Physical and mechanical characterizations of oil palm fruit bunch fiber filled polypropylene composites

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

Volumn 29, Issue 21, 2010, Pages 3173-3184

  Kalam, A ^a   Berhan, Mn ^a   Ismail, H ^b  

^a UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA   (Malaysia)

^b SCHOOL OF MATERIALS AND MINERAL RESOURCES ENGINEERING   (Malaysia)

Author keywords

discontinuous reinforcement; mechanical properties; natural fiber composites; oil palm fruit bunch fiber

Indexed keywords

DISCONTINUOUS REINFORCEMENT; ELONGATION AT BREAK; FLEXURAL PROPERTIES; FRACTURE SURFACES; HYDROPHILIC CHARACTERISTICS; INITIAL STAGES; MALEIC ANHYDRIDE POLYPROPYLENES; MATRIX; MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATIONS; NATURAL FIBER COMPOSITES; OIL PALM FRUIT BUNCH FIBERS; PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; POLYPROPYLENE COMPOSITE; SEM OBSERVATION; THERMAL STABILITY; WATER ABSORPTION BEHAVIOR; WATER UPTAKE;

COUPLING AGENTS; FILLED POLYMERS; FILLERS; FRUITS; IMPACT STRENGTH; MALEIC ANHYDRIDE; NATURAL FIBERS; REINFORCEMENT; TENSILE STRENGTH; THERMODYNAMIC STABILITY; THERMOPLASTICS; WATER ABSORPTION;

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES;

COUPLING AGENTS; FILLERS; FRUITS; IMPACT STRENGTH; MALEIC ANHYDRIDE; MECHANICAL PROPERTIES; NATURAL FIBERS; POLYMERS; REINFORCEMENT; TENSILE STRENGTH; THERMAL PROPERTIES; THERMOPLASTICS; WATER ABSORPTION;

EID: 78649239964     PISSN: 07316844     EISSN: 15307964     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0731684410367963     Document Type: Article

References (51)

1. Khalid MS, Ali L., Abdullah C, Ratnam, and Choong ST Effect of MAPP as coupling agent on the mechanical properties of palm fiber empty fruit bunch and cellulose polypropylene biocomposites. Int J Eng Technol 2006 ; 3 (1). 79-84.
2. Antich P., Vázquez A., Mondragon I., and Bernal C. Mechanical behavior of high impact polystyrene reinforced with short sisal fibers. Compos Part A-Appl S 2006 ; 37: 139-150.
3. Taha I. and Ziegmann G. A comparison of mechanical properties of natural fiber filled biodegradable and polyolefin polymers. J Compos Mater 2006 ; 40: 1933-1946.
4. Fuad MYA, Ismail Z., Ishak ZAM, and Omar AKM. Application of rice husk ash as fillers in polypropylene: Effect of titanate, zirconate and silane coupling agents. Eur Polym J 1995 ; 31 (9). 885-893.
5. Matuana LM, Park CB, and Balatinecz JJ Cell morphology and property relationships of microcellular foamed PVC/wood-fiber composites. Polym Eng Sci 1998 ; 38 (11). 1862-1872.
6. Yang HS, Wolcott MP, Kim HS, Kim S., and Kim HJ Effect of different compatibilizing agents on the mechanical properties of lignocellulosic material filled polyethylene bio-composites. Compos Struct 2007 ; 79: 369-375.
7. Bos HL, Mussig JM, and Oever Mjavd. Mechanical properties of short-flax-fiber reinforced compounds. Compos Part A-Appl S 2006 ; 37: 1591-1604.
8. Hughes M., Hill CAS, and Hague JRB. The fracture toughness of bast fiber reinforced polyester composites Part 1 Evaluation and analysis. J Mater Sci 2002 ; 37: 4669-4676.
9. Kalam A., Sahari BB, Khalid YA, and Wong SV Fatigue behavior of oil palm fruit bunch fiber/epoxy and carbon fibre/epoxy composites. Compos Struct 2005 ; 71: 34-44.
10. Kalam A., Wahab NA and Halim Z. Oil palm fruit bunch residues as a fiber source for polymer matrix composites. In: The 9th Japan international SAMPE symposium, Tokyo, Japan, 2005.
11. Khalil Hpsa, Hanida S., Kang CW, and Fuaad NAN. Agro-hybrid Composite: The Effects on mechanical and physical properties of oil palm fiber (EFB)/glass hybrid reinforced polyester composites. J Reinf Plast Comp 2007 ; 26: 203-218.
12. Khalid M., Ratnam CT, Chuah TG, Ali S., and Choong TSY. Comparative study of polypropylene composites reinforced with oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber and oil palm derived cellulose. Mater Design 2008 ; 29: 173-178.
13. Bakar AA, Hassan A., and Yusof AFM. Effect of oil palm empty fruit bunch and acrylic impact modifier on mechanical properties and processability of unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) composites. Polym-Plast Technol 2005 ; 44: 1125-1137. (Pubitemid 41093878)
14. Ismail H., Rozman HD, Jaffri RM, and Ishak ZAM. Oil palm wood flour reinforced epoxidized natural rubber composites: The effect of filler content and size. Eur Polym J 1997 ; 33 (10-12). 1627-1632. (Pubitemid 127377224)
15. Rozman HD, Tay GS, Abubakar A., and Kumar RN Tensile properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch-polyurethane composites. Eur Polym J 2001 ; 37: 1759-1765.
16. Rozman HD, Saad MJ, and Ishak ZAM. Flexural and impact properties of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB)- polypropylene composites - the effect of maleic anhydride chemical modification of EFB. Polym Test 2003 ; 22: 335-341.
17. Agarwal BD and Broutman LJ Analysis and performance of fiber composites. New York: Wiley-Interscience publication, 1980.
18. German RM Powder metallurgy and particulate materials processing. Princeton: MPIF - Metal Powder lndusrties Federation, 2005.
19. Ragosta G., Abbate M., Musto P., Scarinzi G., and Mascia L. Epoxy-silica particulate nanocomposites: Chemical interactions, reinforcement and fracture toughness. Polymer 2005 ; 46: 10506-10516.
20. Bourmaud A. and Pimbert S. Investigations on mechanical properties of poly(propylene) and poly(lactic acid) reinforced by miscanthus fibers. Compos Part A-Appl S 2008 ; 39: 1444-1454.
21. Abdelmouleh M., Boufi S., Belgacem MN, and Dufresne A. Short natural-fiber reinforced polyethylene and natural rubber composites: Effect of silane coupling agents and fibers loading. Compos Sci Technol 2007 ; 67: 1627-1639.
22. Rowell RM, Han JS, and Rowell JS Characterization and factors effecting fiber properties. In: Frollini E, Leo AL, Mattoso LHC (eds) Natural polymers and agrofibers based composites, San Carlos, Brazil: Embrapa Farming Instrumentation, 2000, pp. 115-134.
23. Sanschagrin B., Sean ST, and Kokta BV Mechanical properties of cellulose fibers reinforced thermoplastics. J Thermoplast Compos 1988 ; 1: 184-195.
24. Li Z. and Jiang WT A thermogravimetric investigation of alkylammonium intercalation into rectorite. Thermochim Acta 2009 ; 483: 58-65.
25. Panthapulakkal S. and Sain M. Agro-residue reinforced high-density polyethylene composites: Fiber characterization and analysis of composite properties. Compos Part A-Appl S 2007 ; 38: 1445-1454.
26. Mohanty AK, Misra M., and Drzal LT Natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2005.
27. Bakar AA, Hassan A., and Yusof AFM. Thermal degradation of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB)-filled PVC-U composites: The effect of filler content and acrylic impact modifier on thermal properties. JIMM 2004 ; 5 (2). 3-19.
28. Saheb DN and Jog JP Natural fiber polymer composites: A review. Adv Polym Tech 1999 ; 18 (4). 351-363.
29. Beg MDH and Pickering KL Reprocessing of wood fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. Part I: Effects on physical and mechanical properties. Compos Part A-Appl S 2008 ; 39: 1091-1100.
30. Kim HS, Kim S., Kim HJ, and Yang HS Thermal properties of bio-flour-filled polyolefin composites with different compatibilizing agent type and content. Thermochim Acta 2006 ; 451: 181-188.
31. Pracella M., Chionna D., Anguillesi I., Kulinski Z., and Piorkowska E. Functionalization, compatibilization and properties of polypropylene composites with hemp fibers. Compos Sci Technol 2006 ; 66: 2218-2230.
32. Sanadi AR, Caulfield DF Interphase effects on the mechanical and physical behavior of natural fiber composites. In: 2nd international wood and natural fiber composites symposium, Kassel, Germany, 1999, pp. 1-18.
33. Dastoorian F. and Tajvidi M. Influence of strain rate on the flexural properties of a wood flour/HDPE composite. J Reinf Plast Comp 2008 ; 27: 1701-1708.
34. Ichazo MN, Albano C., Gonzalez J., Perera R., and Candal MV Polypropylene/wood flour composites: Treatments and properties. Compos Struct 2001 ; 54: 207-214.
35. Saini G., Narula AK, Choudhary V., and Bhardwaj R. Effect of particle size and alkali treatment of sugarcane bagasse on thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of PVC-Bagasse composites. J Reinf Plast Comp 2009 ; 29: 731-740.
36. Sreekala MS, Kumaran MG, and Thomas S. Water sorption in oil palm fiber reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites. Compos Part A-Appl S 2002 ; 33: 763-777.
37. Soleimani M., Tabil L., Panigrahi S., Li X., Crerar B. Compression molding of flax fiber-polypropylene composites: Factors affecting selected properties, The Canadian Society for Bioengineering, 2006, Paper No. 06-162.
38. Hargitai H., Rácz I., and Anandjiwala RD Development of HEMP fiber reinforced polypropylene composites. J Thermoplast Compos 2008 ; 21: 165-174.
39. Liu H., Wu Q., Han G., Yao F., Kojima Y., and Suzuki S. Compatibilizing and toughening bamboo flour-filled HDPE composites: Mechanical properties and morphologies. Compos Part A-Appl S 2008 ; 39: 1891-1900.
40. Bengtsson M., Gatenholm P., and Oksman K. The effect of crosslinking on the properties of polyethylene/wood flour composites. Compos Sci Technol 2005 ; 65: 1468-1479.
41. Li Q. and Matuana LM Effectiveness of maleated and acrylic acid-functionalized polyolefin coupling agents for HDPE-wood-flour composites. J Thermoplast Compos 2003 ; 16: 551-564.
42. Park BD and Balatinecz JJ Effects of impact modification on the mechanical properties of wood-fiber thermoplastic composites with high impact polypropylene (HIPP). J Thermoplast Compos 1996 ; 9: 342-364.
43. Caulfield DF, Feng D., Prabawa S., Young RA, and Sanadi AR Interphase effects on the mechanical and physical aspects of natural fiber composites. Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 1999 ; 272: 57-64.
44. Khalil Hpsa, Shahnaz SBS, Ratnam MM, Ahmad F., and Fuaad NAN Recycle polypropylene (RPP) - wood saw dust (WSD) composites - Part 1: The effect of different filler size and filler loading on mechanical and water absorption properties. J Reinf Plast Comp 2006 ; 25: 1291-1303.
45. Ismail SH and Bakar AA The effect of paper sludge content and size on the properties of polypropylene (PP) - ethylene propylene diene terpolymer (EPDM) composites. J Reinf Plast Comp 2005 ; 24: 147-159.
46. Ahmad FN, Jaafar M., Palaniandy S., and Azizli KAM. Effect of particle shape of silica mineral on the properties of epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 2008 ; 68: 346-353.
47. Sanadi AR, Caulfield DF, Stark NM and Clemons CC Thermal and mechanical analysis of lignocellulosic polypropylene composites. In: The 5th international conference on woodfiber-plastic composites, Madison, WI, 1999, pp. 67-78.
48. Stark NM and Rowlands RE Effects of wood fiber characteristics on mechanical properties of wood/polypropylene composites. Wood Fiber Sci 2003 ; 35: 167-174.
49. Kitey R. and Tippur HV Role of particle size and filler- matrix adhesion on dynamic fracture of glass-filled epoxy. II. Linkage between macro- and micro-measurements. Acta Mater 2005 ; 53: 1167-1178. (Pubitemid 40114265)
50. Beg MDH and Pickering KL Mechanical performance of Kraft fiber reinforced polypropylene composites: Influence of fiber length, fiber beating and hygrothermal ageing. Compos Part A-Appl S 2008 ; 39: 1748-1755.
51. Kocsis JK Polypropylene: Structure, blends and composites 3. London: Chapman and Hall, 1995.