray R et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of zoledronic acid in patients with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate carcinoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002; 94: 1458-1468.
113. Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL et al. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 1998; 93: 165-176.
114. Dougall WC, Chaisson M. The RANK/RANKL/OPG triad in cancer-induced bone diseases. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2006; 25: 541-549.
115. Zhang J, Dai J, Qi Y, Lin DL et al. Osteoprotegerin inhibits prostate cancer-induced osteoclastogenesis and prevents prostate tumor growth in the bone. J Clin Invest 2001; 107: 1235-1244.
116. Zhang J, Dai J, Yao Z et al. Soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB Fc diminishes prostate cancer progression in bone. Cancer Res 2003; 63: 7883-7890.
117. Smith MR, Egerdie B, Hernández Toriz N et al. Denosumab in men receiving androgen-deprivation therapy for prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 745-755.
118. Nelson J, Bagnato A, Battistini B et al. The endothelin axis: emerging role in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2003; 3: 110-116.
119. Guise TA, Mohammad KS. Endothelins in bone cancer metastases. Cancer Treat Res 2004; 118: 197-212.
120. Carducci MA, Saad F, Abrahamsson PA et al. A phase 3 randomized controlled trial of the efficacy and safety of atrasentan in men with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer 2007; 110: 1959-1966.
121. Nelson JB, Love W, Chin JL et al. Phase 3, randomized, controlled trial of atrasentan in patients with non metastatic, hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer 2008; 113: 2478-2487.
122. James ND, Caty A, Borre M et al. Safety and efficacy of the specific endothelin-A receptor antagonist ZD4054 in patients with hormone-resistant prostate cancer and bone metastases who were pain free or mildly symptomatic: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, phase 2 trial. Eur Urol 2009; 55: 1112-1123.
123. Chang YM, Kung HJ, Evans CP. Non receptor tyrosine kinases in prostate cancer. Neoplasia 2007; 9: 90-100.
124. Sanjay A, Houghton A, Neff L. Cbl associates with Pyk2 and Src to regulate Src kinase activity, alpha(v)beta(3) integrin-mediated signalling, cell adhesion, and osteoclast motility. J Cell Biol 2001; 152: 181-195.
125. Soriano P, Montgomery C, Geske R et al. Targeted disruption of the c-src proto-oncogene leads to osteopetrosis in mice. Cell 1991; 64: 693-702.
126. Arnott JA, Zhang X, Sanjay A et al. Molecular requirements for induction of CTGF expression by TGF-beta1 in primary osteoblasts. Bone 2008; 42: 871-885.
127. Lee LF, Guan J, Qiu Y et al. Neuropeptide-induced androgen independence in prostate cancer cells: roles of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases Etk/Bmx, Src, and focal adhesion kinase. Mol Cell Biol 2001; 21: 8385-8397.
128. Lara PN J, Longmate J, Evans CP et al. A phase II trial of the Src-kinase inhibitor AZD0530 in patients with advanced castration-resistant prostate cancer: a California Cancer Consortium study. Anticancer Drugs 2009; 20: 179-184.
129. Tabernero J, Cervantes A, Hoekman K et al. Phase I study of AZD0530, on oral potent inhibitor of Src kinase: first demonstration of inhibition of Src activity in human cancers. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: (18 Suppl): abstract 3520.
130. Snyder DS. New approved dasatinib regimen available for clinical use. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2009; 9: 285-292.
131. Yu EY, Wilding G, Posadas E et al. Phase II study of dasatinib in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15: 7421-7428.
132. Yu E, Massard C, Gross M et al. A phase II study of once-daily dasatinib for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (15 Suppl): abstract 5147
133. Araujo J, Armstrong AJ, Braud EL et al. Dasatinib and docetaxel combination treatment for patients with castration-resistant progressive prostate cancer: a phase I/II study (CA180086). J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (15 Suppl): abstract 5061.
134. Sanda MG, Ayyagari SR, Jaffee EM et al. Demonstration of a rational strategy for human prostate cancer gene therapy. J Urol 1994; 151: 622-628.
135. Wang X, Yu J, Sreekumar A et al. Autoantibody signatures in prostate cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 1224-1235.
136. Bok RA. Treatment of prostate cancer: therapeutic potential of targeted immunotherapy with APC8015. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2008; 4: 79-85.
137. Small EJ, Schellhammer PF, Higano CS et al. Placebo-controlled phase III trial of immunologic therapy with sipuleucel-T (APC8015) in patients with metastatic, asymptomatic hormone refractory prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 3089-3094.
138. Kantoff P, Higano CS, Berger ER et al. Updated survival results of the IMPACT trial of sipuleucel-T for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2010: abstract 8.
139. Simons JW, Sacks N. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor transduced allogenic cancer cellular immunotherapy: the GVAX® vaccine for prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2006; 24: 419-424.
140. Higano CS, Corman JM, Smith DC et al. Phase 1/2 dose-escalation study of a GM-CSF-secreting, allogeneic, cellular immunotherapy for metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer 2008; 113: 975-984.
141. Small EJ, Sacks N, Nemunaitis J et al. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting allogeneic cellular immunotherapy for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 3883-3891.
142. Higano C, Saad F, Somer B et al. A phase III trial of GVAX immunotherapy for prostate cancer versus docetaxel plus prednisone in asymptomatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2009: abstract LBA150.
143. Small E, Demkow T, Gerritsen WR. A phase III trial of GVAX immunotherapy for prostate cancer in combination with docetaxel versus docetaxel plus prednisone in symptomatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2009: abstract 7.
144. Kantoff PW, Schuetz T, Blumenstein BA et al. Overall survival (OS) analysis of a phase II randomized controlled trial (RCT) of poxviral-based PSA targeted immunotherapy in metastatic castration-esistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (15 Suppl): abstract 5013.
145. Tarassoff CP, Arlen PM, Gulley JL. Therapeutic vaccines for prostate cancer. Oncologist 2006; 11: 451-462.
146. Di Paola RS, Plante M, Kaufman H et al. A phase I trial of pox PSA vaccines (PROSTVAC-VF) with B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3 co-stimulatory molecules (TRICOM) in patients with prostate cancer. J Transl Med 2006; 4: 1.
147. DiPaola RS, Chen Y, Bubley GJ et al. A phase II study of PROSTVAC-V (vaccinia)/TRICOM and PROSTVAC-F (fowlpox)/TRICOM with GM-CSF in patients with PSA progression after local therapy for prostate cancer: Results of ECOG 9802. Genitourinary Cancers Symposium 2009: abstract 108.
148. Slovin SF, Beer TM, Higano CS et al. Initial phase II experience of ipilimumab (IPI) alone and in combination with radiotherapy (XRT) in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). J Clin Oncol 2009; 27 (15 Suppl): abstract 5138.
149. Gan L, Chen S, Wang Y et al. Inhibition of the androgen receptor as a novel mechanism of taxol chemotherapy in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69: 8386-8394.
150. Morris PG, Fornier MN. Microtubule active agents: beyond the taxane frontier. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 7167-7172.
151. Hussain M, Tangen CM, Lara PN et al. Ixabepilone (epothilone B analogue BMS-247550) is active in chemotherapy-naive patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group trial S0111. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 8724-8729.
152. Rosenberg JE, Weinberg VK, Kelly WK et al. Activity of second-line chemotherapy in docetaxel-refractory hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients: randomized phase 2 study of ixabepilone ormitoxantrone and prednisone. Cancer 2007; 110: 556-563.