Poverty tourism: Theoretical reflections and empirical findings regarding an extraordinary form of tourism

GeoJournal

Volumn 75, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 421-442

  Rolfes, Manfred ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF POTSDAM   (Germany)

Author keywords

Favela; Observational theoretical approach; Poverty tourism; Slum; Slumming; Township

Indexed keywords

FAVELA; OBSERVATIONAL-THEORETICAL APPROACH; POVERTY TOURISM; SLUM; SLUMMING; TOWNSHIP;

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES;

HOUSING;

DEVELOPING WORLD; EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS; OBSERVATIONAL METHOD; POVERTY; THEORETICAL STUDY; TOURISM DEVELOPMENT; TOWNSHIP AND VILLAGE ENTERPRISE;

BRAZIL; INDIA; RIO DE JANEIRO [BRAZIL]; SOUTH AFRICA;

EID: 78649321910     PISSN: 03432521     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10708-009-9311-8     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Aderhold, P., Kösterke, A., von Laßberg, D., & Vielhaber, A. (2006). Tourismus in Entwicklungsländer. Ammerland: Studienkreis für Tourismus und Entwicklung e.V.
2. AP (2007). Township tourism booming as visitors want to see "real" South Africa. International Herald Tribune. Africa & Middle East, 3 January 2007.
3. Chagas, V. (2006). O venhevai do turismo e o sobidesce da favela. Accessed December 6, 2008, from http://www.over mundo.com.br/overblog/o-venhevai-do-turismo-e-o-sobid esce-da-favela.
4. Cornelissen, S. (2006). Tourism development and policy in Cape Town: Patterns, issues and lessons for other African cities. Presented as Part of the Seminar Series under the GDRI Research Programme, 'Governing cities in Africa: Law, local institutions and urban identities since 1945,' University of Stellenbosch, August, 25, 2006. Accessed July 14, 2008, from http://www.gdri-africancities.org/uploads/documents/GDRI_Cornelissen%20S.pdf.
5. Danielzik, C., & Khan, R. (2006). Fern Weh: Statisten ihres eigenen Alltags. Townshiptouren in Kapstadt als Herausforderung für die Tourismuskritik. iz3w, 291, 37-39.
6. Davis, M. (2006). Planet of slums. London: Verso.
7. Dowling, R. M. (2007). Slumming in New York. From the Waterfront to Mythic Harlem. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press.
8. Egner, H. (2006). Autopoiesis, Form und Beobachtung. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geographischen Gesellschaft, 148, 92-108.
9. Freire-Mederios, B. (2007). A favela que se vêe que se vende. Reflexões e polêmicas em torno de um destino turístico. Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, 22(65), 62-72.
10. Freire-Mederios, B. (2009). The favela and its touristic transits. Geoforum, 40(4), 580-588.
11. Gentleman, A. (2006). Slum tours: a day trip too far? The Observer, 7 May 2006.
12. Government of South Africa, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism. (1996). The Development and Promotion of Tourism in South Africa. Pretoria.
13. Jaguaribe, B., & Hetherington, K. (2004). Favela Tours: Indistinct and maples representations of the real in reo de Janeiro. In M. Sheller & J. Urry (Eds.), Tourism mobilities. Places to play, places in play. London (pp. 155-166). New York: Routledge.
14. Jamal, T., & Lelo, L. (2009). Exploring the conceptual and analytical framing of dark tourism: From darkness to intentionality. Unpublished manuscript of the International Conference: Tourist experiences: Meanings, Motivations, Behaviours, April 1-4, 2009, University of Lancashire, Lancashire, UK.
15. Kendle, A. (2008). Poverty tourism: Exploring the slums of India, Brazil, South Africa. Vagabondish: The Travelzine for Today's Vagabond, 7 February 2008. Accessed December 6, 2008, from http://www.vagabondish.com/poverty-tourism-touring-the-slums-of-india-brazil-andsouth-africa/.
16. Koven, S. (2006). Slumming: Sexual and social politics in Victorian London. Princeton: University Press.
17. Ludvigsen, A. (2002). Langa is not an island. Township Tourism in South Africa. Master Thesis. University Kopenhagen, Institut of Anthropology, Kopenhagen.
18. Luhmann, N. (1984). Soziale Systeme: Grundriß einer allgemeinen Theorie. Frankfurt/M: Suhrkamp.
19. Luhmann, N. (1998). Die Gesellschaft der Gesellschaft. 2 Bde. Frankfurt/M: Suhrkamp.
20. MacCannell, D. (1999). The tourist: A new theory of leisure class. Berkley: University of California Press.
21. Machado, D. S. (2007). Turismo de Favela e Desenvolvimento Sustentável Um estudo do Turismo de Favela no bairro de Vila Canoa, zona sul do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janiero. PUC-Rio, Departamento de Serviço Social.
22. Margraf, M. (2006). Community based tourism: Ein instrument nachhaltiger Entwicklung ehemals benachteiligter Bevölkerungsgruppen am Beispiel Kaymandi, Südafrika. Saarbrücken: VDM-Verlag.
23. Menezes, P. (2007). Turismo e favela: Reflexões sobre ética e fotografia. Dialogando no Turismo, 1(3), 10-30.
24. Meschkank, J. (2009). Untersuchungen zu Raum- und Kulturkonstruktionen anhand des Slumtourismus in Mumbai, Indien. Unpublished Master Thesis. Department of Geography, University of Potsdam.
25. Ministério do Turismo. (2008). Estatísticas básicas do turismo - Brasil. Brasília.
26. Ministério do Turismo. (2009). Estudo da demanda turística internacional 2005-2007. Brasília.
27. Müller, H., & Powell, L. (1994). Luhmann's systems theory as a theory of modernity. New German Critique, No. 61, Special Issue on Niklas Luhmann, pp. 39-54.
28. Pott, A. (2005). Kulturgeographie beobachtet. Probleme und Potentiale der geographischen Beobachtung von Kultur. Erdkunde, 59(2), 89-101.
29. Pott, A. (2007). Orte des Tourismus. Eine raum- und gesellschaftstheoretische Untersuchung. Bielefeld: Transcript.
30. Pott, A., & Steinbrink, M. (2009). Die Kultur des Slum(ming)s. Zur historischen Rekonstruktion eines globalen Phänomens. In H. Wähler, A. Pott, & V. Denzer (Eds). Tourismusräume. Zur soziokulturellen Konstruktion eines globalen Phänomens. Bielefeld: Transcript (in press).
31. Ramchander, P. (2004). Towards the responsible management of the socio-cultural impact of township tourism. Pretoria: University of Pretoria, Department of Tourism Management. Accessed August 14, 2008, from http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08262004-130507/.
32. Ramchander, P. (2007). Township tourism: Blessing or blight? The case of Soweto in South Africa. In G. Richards (Ed.), Cultural tourism:Global and local perspectives (pp. 39-67). New York: Haworth Press.
33. Rath, J. (Ed.). (2007). Tourism, ethnic diversity and the city. New York, London: Routledge.
34. Robinson, N., & Dale, C. (2009). Wanted man: A conceptual review of the role of dark tourism in facilitating the exploration of unsolved cold case murders. Unpublished manuscript of the International Conference: Tourist experiences: Meanings, motivations, behaviours, April 01-04, 2009, University of Lancashire, Lancashire, UK.
35. Rogerson, C. M. (2003). Tourism and transformation. Small enterprise development in South Africa. Africa Insight, 33(1/2), 108-115.
36. Rogerson, C. M. (2004). Urban tourism and small tourism enterprise development in Johannesburg: The case of township tourism. GeoJournal, 60(3), 249-257.
37. Rolfes, M. (2007). Konstruktion und Konstrukteure unsicherer Räume. Beiträge aus der Sicht der Geographie. In: Zurawski, N. (Ed.), Surveillance Studies (pp. 67-84). Opladen/Farmington Hills.
38. Rolfes, M., & Steinbrink, M., & Uhl, C. (2009). Township as Attraction. An Empirical Study of Township Tourism in Cape Town. Potsdam: Universitätsverlag. (Praxis Kulturund Sozialgeographie, 46).
39. Räwekamp, C. (2004). Tourismus in Indien - ungeschliffener Diamant. Accessed August 19, 2009, from http://www.spiegel.de/reise/fernweh/0,1518,332853,00.html.
40. Schräder, H. (2007). Armut live. SüdwindMagazin (2), Wien, 24.
41. Simone-Charteris, M. (2009). Dark tourism and the political tourism interface: The case of Northern Island. Unpublished manuscript of the International Conference: Tourist experiences: Meanings, motivations, behaviours, April 1-4, 2009, University of Lancashire, Lancashire, UK.
42. Spencer Brown, G. (1969/1997). Laws of form. Gesetze der form. Lübeck: Bohmeier.
43. Statistics South Africa. (2008). Tourism, 2008. Report No. 03-51-02 (2008). Pretoria.
44. Stone, P. (2006). A dark tourism spectrum: Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions. Tourism: An Interdisciplinary International Journal, 52(2), 145-160.
45. Stone, P. R., & Sharpley, R. (2008). Consuming dark tourism: A thanatological perspective. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 574-595.
46. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. (2003). The Challenge of Slums. Global report on human settlements, 2003. London and Sterling: Earthscan Publications Ltd.
47. Urry, J. (2002). The tourist gaze. London, Thousand Oaks, New Delhi: Sage Publications.
48. Viggiano, B. (2008). Dharavi through a peephole. The Times of India, 18 May 2008.
49. Weiner, E. (2008). Slum visits: Tourism or voyeurism? New York Times, Travel, 9 March 2008.
50. Welz, G. (1993). Slum als Sehenswürdigkeit. 'Negative Sightseeing' im Städtetourismus. In D. Kramer & R. Lutz (Eds.), Tourismus-Kultur, Kultur-Tourismus (pp. 39-53). Münster: Lit-Verlag.
51. Yurchyshyn, A. (February, 2008). A dose of reality. Povertytour guides explain the relatively new concept-and show how to find an excursion that's right for you. Accessed December 6, 2008, from http://www.budgettravel.com/btdyn/content/article/2008/01/07/AR2008010701680.html.