Hyperoxia sensing: From molecular mechanisms to significance in disease

Journal of Immunotoxicology

Volumn 7, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 239-254

  Gore, Ashwini ^a   Muralidhar, Maitreyi ^a   Espey, Michael Graham ^b   Degenhardt, Kurt ^a   Mantell, Lin L ^a,c  

^a ST JOHN'S UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DIABETES AND DIGESTIVE AND KIDNEY DISEASES   (United States)

^c FEINSTEIN INSTITUTE FOR MEDICAL RESEARCH   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute lung injury; Apoptosis; Cell death; Hyperoxia; Inflammation; ROS; Sensing; Signaling

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT RECEPTOR; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR2; CXCL1 CHEMOKINE; CYCLIC AMP RESPONSIVE ELEMENT BINDING PROTEIN; I KAPPA B ALPHA; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE 1; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE KINASE 2; OXYGEN; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PROTEIN BAD; PROTEIN BAK; PROTEIN BAX; PROTEIN BCL XL; PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTEIN KINASE C; PROTEIN KINASE C DELTA; PROTEIN KINASE C EPSILON; PROTEIN KINASE C ETA; PROTEIN KINASE C MU; REACTIVE OXYGEN METABOLITE; RECEPTOR; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF1; UNINDEXED DRUG;

APOPTOSIS; ARTIFICIAL VENTILATION; CELL DAMAGE; CELL FATE; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; ENDOTHELIUM CELL; EXPOSURE; HOMEOSTASIS; HUMAN; HYPEROXIA; INNATE IMMUNITY; LUNG ALVEOLUS CELL; LUNG ALVEOLUS EPITHELIUM; LUNG INJURY; LUNG TOXICITY; MACROPHAGE; MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE; NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS; NONHUMAN; OXIDATION REDUCTION POTENTIAL; OXYGEN THERAPY; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY DISTRESS; RESPIRATORY FAILURE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

ACUTE LUNG INJURY; ANIMALS; APOPTOSIS; HUMANS; HYPERBARIC OXYGENATION; HYPEROXIA; IMMUNITY, INNATE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES; RESPIRATION, ARTIFICIAL; RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 78649240920     PISSN: 1547691X     EISSN: 1547691X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/1547691X.2010.492254     Document Type: Review

References (192)

1. Abraham, E. 2003. Neutrophils and acute lung injury. Crit. Care Med. 31: S195-S199.
2. Aderem, A. and Ulevitch, R. J. 2000. Toll-like receptors in the induction of the innate immune response. Nature 406:782-787.
3. Adler, V., Yin, Z., Tew, K. D. and Ronai, Z. 1999. Role of redox potential and reactive oxygen species in stress signaling. Oncogene 18:6104-6111.
4. Ahmad, S., White, C. W., Chang, L. Y., Schneider, B. K. and Allen, C. B. 2001. Glutamine protects mitochondrial structure and function in oxygen toxicity. Am. J. Physiol. 280: L779-L791.
5. Ahmad, A., Ahmad, S., Chang, L. Y., Schaack, J. and White, C. W. 2006. Endothelial Akt activation by hyperoxia: Role in cell survival. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 40:1108-1118.
6. Ahmed, M. N., Suliman, H. B., Folz, R. J., Nozik-Grayck, E., Golson, M. L., Mason, S. N. and Auten, R. L. 2003. Extracellular superoxide dismutase protects lung development in hyperoxia-exposed newborn mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167:400-405.
7. Allen, C. B. and White, C. W. 1998. Glucose modulates cell death due to normobaric hyperoxia by maintaining cellular ATP. Am. J. Physiol. 274: L159-L164.
8. Annis, M. G., Zamzami, N., Zhu, W., Penn, L. Z., Kroemer, G., Leber, B. and Andrews, D. W. 2001. Endoplasmic reticulum localized Bcl-2 prevents apoptosis when redistribution of cytochrome c is a late event. Oncogene 20:1939-1952.
9. Antonsson, B., Montessuit, S., Lauper, S., Eskes, R. and Martinou, J. C. 2000. Bax oligomerization is required for channel-forming activity in liposomes and to trigger cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Biochem. J. 345:271-278.
10. Asikainen, T. M. and White, C. W. 2004. Pulmonary antioxidant defenses in the preterm newborn with respiratory distress and bronchopulmonary dysplasia in evolution: Implications for antioxidant therapy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 6:155-167.
11. Baldwin, A. S., Jr. 1996. The NF-κB and IκB proteins: New discoveries and insights. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14:649-683.
12. Banning, A., Deubel, S., Kluth, D., Zhou, Z. and Brigelius-Flohé, R. 2005. The GI-GPx gene is a target for Nrf2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 25:4914-4923.
13. Barnhart, B. C., Lee, J. C., Alappat, E. C. and Peter, M. E. 2003. The death effector domain protein family. Oncogene 22:8634-8644.
14. 2. J. Appl. Physiol. 46:943-949.
15. Bedard, K. and Krause, K. H. 2007. The NOX family of ROS-generating NADPH oxidases: Physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol. Rev. 87:245-313.
16. Beg, A. A. and Baltimore, D. 1996. An essential role for NF-κB in preventing TNF-α-induced cell death. Science. 274:782-784.
17. Bhandari, V. 2008. Molecular mechanisms of hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury. Front. Biosci. 13:6653-6661.
18. Bhandari, V. and Elias, J. A. 2006. Cytokines in tolerance to hyperoxia-induced injury in the developing and adult lung. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 41:4-18.
19. Borok, Z., Mihyu, S., Fernandes, V. F., Zhang, X. L., Kim, K. J. and Lubman, R. L. 1999. KGF prevents hyperoxia-induced reduction of active ion transport in alveolar epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 276: C1352-C1360.
20. Boros, L. G., Torday, J. S., Paul Lee, W. N., and Rehan, V. K. 2002. Oxygen-induced metabolic changes and trans-diferentiation in immature fetal rat lung lipofibroblasts. Mol. Genet. Metab. 77:230-236.
21. Bostek, C. C. 1989. Oxygen toxicity: An introduction. AANA J. 57:231-237.
22. Bruce, M. C., Pawlowski, R. and Tomashefski, J. F. Jr. 1989. Changes in lung elastic fiber structure and concentration associated with hyperoxic exposure in the developing rat lung. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 140:1067-1074.
23. Buckley, S., Driscoll, B., Barsky, L., Weinberg, K., Anderson, K. and Warburton, D. 1999. ERK activation protects against DNA damage and apoptosis in hyperoxic rat AEC2. Am. J. Physiol. 277: L159-L166.
24. Budinger, G. R., Tso, M., McClintock, D. S., Dean, D. A., Sznajder, J. I. and Chandel, N. S. 2002. Hyperoxia-induced apoptosis does not require mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and is regulated by Bcl-2 proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 277:15654-15660.
25. Cacciuttolo, M. A., Trinh, L., Lumpkin, J. A. and Rao, G. 1993. Hyperoxia induces DNA damage in mammalian cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 14:267-276.
26. Cadenas, E. and Davies, K. J. 2000. Mitochondrial free radical generation, oxidative stress, and aging. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 29:222-230.
27. Calfee, C. S., Ware, L. B., Eisner, M. D., Parsons, P. E., Thompson, B. T., Wickersham, N. and Matthay, M. A.; NHLBI ARDS Network. 2008. Plasma receptor for advanced glycation end products and clinical outcomes in acute lung injury. Thorax 63:1083-1089.
28. Carlsson, L. M., Jonsson, J., Edlund, T. and Marklund, S. L. 1995. Mice lacking extracellular superoxide dismutase are more sensitive to hyperoxia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:6264-6268.
29. Carnesecchi, S., Deffert, C., Pagano, A., Garrido-Urbani, S., Métrailler-Ruchonnet, I., Schäppi, M., Donati, Y., Matthay, M. A., Krause, K. H. and Barazzone Argiroffo, C. 2009. NADPH oxidase-1 plays a crucial role in hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury in mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 180:972-981.
30. Carter, E. P., Wangensteen, O. D., O'Grady, S. M. and Ingbar, D. H. 1997. Effects of hyperoxia on Type II cell Na-K-ATPase function and expression. Am. J. Physiol. 272: L542-L551.
31. Carvalho, C. R., de Paula Pinto Schettino, G., Maranhão, B. and Bethlem, E. P. 1998. Hyperoxia and lung disease. Curr. Opin. Pulm. Med. 4:300-304.
32. Chan, K., Lu, R., Chang, J. C. and Kan, Y. W. 1996. Nrf2, a member of the NFE2 family of transcription factors, is not essential for murine erythropoiesis, growth, and development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:13943-13948.
33. Chang, L. and Karin, M. 2001. Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades. Nature 410:37-40.
34. Chen, L. F., and Greene, W. C. 2004. Shaping the nuclear action of NF-κB. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol. 5:392-401.
35. Cho, H. Y., Jedlicka, A. E., Reddy, S. P., Kensler, T. W., Yamamoto, M., Zhang, L. Y. and Kleeberger, S. R. 2002. Role of Nrf2 in protection against hyperoxic lung injury in mice. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 26:175-182.
36. Choi, A. M., Sylvester, S., Otterbein, L. and Holbrook, N. J. 1995. Molecular responses to hyperoxia in vivo: Relationship to increased tolerance in aged rats. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 13:74-82.
37. Choi, H., Kim, S. H., Chun, Y. S., Cho, Y. S., Park, J. W. and Kim, M. S. 2006. In vivo hyperoxic pre-conditioning prevents myocardial infarction by expressing bcl-2. Exp. Biol. Med. (Maywood). 231:463-472.
38. Chollet-Martin, S., Jourdain, B., Gibert, C., Elbim, C., Chastre, J. and Gougerot-Pocidalo, M. A. 1996. Interactions between neutrophils and cytokines in blood and alveolar spaces during ARDS. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154:594-601.
39. Corne, J., Chupp, G., Lee, C. G., Homer, R. J., Zhu, Z., Chen, Q., Ma, B., Du, Y., Roux, F., McArdle, J., Waxman, A. B. and Elias, J. A. 2000. IL-13 stimulates vascular endothelial cell growth factor and protects against hyperoxic acute lung injury. J. Clin. Invest. 106:783-791.
40. Cory, S. and Adams, J. M. 1998. Matters of life and death: Programmed cell death at Cold Spring Harbor. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 1377: R25-R44.
41. Covert, M. W., Leung, T. H., Gaston, J. E. and Baltimore, D. 2005. Achieving stability of lipopolysaccharide-induced NF-κB activation. Science 309:1854-1857.
42. Crapo, J. D., Barry, B. E., Foscue, H. A. and Shelburne, J. 1980. Structural and biochemical changes in rat lungs occurring during exposures to lethal and adaptive doses of oxygen. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 122:123-143.
43. D'Angio, C. T., LoMonaco, M. B., Johnston, C. J., Reed, C. K., and Finkelstein, J. N. 2004. Differential roles for NF-κB in endotoxin and oxygen induction of interleukin-8 in the macrophage. Am. J. Physiol. 286: L30-L36.
44. Das, K. C., Pahl, P. M., Guo, X. L. and White, C. W. 2001. Induction of peroxiredoxin gene expression by oxygen in lungs of newborn primates. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 25:226-232.
45. Dattilo, B. M., Fritz, G., Leclerc, E., Kooi, C. W., Heizmann, C. W. and Chazin, W. J. 2007. The extracellular region of the receptor for advanced glycation end products is composed of two independent structural units. Biochemistry 46:6957-6970.
46. Davis, R. J. 1994. MAPKs: New JNK expands the group. Trends Biochem. Sci. 19:470-473.
47. Eggler, A. L., Liu, G., Pezzuto, J. M., van Breemen, R. B. and Mesecar, A. D. 2005. Modifying specific cysteines of the electrophile-sensing human Keap1 protein is insufficient to disrupt binding to the Nrf2 domain Neh2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:10070-10075.
48. Eggler, A. L., Luo, Y., van Breemen, R. B. and Mesecar, A. D. 2007. Identification of the highly reactive cysteine 151 in the chemopreventive agentsensor Keap1 protein is method-dependent. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 20:1878-1884.
49. Errede, B. and Levin, D. E. 1993. A conserved kinase cascade for MAP kinase activation in yeast. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 5:254-260.
50. Feniger-Barish, R., Ran, M., Zaslaver, A. and Ben-Baruch, A. 1999. Differential modes of regulation of cxc chemokine-induced internalization and recycling of human CXCR1 and CXCR2. Cytokine 11:996-1009.
51. Fox, R. B., Hoidal, J. R., Brown, D. M. and Repine, J. E. 1981. Pulmonary inflammation due to oxygen toxicity: Involvement of chemotactic factors and polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 123:521-523.
52. Franek, W. R., Horowitz, S., Stansberry, L., Kazzaz, J. A., Koo, H. C., Li, Y., Arita, Y., Davis, J. M., Mantell, A. S., Scott, W. and Mantell, L. L. 2001. Hyperoxia inhibits oxidant-induced apoptosis in lung epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276:569-575.
53. Franek, W. R., Morrow, D. M., Zhu, H., Vancurova, I., Miskolci, V., Darley-Usmar, K., Simms, H. H., and Mantell, L. L. 2004. NF-κB protects lung epithelium against hyperoxia-induced non-apoptotic cell death-oncosis. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 37:1670-1679.
54. Freeman, B. A. and Crapo, J. D. 1981. Hyperoxia increases oxygen radical production in rat lungs and lung mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 256:10986-10992.
55. George, C. L., Fantuzzi, G., Bursten, S., Leer, L. and Abraham, E. 1999. Effects of lisofylline on hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Am. J. Physiol. 276: L776-L785.
56. Goodman, R. B., Strieter, R. M., Martin, D. P., Steinberg, K. P., Milberg, J. A., Maunder, R. J., Kunkel, S. L., Walz, A., Hudson, L. D. and Martin, T. R. 1996. Inflammatory cytokines in patients with persistence of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154:602-611.
57. Gottlob, K., Majewski, N., Kennedy, S., Kandel, E., Robey, R. B. and Hay, N. 2001. Inhibition of early apoptotic events by Akt/PKB is dependent on the first committed step of glycolysis and mitochondrial hexokinase. Genes Dev. 15:1406-1418.
58. Gross, A., McDonnell, J. M. and Korsmeyer, SJ. 1999. BCL-2 family members and the mitochondria in apoptosis. Genes Dev. 13:1899-1911.
59. Guthmann, F., Wissel, H., Schachtrup, C., Tolle, A., Rudiger, M., Spener, F., and Rustow, B. 2005. Inhibition of TNFα in vivo prevents hyperoxia-mediated activation of caspase 3 in Type II cells. Respir. Res. 6:10.
60. Hackett, N. R., Heguy, A., Harvey, B. G., O'Connor, T. P., Luettich, K., Flieder, D. B., Kaplan, R. and Crystal, R. G. 2003. Variability of antioxidant-related gene expression in the airway epithelium of cigarette smokers. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol Biol. 29:331-343. (Pubitemid 37093991)
61. Hall, D. A., Beresford, I. J., Browning, C, and Giles, H. 1999. Signaling by CXC-chemokine receptors 1 and 2 expressed in CHO cells: A comparison of calcium mobilization, inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and stimulation of GTPγS binding induced by IL-8 and GROα. Br. J. Pharmacol. 126:810-818.
62. Hanford, L. E., Enghild, J. J., Valnickova, Z., Petersen, S. V., Schaefer, L. M., Schaefer, T. M., Reinhart, T. A., and Oury, T. D. 2004. Purification and characterization of mouse soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (sRAGE). J. Biol. Chem. 279:50019-50024.
63. Hofmann, M. A., Drury, S., Fu, C, Qu, W., Taguchi, A., Lu, Y., Avila, C., Kambham, N., Bierhaus, A., Nawroth, P., Neurath, M. F., Slattery, T., Beach, D., McClary, J., Nagashima, M., Morser, J., Stern, D. and Schmidt, A. M. 1999. RAGE mediates a novel proinflammatory axis: A central cell surface receptor for S100/calgranulin polypeptides. Cell 97:889-901.
64. Hogg, N., Browning, J., Howard, T., Winterford, C., Fitzpatrick, D. and Gobé, G. 1999. Apoptosis in vascular endothelial cells caused by serum deprivation, oxidative stress and transforming growth factor-β. Endothelium 7:35-49.
65. Hori, O., Brett, J., Slattery, T., Cao, R., Zhang, J., Chen, J. X., Nagashima, M., Lundh, E. R., Vijay, S. and Nitecki, D. 1995. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a cellular binding site for amphoterin. Mediation of neurite outgrowth and co-expression of rage and amphoterin in the developing nervous system. J. Biol Chem. 270:25752-25761.
66. Huang, D. C. and Strasser, A. 2000. BH3-Only proteins-essential initiators of apoptotic cell death. Cell 103:839-842.
67. ICARE (Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology). 1999. Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology (ICARE) Surveillance Report, data summary from January 1996 through December 1997: A report from the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System. Am. J. Infect. Control. 27:279-284.
68. Ishii, T, Itoh, K., Takahashi, S., Sato, H., Yanagawa, T., Katoh, Y., Bannai, S. and Yamamoto, M. 2000. Transcription factor Nrf2 coordinately regulates a group of oxidative stress-inducible genes in macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 275:16023-16029.
69. Jamieson, D., Chance, B., Cadenas, E. and Boveris, A. 1986. The relation of free radical production to hyperoxia. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 48:703-719.
70. Jang, J. H., and Surh, Y. J. 2003. Potentiation of cellular antioxidant capacity by Bcl-2: Implications for its anti-apoptotic function. Biochem. Pharmacol 66:1371-1379.
71. Janssen, Y. M., Van Houten, B., Borm, P. J. and Mossman, B. T. 1993. Cell and tissue responses to oxidative damage. Lab. Invest. 69:261-274.
72. Jensen, J. C., Pogrebniak, H. W., Pass, H. I., Buresh, C., Merino, M. J., Kauffman, D., Venzon, D., Langstein, H. N. and Norton, J. A. 1992. Role of tumor necrosis factor in oxygen toxicity. J. Appl Physiol 72:1902-1907.
73. Jobe, A. J. 1999. The new BPD: An arrest of lung development. Pediatr. Res. 46:641-643.
74. Johnston, C. J., Wright, T. W., Reed, C. K. and Finkelstein, J. N. 1997. Comparison of adult and newborn pulmonary cytokine mRNA expression after hyperoxia. Exp. Lung Res. 23:537-552.
75. Katoh, S., Mitsui, Y., Kitani, K. and Suzuki, T. 1999. Hyperoxia induces the neuronal differentiated phenotype of PC1 2 cells via a sustained activity of mitogen-activated protein kinase induced by Bcl-2. Biochem. J. 338 (Pt 2):465-470.
76. Kim, Y. C., Masutani, H., Yamaguchi, Y., Itoh, K., Yamamoto, M., and Yodoi, J. 2001. Hemin-induced activation of the thioredoxin gene by Nrf2. A differential regulation of the antioxidant-responsive element by a switch of its binding factors. J. Biol. Chem. 276:18399-18406.
77. Kobayashi, A., Kang, M. I., Okawa, H., Ohtsuji, M., Zenke, Y., Chiba, T., Igarashi, K. and Yamamoto, M. 2004. Oxidative stress sensor Keap1 functions as an adaptor for Cul3-based E3 ligase to regulate proteasomal degradation of Nrf2. Mol Cell. Biol 24:7130-7139.
78. Koo, H. C., Davis, J. M., Li, Y., Hatzis, D., Opsimos, H., Pollack, S., Strayer, M. S., Ballard, P. L. and Kazzaz, J. A. 2005. Effects of transgene expression of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase on pulmonary epithelial cell growth in hyperoxia. Am. J. Physiol 288: L718-L726.
79. Kotecha, S., Mildner, R. J., Prince, L. R., Vyas, J. R., Currie, A. E., Lawson, R. A. and Whyte, M. K. 2003. The role of neutrophil apoptosis in the resolution of acute lung injury in newborn infants. Thorax 58:961-967.
80. Kroemer, G., Dallaporta, B. and Resche-Rigon, M. 1998. The mitochondrial death/life regulator in apoptosis and necrosis. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 60:619-642. (Pubitemid 28157889)
81. Kyriakis, J. M. 1999. Making the connection: Coupling of stress-activated ERK/MAPK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase) core signaling modules to extracellular stimuli and biological responses. Biochem. Soc. Symp. 64:29-48.
82. Lambeth, J. D. 2004. NOX enzymes and the biology of reactive oxygen. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4:181-189.
83. Lee, P. J. and Choi, A. M. 2003. Pathways of cell signaling in hyperoxia. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 35:341-350.
84. Li, Y., Zhang, W., Mantell, L. L., Kazzaz, J. A., Fein, A. M. and Horowitz, S. 1997. Nuclear factor-κB is activated by hyperoxia but does not protect from cell death. J. Biol. Chem. 272:20646-20649.
85. Lindsey, H. J., Kisala, J. M., Ayala, A., Lehman, D., Herdon, C. D. and Chaudry, I. H. 1994. Pentoxifylline attenuates oxygen-induced lung injury. J. Surg. Res. 56:543-548.
86. Loetscher, P., Seitz, M., Clark-Lewis, I., Baggiolini, M. and Moser, B. 1994. Both interleukin-8 receptors independently mediate chemotaxis. Jurkat cells transfected with IL-8R1 or IL-8R2 migrate in response to IL-8, GROα and NAP-2. FEBS Lett. 341:187-192.
87. Lu, Y., Parkyn, L., Otterbein, L. E., Kureishi, Y., Walsh, K., Ray, A. and Ray, P. 2001. Activated Akt protects the lung from oxidant-induced injury and delays death of mice. J. Exp. Med. 193:545-549.
88. Ludwig, A., Ehlert, J. E., Flad, H. D. and Brandt, E. 2000. Identification of distinct surface-expressed and intracellular CXC-chemokine receptor 2 glycoforms in neutrophils: N-Glycosylation is essential for maintenance of receptor surface expression. J. Immunol. 165:1044-1052.
89. Lukkarinen, H. P., Laine, J. and Kääpä, P. O. 2003. Lung epithelial cells undergo apoptosis in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. Pediatr. Res. 53:254-259.
90. Luo, Y., Eggler, A. L., Liu, D., Liu, G., Mesecar, A. D. and van Breemen, R. B. 2007. Sites of alkylation of human Keap1 by natural chemoprevention agents. J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom. 18:2226-2232.
91. Majewski, N., Nogueira, V., Robey, R. B. and Hay, N. 2004. Akt inhibits apoptosis downstream of BID cleavage via a glucose-dependent mechanism involving mitochondrial hexokinases. Mol. Cell. Biol. 24:730-740.
92. Mantell, L. L., Kazzaz, J. A., Xu, J., Palaia, T. A., Piedboeuf, B., Hall, S., Rhodes, G. C., Niu, G., Fein, A. F. and Horowitz, S. 1997. Unscheduled apoptosis during acute inflammatory lung injury. Cell Death Differ. 4:600-607.
93. Mantell, L. L. and Lee, P. J. 2000. Signal transduction pathways in hyperoxiainduced lung cell death. Mol. Genet. Metab. 71:359-370.
94. Mantell, L. L., Horowitz, S., Davis, J. M. and Kazzaz, J. A. 1999. Hyperoxia-induced cell death in the lung-the correlation of apoptosis, necrosis, and inflammation. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 887:171-180.
95. Marquette, C. H., Copin, M. C., Wallet, F., Neviere, R., Saulnier, F., Mathieu, D., Durocher, A., Ramon, P. and Tonnel, A. B. 1995. Diagnostic tests for pneumonia in ventilated patients: Prospective evaluation of diagnostic accuracy using histology as a diagnostic gold standard. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 151:1878-1888.
96. Martinou, J. C. and Green, D. R. 2001. Breaking the mitochondrial barrier. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2:63-67.
97. Matalon, S. and Egan, E. A. 1984. Interstitial fluid volumes and albumin spaces in pulmonary oxygen toxicity. J. Appl. Physiol. 57:1767-1772.
98. Matute-Bello, G., Liles, W. C., Radella, F. 2nd, Steinberg, K. P., Ruzinski, J. T., Jonas, M., Chi, E. Y., Hudson, L. D. and Martin, T. R. 1997. Neutrophil apoptosis in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 156:1969-1977.
99. McMahon, M., Itoh, K., Yamamoto, M. and Hayes, J. D. 2003. Keap1-dependent proteasomal degradation of transcription factor Nrf2 contributes to the negative regulation of antioxidant response element-driven gene expression. J. Biol. Chem. 278:21592-21600.
100. Métrailler-Ruchonnet, I., Pagano, A., Carnesecchi, S., Ody, C., Donati, Y. and Barazzone Argiroffo, C. 2007. Bcl-2 protects against hyperoxia-induced apoptosis through inhibition of the mitochondria-dependent pathway. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 42:1062-1074.
101. Micheau, O. 2003. Cellular FLICE-inhibitory protein: An attractive therapeutic target? Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 7:559-573.
102. Mittal, M., Roth, M., König, P., Hofmann, S., Dony, E., Goyal, P., Selbitz, A. C., Schermuly, R. T., Ghofrani, H. A., Kwapiszewska, G., Kummer, W., Klepetko, W., Hoda, M. A., Fink, L., Hänze, J., Seeger, W., Grimminger, F., Schmidt, H. H. and Weissmann, N. 2007. Hypoxia-dependent regulation of non-phagocytic NADPH oxidase subunit NOX4 in the pulmonary vasculature. Circ. Res. 101:258-267.
103. Moi, P., Chan, K., Asunis, I., Cao, A., and Kan, Y. W. 1994. Isolation of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a NF-E2-like basic leucine zipper transcriptional activator that binds to the tandem NF-E2/AP1 repeat of the β-globin locus control region. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:9926-9930.
104. Morse, D., Otterbein, L. E., Watkins, S., Alber, S., Zhou, Z., Flavell, R. A., Davis, R. J. and Choi, A. M. 2003. Deficiency in the c-Jun. NH2-terminal kinase signaling pathway confers susceptibility to hyperoxic lung injury in mice. Am. J. Physiol. 285: L250-L257.
105. Mueller, S. G., Schraw, W. P. and Richmond, A. 1994. Melanoma growth stimulatory activity enhances the phosphorylation of the Class II interleukin-8 receptor in non-hematopoietic cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:1973-1980.
106. Mukherjee, T. K., Mukhopadhyay, S. and Hoidal, J. R. 2008. Implication of receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) in pulmonary health and pathophysiology. Respir. Physiol. Neurobiol. 162:210-215.
107. Murray, L. A., Knight, D. A., McAlonan, L., Argentieri, R., Joshi, A., Shaheen, F., Cunningham, M., Alexopolou, L., Flavell, R. A., Sarisky, R. T. and Hogaboam, C. M. 2008. Deleterious role of TLR3 during hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 178:1227-1237.
108. Neeper, M., Schmidt, A. M., Brett, J., Yan, S. D., Wang, F., Pan, Y. C., Elliston, K., Stern, D., and Shaw, A. 1992. Cloning and expression of a cell surface receptor for advanced glycosylation end-products of proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 267:14998-15004.
109. O'Reilly, M. A. 2001. DNA damage and cell cycle checkpoints in hyperoxic lung injury: Braking to facilitate repair. Am. J. Physiol. 281: L291-L305.
110. Odoms, K., Shanley, T. P., and Wong, H. R. 2004. Short-term modulation of interleukin-1β signaling by hyperoxia: Uncoupling of IκB kinase activation and NF-κB-dependent gene expression. Am. J. Physiol. 286: L554-L562.
111. Ogawa, Y., Tasaka, S., Yamada, W., Saito, F., Hasegawa, N., Miyasho, T. and Ishizaka, A. 2007. Role of Toll-like receptor 4 in hyperoxia-induced lung inflammation in mice. Inflamm. Res. 56:334-338.
112. Oshiumi, H., Matsumoto, M., Funami, K., Akazawa, T., and Seya, T. 2003. TICAM-1, an adaptor molecule that participates in Toll-like receptor 3-mediated interferon-β induction. Nat. Immunol. 4:161-167.
113. Paez, J. and Sellers, W. R. 2003. PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway. A critical mediator of oncogenic signaling. Cancer Treat. Res. 115:145-167.
114. Pagano, A., Pitteloud, C., Reverdin, C., Métrailler-Ruchonnet, I., Donati, Y. and Barazzone Argirofo, C. 2005. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activation mediates lung epithelial cell death in vitro but is not essential in hyperoxia-induced lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 33:555-564.
115. Pantano, C., Anathy, V., Ranjan, P., Heintz, N. H., and Janssen-Heininger, Y. M. 2007. Non-phagocytic oxidase 1 causes death in lung epithelial cells via a TNF-RI-JNK signaling axis. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 36:473-479.
116. Papaiahgari, S., Kleeberger, S. R., Cho, H. Y., Kalvakolanu, D. V. and Reddy, S. P. 2004. NADPH oxidase and ERK signaling regulates hyperoxia-induced Nrf2-ARE transcriptional response in pulmonary epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 279:42302-42312.
117. Parinandi, N. L., Kleinberg, M. A., Usatyuk, P. V., Cummings, R. J., Pennathur, A., Cardounel, A. J., Zweier, J. L., Garcia, J. G. and Natarajan, V. 2003. Hyperoxiainduced NAD (P) H oxidase activation and regulation by MAP kinases in human lung endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 284: L26-L38.
118. Park, L., Raman, K. G., Lee, K. J., Lu, Y., Ferran, L. J., Jr., Chow, W. S., Stern, D., and Schmidt, A. M. 1998. Suppression of accelerated diabetic atherosclerosis by the soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products. Nat. Med. 4:1025-1031.
119. Parsons, P. E., Eisner, M. D., Thompson, B. T., Matthay, M. A., Ancukiewicz, M., Bernard, G. R., Wheeler, A. P., and NHLBI Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Clinical Trials Network. 2005. Lower tidal volume ventilation and plasma cytokine markers of inflammation in patients with acute lung injury. Crit. Care. Med. 33:1-6; discussion 230-232.
120. Pepperl, S., Dorger, M., Ringel, F., Kupatt, C., and Krombach, F. 2001. Hyperoxia up-regulates the NO pathway in alveolar macrophages in vitro: Role of AP-1 and NF-κB. Am. J. Physiol. 280: L905-L913.
121. Petrache, I., Choi, M. E., Otterbein, L. E., Chin, B. Y., Mantell, L. L., Horowitz, S. and Choi, A. M. 1999. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediates hyperoxia-induced apoptosis in cultured macrophage cells. Am. J. Physiol. 277: L589-L595.
122. Plas, D. R. and Thompson, C. B. 2002. Cell metabolism in the regulation of programmed cell death. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 13:75-78.
123. Polunovsky, V. A., Chen, B., Henke, C., Snover, D., Wendt, C., Ingbar, D. H. and Bitterman, P. B. 1993. Role of mesenchymal cell death in lung remodeling after injury. J. Clin. Invest. 92:388-397.
124. Pryhuber, G. S., O'Brien, D. P., Baggs, R., Phipps, R., Huyck, H., Sanz, I. and Nahm, M. H. 2000. Ablation of tumor necrosis factor receptor type I (p55) alters oxygen-induced lung injury. Am. J. Physiol. 278: L1082-L1090.
125. Qureshi, S. T., Zhang, X., Aberg, E., Bousette, N., Giaid, A., Shan, P., Medzhitov, R. M. and Lee, P. J. 2006. Inducible activation of TLR4 confers resistance to hyperoxia-induced pulmonary apoptosis. J. Immunol. 176:4950-4958.
126. Rahman, I. and MacNee, W. 2000. Regulation of redox glutathione levels and gene transcription in lung inflammation: Therapeutic approaches. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 28:1405-1420.
127. Raj, J. U., Hazinski, T. A. and Bland, R. D. 1985. Oxygen-induced lung microvascular injury in neutropenic rabbits and lambs. J. Appl. Physiol. 58:921-927.
128. Rangasamy, T., Cho, C. Y., Thimmulappa, R. K., Zhen, L., Srisuma, S. S., Kensler, T. W., Yamamoto, M., Petrache, I., Tuder, R. M. and Biswal, S. 2004. Genetic ablation of Nrf2 enhances susceptibility to cigarette smokeinduced emphysema in mice. J. Clin. Invest. 114:1248-1259.
129. Rangasamy, T., Guo, J., Mitzner, W. A., Roman, J., Singh, A., Fryer, A. D., Yamamoto, M., Kensler, T. W., Tuder, R. M., Georas, S. N. and Biswal, S. 2005. Disruption of Nrf2 enhances susceptibility to severe airway inflammation and asthma in mice. J. Exp. Med. 202:47-59.
130. Rasper, D. M., Vaillancourt, J. P., Hadano, S., Houtzager, V. M., Seiden, I., Keen, S. L., Tawa, P., Xanthoudakis, S., Nasir, J., Martindale, D., Koop, B. F., Peterson, E. P., Thornberry, N. A., Huang, J., MacPherson, D. P., Black, S. C., Hornung, F., Lenardo, M. J., Hayden, M. R., Roy, S. and Nicholson, D. W. 1998. Cell death attenuation by 'Usurpin', a mammalian DED-caspase homologue that precludes caspase-8 recruitment and activation by the CD-95 (Fas, APO-1) receptor complex. Cell Death Differ. 5:271-288.
131. Ray, P., Devaux, Y., Stolz, D. B., Yarlagadda, M., Watkins, S. C., Lu, Y., Chen, L., Yang, X. F. and Ray, A. 2003. Inducible expression of keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) in mice inhibits lung epithelial cell death induced by hyperoxia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:6098-6103.
132. Reddy, N. M., Kleeberger, S. R., Kensler, T. W., Yamamoto, M., Hassoun, P. M. and Reddy, S. P. 2009. Disruption of Nrf2 impairs the resolution of hyperoxia-induced acute lung injury and inflammation in mice. J. Immunol. 182:7264-7271.
133. Rehan, V., and Torday, J. 2003. Hyperoxia augments pulmonary lipofibroblast-to-myofibroblast trans-differentiation. Cell. Biochem. Biophys. 38:239-250.
134. Reynolds, P. R., Kasteler, S. D., Cosio, M. G., Sturrock, A., Huecksteadt, T. and Hoidal, J. R. 2008. RAGE: Developmental expression and positive feedback regulation by Egr-1 during cigarette smoke exposure in pulmonary epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 294: L1094-L1101.
135. Reynolds, P. R., Schmitt, R. E., Kasteler, S. D., Sturrock, A., Sanders, K., Bierhausm A., Nawrothm P. P., Paine, R., III. and Hoidal, J. R. 2009. Receptors for Advanced Glycation End-products (RAGE) targeting protect against hyperoxia-induced lung injury in mice. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 42:545-551.
136. Richards, M. J., Edwards, J. R., Culver, D. H. and Gaynes, R. P. 1999. Nosocomial infections in medical intensive care units in the United States. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. Crit. Care Med. 27:887-892.
137. Richardson, R. M., Pridgen, B. C., Haribabu, B., Ali, H. and Snyderman, R. 1998. Differential cross-regulation of the human chemokine receptors CXCR1 and CXCR2. Evidence for time-dependent signal generation. J. Biol. Chem. 273:23830-23836.
138. rd, Horowitz, S., Franek, W. R., Palaia, T., Miller, E. J., Lin, A., Birrer, M. J., Scott, W. and Mantell, L. L. 2003. MAPK pathways mediate hyperoxia-induced oncotic cell death in lung epithelial cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 35:978-993.
139. Roy, S., Khanna, S. and Sen, C. K. 2004. Perceived hyperoxia: Oxygen-regulated signal transduction pathways in the heart. Meth. Enzymol. 381:133-139.
140. Rushmore, T. H., Morton, M. R. and Pickett, C. B. 1991. The antioxidant responsive element. Activation by oxidative stress and identification of the DNA consensus sequence required for functional activity. J. Biol. Chem. 266:11632-11639.
141. Sakurai, A., Nishimoto, M., Himeno, S., Imura, N., Tsujimoto, M., Kunimoto, M. and Hara, S. 2005. Transcriptional regulation of thioredoxin reductase 1 expression by cadmium in vascular endothelial cells: Role of NF-E2-related factor-2. J. Cell. Physiol. 203:529-537.
142. Schaeffer, H. J. and Weber, M. J. 1999. Mitogen-activated protein kinases: Specific messages from ubiquitous messengers. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19:2435-2444.
143. Schmidt, A. M., Yan, S. D., Yan, S. F., and Stern, D. M. 2001. The multi-ligand receptor RAGE as a progression factor amplifying immune and inflammatory responses. J. Clin. Invest. 108:949-955.
144. Schoonen, W. G., Wanamarta, A. H., van der Klei-van Moorsel, J. M., Jakobs, C. and Joenje, H. 1990. Respiratory failure and stimulation of glycolysis in Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to normobaric hyperoxia. J. Biol. Chem. 265:1118-1124.
145. Schreck, R., Albermann, K., and Baeuerle, P. A. 1992. Nuclear factor-κB: AN oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review). Free. Rad. Res. Commun. 17:221-237.
146. Schreck, R., Rieber, P. and Baeuerle, P. A. 1991. Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-κB transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO J. 10:2247-2258.
147. Semenza, G. L. 2001. HIF-1, 0 (2), and the 3 PHDs: How animal cells signal hypoxia to the nucleus. Cell. 107:1-3.
148. Seta, K. A., Yuan, Y., Spicer, Z., Lu, G., Bedard, J., Ferguson, T. K., Pathrose, P., Cole-Strauss, A., Kaufhold, A. and Millhorn, D. E. 2004. The role of calcium in hypoxia-induced signal transduction and gene expression. Cell Calcium 36:331-340.
149. Shea, L. M., Beehler, C., Schwartz, M., Shenkar, R., Tuder, R., and Abraham, E. 1996. Hyperoxia activates NF-κB and increases TNFα and IFNγ gene expression in mouse pulmonary lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 157:3902-3908.
150. Shenkar, R., and Abraham, E. 1997. Hemorrhage induces rapid in vivo activation of CREB and NF-κB in murine intraparenchymal lung mononuclear cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 16:145-152.
151. Shenkar, R., Schwartz, M. D., Terada, L. S., Repine, J. E., McCord, J., and Abraham, E. 1996. Hemorrhage activates NF-κB in murine lung mononuclear cells in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. 270: L729-L735.
152. Slutsky, A. S. 1999. Lung injury caused by mechanical ventilation. Chest 116:9S-15S.
153. Snider, G. L. and Rinaldo, J. E. 1980. Oxygen therapy, oxygen therapy in medical patients hospitalized outside of the intensive care unit. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 122:29-36.
154. Sternberg, D. I., Gowda, R., Mehra, D., Qu, W., Weinberg, A., Twaddell, W., Sarkar, J., Wallace, A., Hudson, B., D'Ovidio, F., Arcasoy, S., Ramasamy, R., D'Armiento, J., Schmidt, A. M. and Sonett, J. R. 2008. Blockade of receptor for advanced glycation end product attenuates pulmonary reperfusion injury in mice. J. Thomc. Cardiovasc. Surg. 136:1576-1585.
155. Stewart, D., Killeen, E., Naquin, R., Alam, S. and Alam, J. 2003. Degradation of transcription factor Nrf2 via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
156. Sue, R. D., Belperio, J. A., Burdick, M. D., Murray, L. A., Xue, Y. Y., Dy, M. C., Kwon, J. J., Keane, M. P. and Strieter, R. M. 2004. CXCR2 is critical to hyperoxia-induced lung injury. J. Immunol 172:3860-3868.
157. Suzuki, Y., Nishio, K., Takeshita, K., Takeuchi, O., Watanabe, K., Sato, N., Naoki, K., Kudo, H., Aoki, T. and Yamaguchi, K. 2000. Effect of steroid on hyperoxia-induced ICAM-1 expression in pulmonary endothelial cells. Am. J. Physiol 278: L245-L252.
158. Takeda, K. and Akira, S. 2004. TLR signaling pathways. Semin. Immunol 16:3-9.
159. Tang, F., Tang, G., Xiang, J., Dai, Q., Rosner, M. R., and Lin, A. 2002. The absence of NF-κB-mediated inhibition of c-Jun. N-terminal kinase activation contributes to tumor necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell. Biol 22:8571-8579.
160. Tang, G., White, J. E., Gordon, R. J., Lumb, P. D. and Tsan, M. F. 1993. Polyethylene glycol-conjugated superoxide dismutase protects rats against oxygen toxicity. J. Appl. Physiol. 74:1425-1431.
161. Thornalley, P. J. 1998. Cell activation by glycated proteins. AGE receptors, receptor recognition factors and functional classification of AGEs. Cell. Mol Biol. (Noisy-le-grand). 44:1013-1023.
162. Tsan, M. F. 2001. Superoxide dismutase and pulmonary oxygen toxicity: Lessons from transgenic and knockout mice (Review). Int. J. Mol Med. 7:13-19.
163. 2 toxicity: Role of endogenous tumor necrosis factor. Exp. Lung Res. 21:589-597.
164. Turrens, J. F. 2003. Mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species. J. Physiol. (Lond.). 552:335-344.
165. Uchida, T., Shirasawa, M., Ware, L. B., Kojima, K., Hata, Y., Makita, K., Mednick, G., Matthay, Z. A. and Matthay, M. A. 2006. Receptor for advanced glycation end-products is a marker of Type I cell injury in acute lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 173:1008-1015.
166. Ushio-Fukai, M. 2006. Localizing NADPH oxidase-derived ROS. Sci STKE 349: re8.
167. Van Antwerp, D. J., Martin, S. J., Kafri, T., Green, D. R. and Verma, I. M. 1996. Suppression of TNF-α-induced apoptosis by NF-κB. Science 274:787-789.
168. Villalba M., Bushway P., and Altman A. 2001. Protein kinase C-θ mediates a selective T-cell survival signal via phosphorylation of BAD. J. Immunol 166:5955-5963.
169. Vollrath, V., Wielandt, A. M., Iruretagoyena, M. and Chianale, J. 2006. Role of Nrf2 in the regulation of the Mrp2 (ABCC2) gene. Biochem. J. 395:599-609.
170. Walsh, C. M., Luhrs, K. A. and Arechiga, A. F. 2003. The "fuzzy logic" of the death-inducing signaling complex in lymphocytes. J. Clin. Immunol 23:333-353.
171. Wang, X., Ryter, S. W., Dai, C., Tang, Z. L., Watkins, S. C., Yin, X. M., Song, R. and Choi, A. M. 2003. Necrotic cell death in response to oxidant stress involves the activation of the apoptogenic caspase-8/bid pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 278:29184-29191.
172. Wang, X., Wang, Y., Kim, H. P., Choi, A. M. and Ryter, S. W. 2007. FLIP inhibits endothelial cell apoptosis during hyperoxia by suppressing Bax. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 42:1599-1609.
173. Wang, X., Wang, Y., Zhang, J., Kim, H. P., Ryter, S. W., and Choi, A. M. 2005. FLIP protects against hypoxia/re-oxygenation-induced endothelial cell apoptosis by inhibiting Bax activation. Mol Cell Biol. 25:4742-4751.
174. Ward, N. S., Waxman, A. B., Homer, R. J., Mantell, L. L., Einarsson, O., Du, Y. and Elias, J. A. 2000. Interleukin-6-induced protection in hyperoxic acute lung injury. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 22:535-542.
175. Waskiewicz, A. J. and Cooper, J. A. 1995. Mitogen and stress response pathways: MAP kinase cascades and phosphatase regulation in mammals and yeast. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7:798-805.
176. Waxman, A. B., Einarsson, O., Seres, T., Knickelbein, R. G., Homer, R., Warshaw, J. B., Johnston, R. and Elias, J. A. 1999. Targeted lung expression of interleukin-11 enhances murine tolerance of 100% oxygen and diminishes hyperoxia-induced DNA fragmentation. Chest. 116:8S-9S.
177. Weber, A. N., Tauszig-Delamasure, S., Hoffmann, J. A., Lelievre, E., Gascan, H., Ray, K. P., Morse, M. A., Imler, J. L., and Gay, N. J. 2003. Binding of the Drosophila cytokine Spatzle to Toll is direct and establishes signaling. Nat. Immunol. 4:794-800.
178. Wendt, C. H., Sharma, R., Towle, H., Gick, G. and Ingbar, D. H. 1999. Hyperoxia upregulated Na, K-adenosine triphosphatase β1 gene transcription. Chest. 116:87S-88S.
179. White, C. W., Avraham, K. B., Shanley, P. F. and Groner, Y. 1991. Transgenic mice with expression of elevated levels of copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in the lungs are resistant to pulmonary oxygen toxicity. J. Clin Invest. 87:2162-2168.
180. Whiteman, E. L., Cho, H. and Birnbaum, M. J. 2002. Role of Akt/protein kinase B in metabolism. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 13:444-451.
181. Widmann, C., Gibson, S., Jarpe, M. B. and Johnson, G. L. 1999. Mitogen-activated protein kinase: Conservation of a three-kinase module from yeast to human. Physiol. Rev. 79:143-180.
182. Windhorst, C., Harth, R., and Wagoner, C. 2009. Patients requiring tracheostomy and mechanical ventilation. ASHA. Leader 1:10-13.
183. Wispe, J. R. and Roberts, R. J. 1987. Molecular basis of pulmonary oxygen toxicity. Clin. Perinatol 14:651-666.
184. Wong, H. R., Odoms, K. K., Denenberg, A. G., Allen, G. L. and Shanley, T. P. 2002. Hyperoxia prolongs tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated activation of NF-κB: Role of IκB kinase. Shock 17:274-279.
185. Yan, S. D., Chen, X., Fu, J., Chen, M., Zhu, H., Roher, A., Slattery, T., Zhao, L., Nagashima, M., Morser, J., Migheli, A., Nawroth, P., Stern, D. and Schmidt, A. M. 1996. RAGE and amyloid-β peptide neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Nature 382:685-691.
186. Yang, G., Abate, A., George, A. G., Weng, Y. H., and Dennery, P. A. 2004. Maturational differences in lung NF-κB activation and their role in tolerance to hyperoxia. J. Clin. Invest. 114:669-678.
187. Yonekura, H., Yamamoto, Y., Sakurai, S., Petrova, R. G., Abedin, M. J., Li, H., Yasui, K., Takeuchi, M., Makita, Z., Takasawa, S., Okamoto, H., Watanabe, T. and Yamamoto, H. 2003. Novel splice variants of the receptor for advanced glycation end-products expressed in human vascular endothelial cells and pericytes, and their putative roles in diabetes-induced vascular injury. Biochem. J. 370:1097-1109.
188. Zaher, T. E., Miller, E. J., Morrow, D. M., Javdan, M. and Mantell, L. L. 2007. Hyperoxia-induced signal transduction pathways in pulmonary epithelial cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 42:897-908.
189. Zhang, D. D. 2006. Mechanistic studies of the Nrf2-Keapl signaling pathway. DrugMetab. Rev. 38:769-789.
190. Zhang, D. D. and Hannink, M. 2003. Distinct cysteine residues in Keapl are required for Keapl-dependent ubiquitination of Nrf2 and for stabilization of Nrf2 by chemopreventive agents and oxidative stress. Mol Cell. Biol 23:8137-8151.
191. Zhang, X., Shan, P., Qureshi, S., Homer, R., Medzhitov, R., Noble, P. W. and Lee, P. J. 2005. Cutting edge: TLR4 deficiency confers susceptibility to lethal oxidant lung injury. J. Immunol. 175:4834-4838.
192. Zhang, X., Shan, P., Sasidhar, M., Chupp, G. L., Flavell, R. A., Choi, A. M. and Lee, P. J. 2003. Reactive oxygen species and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase mediate hyperoxia-induced cell death in lung epithelium. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 28:305-315.