메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 55, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 289-299

Increasing elephant Loxodonta africana density is a more important driver of change in vegetation condition than rainfall

Author keywords

Loxodonta africana; Megaherbivores; Over abundance; Top down bottomup population limitation; Vegetation response; Wildlife management

Indexed keywords

ABUNDANCE; BIODIVERSITY; ECOLOGICAL IMPACT; ELEPHANT; HERBIVORE; MANAGEMENT PRACTICE; NDVI; NUMERICAL MODEL; POPULATION DENSITY; RAINFALL; VEGETATION DYNAMICS; WATER AVAILABILITY; WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT;

EID: 78649238570     PISSN: 00017051     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4098/j.at.0001-7051.076.2009     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (10)

References (73)
  • 1
    • 0000501656 scopus 로고
    • Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle
    • In, N. Petrov and F. Csadki, eds, Akademiai Kiado, Budapest
    • Akaike H. 1973. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. [In: Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Information Theory. N. Petrov and F. Csadki, eds]. Akademiai Kiado, Budapest: 267-281.
    • (1973) Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Information Theory , pp. 267-281
    • Akaike, H.1
  • 2
    • 0016355478 scopus 로고
    • A new look at the statistical model identification
    • Akaike H. 1974. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control AC 19: 716-723.
    • (1974) IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control AC , vol.19 , pp. 716-723
    • Akaike, H.1
  • 3
    • 5344233482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When range expansion rate is faster in marginal habitats
    • doi: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13129.x
    • Andersen R., Herfindal I., Saether B.-E., Linnell J. D. C., Odden J. and Liberg O. 2004. When range expansion rate is faster in marginal habitats. Oikos 107: 210-214. doi: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13129.x
    • (2004) Oikos , vol.107 , pp. 210-214
    • Andersen, R.1    Herfindal, I.2    Saether, B.-E.3    Linnell, J.D.C.4    Odden, J.5    Liberg, O.6
  • 5
    • 23044509574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A model-framed evaluation of elephant effects on tree and fire dynamics in African savannas
    • doi: 10.1890/02-5382
    • Baxter P. W. J. and Getz W. M. 2005. A model-framed evaluation of elephant effects on tree and fire dynamics in African savannas. Ecological Applications 15: 1331-1341. doi: 10.1890/02-5382
    • (2005) Ecological Applications , vol.15 , pp. 1331-1341
    • Baxter, P.W.J.1    Getz, W.M.2
  • 8
    • 0034957784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kullback-Leibler information as a basis for strong inference in ecologica studies
    • doi: 10.1071WR99107
    • Burnham K. P. and Anderson D. J. 2001. Kullback-Leibler information as a basis for strong inference in ecologica studies. Wildlife Research 28: 111-119. doi: 10.1071WR99107
    • (2001) Wildlife Research , vol.28 , pp. 111-119
    • Burnham, K.P.1    Anderson, D.J.2
  • 9
    • 34548052450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When protection falters
    • doi: 10.1111j.1365-2028.2007.00814.x
    • Caro T. M. and Scholte P. 2007. When protection falters African Journal of Ecology 45: 233-235. doi: 10.1111j.1365-2028.2007.00814.x
    • (2007) African Journal of Ecology , vol.45 , pp. 233-235
    • Caro, T.M.1    Scholte, P.2
  • 10
    • 84990137045 scopus 로고
    • The elephant problem - an alternative hypothesis
    • Caughley G. 1976. The elephant problem - an alternative hypothesis. East African Wildlife Journal 14: 265-283.
    • (1976) East African Wildlife Journal , vol.14 , pp. 265-283
    • Caughley, G.1
  • 11
    • 76649141181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate and landscape correlates of African lion (Panthera leo) demography
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01082.x
    • Celesia G. G., Peterson A. T., Kerbis Peterhans J. C. and Gnoske T. P. 2010. Climate and landscape correlates of African lion (Panthera leo) demography. African Journa of Ecology 48: 58-71. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01082.x
    • (2010) African Journa of Ecology , vol.48 , pp. 58-71
    • Celesia, G.G.1    Peterson, A.T.2    Kerbis Peterhans, J.C.3    Gnoske, T.P.4
  • 12
    • 34249002176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial patterns of NDVI-rainfall relationship at the seasonal and interannual time scales in an African savanna
    • Chamaille-Jammes S., Fritz H. and Murindagomo F. 2006 Spatial patterns of NDVI-rainfall relationship at the seasonal and interannual time scales in an African savanna. International Journal of Remote Sensing 27: 5185-5200.
    • (2006) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.27 , pp. 5185-5200
    • Chamaille-Jammes, S.1    Fritz, H.2    Murindagomo, F.3
  • 15
    • 0021537355 scopus 로고
    • Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of large African savanna mammals
    • East R. 1984. Rainfall, soil nutrient status and biomass of large African savanna mammals. African Journal of Ecology 22: 245-270.
    • (1984) African Journal of Ecology , vol.22 , pp. 245-270
    • East, R.1
  • 16
    • 44849132385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baobabs and elephants in Kruger National Park: No- where to hide
    • doi: 101111/j.1365-2028.2007.00798.x
    • Edkins M. T., Kruger L., Harris K. and Midgley J. J. 2008. Baobabs and elephants in Kruger National Park: no- where to hide. African Journal of Ecology 46: 119-128 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00798.x
    • (2008) African Journal of Ecology , vol.46 , pp. 119-128
    • Edkins, M.T.1    Kruger, L.2    Harris, K.3    Midgley, J.J.4
  • 17
    • 0142027922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Response of seasonal vegetation development to climatic variations in eastern central Asia
    • Fangfang Yu, Price K. P., Ellis J. and Shi P. 2003. Response of seasonal vegetation development to climatic variations in eastern central Asia. Remote Sensing Environment 87: 42-54.
    • (2003) Remote Sensing Environment , vol.87 , pp. 42-54
    • Fangfang, Y.1    Price, K.P.2    Ellis, J.3    Shi, P.4
  • 19
    • 0036944843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The influence of megaherbivores on the abundance of the trophic guilds in African ungulate communities
    • doi: 10.1007/s00442-002-0919-3
    • Fritz H., Duncan P. J., Gordon I. J. and Illius A. W. 2002. The influence of megaherbivores on the abundance of the trophic guilds in African ungulate communities. Oecologia 131: 620-625. doi: 10.1007/s00442-002-0919-3
    • (2002) Oecologia , vol.131 , pp. 620-625
    • Fritz, H.1    Duncan, P.J.2    Gordon, I.J.3    Illius, A.W.4
  • 20
    • 33846485158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surface water availability: Implications for heterogeneity and ecosystem processes
    • In, J. T. Du Toit, K. H. Rogers and H. C. Biggs, eds. Island Press Washington
    • Gaylard A., Owen-Smith N. and Redfern J. F. 2003. Surface water availability: implications for heterogeneity and ecosystem processes. [In: The Kruger experience: ecology and management of savanna heterogeneity. J. T. Du Toit, K. H. Rogers and H. C. Biggs, eds]. Island Press Washington: 171-188.
    • (2003) The Kruger experience: Ecology and management of savanna heterogeneity , pp. 171-188
    • Gaylard, A.1    Owen-Smith, N.2    Redfern, J.F.3
  • 23
    • 0000619755 scopus 로고
    • Simulation of regional climate using a limited area model nested in a general circulation model
    • Giorgi F. 1990. Simulation of regional climate using a limited area model nested in a general circulation model. Journal of Climate 3: 941-963.
    • (1990) Journal of Climate , vol.3 , pp. 941-963
    • Giorgi, F.1
  • 24
    • 0030430419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A regional model study of the importance of local versus remote controls of the 1988 drought and the 1993 flood over the central United States
    • Giorgi F., Mearns L. O., Shields C. and Mayer L. 1996. A regional model study of the importance of local versus remote controls of the 1988 drought and the 1993 flood over the central United States. Journal of Climate 9: 1150-1162.
    • (1996) Journal of Climate , vol.9 , pp. 1150-1162
    • Giorgi, F.1    Mearns, L.O.2    Shields, C.3    Mayer, L.4
  • 25
    • 34248649301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of density dependent regulation in Addo's elephant population
    • 464-441
    • Gough K. and Kerley G. I. H. 2006. Lack of density dependent regulation in Addo's elephant population. Oryx 40: 464-441.
    • (2006) Oryx , vol.40
    • Gough, K.1    Kerley, G.I.H.2
  • 26
    • 43249098043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A meta-analysis of the impact of African elephants on savanna vegetation
    • doi: 10.2193/2007-072
    • Guldemond R. and Van Aarde R. J. 2008. A meta-analysis of the impact of African elephants on savanna vegetation. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 892-899. doi: 10.2193/2007-072
    • (2008) Journal of Wildlife Management , vol.72 , pp. 892-899
    • Guldemond, R.1    Van Aarde, R.J.2
  • 27
    • 0002537707 scopus 로고
    • The feeding behaviour of elephant (Loxodonta africana) in the Sengwa area, Rhodesia
    • Guy P. R. 1976. The feeding behaviour of elephant (Loxodonta africana) in the Sengwa area, Rhodesia. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 6: 55-63.
    • (1976) South African Journal of Wildlife Research , vol.6 , pp. 55-63
    • Guy, P.R.1
  • 28
    • 63149152159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conservation management for the past, present and future
    • doi: 10.1007/s10531-008-9436-y
    • Hayward M. W. 2009a. Conservation management for the past, present and future. Biodiversity and Conservation Online early: doi: 10.1007/s10531-008-9436-y.
    • (2009) Biodiversity and Conservation Online early
    • Hayward, M.W.1
  • 29
    • 70450250199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The need to rationalize and prioritize threatening processes used to determine threat status in the IUCN Red List
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01260.x
    • Hayward M. W. 2009b. The need to rationalize and prioritize threatening processes used to determine threat status in the IUCN Red List. Conservation Biology 23: 1568-1677. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01260.x
    • (2009) Conservation Biology , vol.23 , pp. 1568-1677
    • Hayward, M.W.1
  • 30
    • 77951691514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of upgrading roads on the conservation of the threatened flightless dung beetle, Circellum bacchus (F.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaediae)
    • doi: 10.1649/0010-065X-64.1.75
    • Hayward M. W., Hayward G. J. and Kerley G. I. H. 2010. The impact of upgrading roads on the conservation of the threatened flightless dung beetle, Circellum bacchus (F.) (Coleoptera: Scarabaediae). The Coleopterists Bulletin 64: 75-83. doi: 10.1649/0010-065X-64.1.75
    • (2010) The Coleopterists Bulletin , vol.64 , pp. 75-83
    • Hayward, M.W.1    Hayward, G.J.2    Kerley, G.I.H.3
  • 31
    • 63449107252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grazers, browsers, and fire influence the extent and spatial pattern of tree cover in the Serengeti
    • doi: 10.1890/07-19541
    • Holdo R. M., Holt R. D. and Fryxell J. M. 2009. Grazers, browsers, and fire influence the extent and spatial pattern of tree cover in the Serengeti. Ecological Applications 19: 95-109. doi: 10.1890/07-19541
    • (2009) Ecological Applications , vol.19 , pp. 95-109
    • Holdo, R.M.1    Holt, R.D.2    Fryxell, J.M.3
  • 32
    • 33646014212 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large carnivores and ungulates in European temperate forest ecosystems: Bottom-up and top-down control
    • In, J. C. Ray, K. H. Redford, R. S. Steneck and J. Berger, eds. Island Press, Washington
    • Je{ogonek}drzejewska B. and Je{ogonek}drzejewski W. 2005. Large carnivores and ungulates in European temperate forest ecosystems: bottom-up and top-down control. [In: Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity. J. C. Ray, K. H. Redford, R. S. Steneck and J. Berger, eds]. Island Press, Washington: 230-246.
    • (2005) Large carnivores and the conservation of biodiversity , pp. 230-246
    • Jedrzejewska, B.1    Jedrzejewski, W.2
  • 33
    • 33846107623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impacts of elephants on biodiversity in the Eastern Cape subtropical thickets
    • Kerley G. I. H. and Landman M. 2006. The impacts of elephants on biodiversity in the Eastern Cape subtropical thickets. South African Journal of Science 102: 395-402.
    • (2006) South African Journal of Science , vol.102 , pp. 395-402
    • Kerley, G.I.H.1    Landman, M.2
  • 35
    • 0037500103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • From space to species: Ecological applications for remote sensing
    • Kerr J. T. and Ostrovsky M. 2003. From space to species: ecological applications for remote sensing. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 299-305.
    • (2003) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.18 , pp. 299-305
    • Kerr, J.T.1    Ostrovsky, M.2
  • 36
    • 0003655558 scopus 로고
    • U.S. Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service/National Climatic Data Centre/Satellite Data Services Division: Houston, USA
    • Kidwell K. B. 1990. Global vegetation index user's guide. U.S. Department of Commerce/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service/National Climatic Data Centre/Satellite Data Services Division: Houston, USA.
    • (1990) Global vegetation index user's guide
    • Kidwell, K.B.1
  • 37
    • 0002886917 scopus 로고
    • Elephants as agents of habitat and landscape change in East Africa
    • Laws R. M. 1970. Elephants as agents of habitat and landscape change in East Africa. Oikos 21: 1-15.
    • (1970) Oikos , vol.21 , pp. 1-15
    • Laws, R.M.1
  • 38
    • 35448938102 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Potential impacts of climate change on the distributions and diversity patterns of European mammals
    • Levinsky I., Skov F., Svenning J.-C. and Rahbek C. 2007. Potential impacts of climate change on the distributions and diversity patterns of European mammals. Biodiversity and Conservation 16: 3803-3816.
    • (2007) Biodiversity and Conservation , vol.16 , pp. 3803-3816
    • Levinsky, I.1    Skov, F.2    Svenning, J.-C.3    Rahbek, C.4
  • 39
    • 0034788006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protecting plants from elephants: Botanical reserve scenarios within the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa
    • Lombard A. T., Johnson C. F., Cowling R. M. and Pressey R. L. 2001. Protecting plants from elephants: botanical reserve scenarios within the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa. Biological Conservation 102: 191-203.
    • (2001) Biological Conservation , vol.102 , pp. 191-203
    • Lombard, A.T.1    Johnson, C.F.2    Cowling, R.M.3    Pressey, R.L.4
  • 40
    • 47949105845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the global pattern of protected area coverage: Relative importance of vertebrate biodiversity, human activities and agricultural suitability
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01899.x
    • Loucks C., Ricketts T. H., Naidoo R., Lamoreux J. F. and Hoekstra J. M. 2008. Explaining the global pattern of protected area coverage: relative importance of vertebrate biodiversity, human activities and agricultural suitability. Journal of Biogeography 35: 1337-1348. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01899.x
    • (2008) Journal of Biogeography , vol.35 , pp. 1337-1348
    • Loucks, C.1    Ricketts, T.H.2    Naidoo, R.3    Lamoreux, J.F.4    Hoekstra, J.M.5
  • 41
    • 0141570944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of NOAA-AVHHR NDVI images for the estimation of dynamic fire risk in Mediterranean areas
    • Madelli F., Romanelli S., Bottai L. and Zipoli G. 2003. Use of NOAA-AVHHR NDVI images for the estimation of dynamic fire risk in Mediterranean areas. Remote Sensing Environment 86: 187-197.
    • (2003) Remote Sensing Environment , vol.86 , pp. 187-197
    • Madelli, F.1    Romanelli, S.2    Bottai, L.3    Zipoli, G.4
  • 42
    • 33749122020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elephant impact on shoot distribution on trees and on rebrowsing by smaller herbivores
    • doi: 10.1016/j.actao.2006.02.005
    • Makhabu S. W., Skarpe C. and Hytteborn H. 2006. Elephant impact on shoot distribution on trees and on rebrowsing by smaller herbivores. Acta Oecologica 30: 136-146. doi: 10.1016/j.actao.2006.02.005
    • (2006) Acta Oecologica , vol.30 , pp. 136-146
    • Makhabu, S.W.1    Skarpe, C.2    Hytteborn, H.3
  • 43
    • 0036732531 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in miombo woodland cover in and around Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, Zimbabwe, in relation to elephants and fire
    • doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2028.2002.00355.x
    • Mapaure I. and Campbell B. M. 2002. Changes in miombo woodland cover in and around Sengwa Wildlife Research Area, Zimbabwe, in relation to elephants and fire. African Journal of Ecology 40: 212-219. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2028.2002.00355.x
    • (2002) African Journal of Ecology , vol.40 , pp. 212-219
    • Mapaure, I.1    Campbell, B.M.2
  • 44
    • 0034770279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The demography of an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) population in Amboseli, Kenya
    • doi: 10.1017/S0952836901001212
    • Moss C. J. 2001. The demography of an African elephant (Loxodonta africana) population in Amboseli, Kenya. Journal of Zoology 255: 145-156. doi: 10.1017/S0952836901001212
    • (2001) Journal of Zoology , vol.255 , pp. 145-156
    • Moss, C.J.1
  • 45
    • 21744447850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The response of elephants to the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation in a southern African agricultural landscape
    • doi: 10.1007/s10980-004-3159-6
    • Murwira A. and Skidmore A. K. 2005. The response of elephants to the spatial heterogeneity of vegetation in a southern African agricultural landscape. Landscape Ecology 20: 217-234. doi: 10.1007/s10980-004-3159-6
    • (2005) Landscape Ecology , vol.20 , pp. 217-234
    • Murwira, A.1    Skidmore, A.K.2
  • 46
    • 0037567254 scopus 로고
    • Generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 135: 370-385. Nemani R. R., Keeling C. D., Hashimoto H., Jolly W. M., Piper S. C., Tucker C., Myneni R. B. and Running S. W. 2003. Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999
    • doi: 10.1126/science.1082750
    • Nelder J. A. and Wedderburn R. W. M. 1972. Generalized linear models. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 135: 370-385. Nemani R. R., Keeling C. D., Hashimoto H., Jolly W. M., Piper S. C., Tucker C., Myneni R. B. and Running S. W. 2003. Climate-driven increases in global terrestrial net primary production from 1982 to 1999. Science 300: 1560-1563. doi: 10.1126/science.1082750
    • (1972) Science , vol.300 , pp. 1560-1563
    • Nelder, J.A.1    Wedderburn, R.W.M.2
  • 47
    • 78649263081 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • NOAA, National Climatic Data Centre, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, USA
    • NOAA 2008. WMO Resolution 40 Climate Data Webpage. National Climatic Data Centre, U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington, USA.
    • (2008) WMO Resolution 40 Climate Data Webpage
  • 50
    • 33645107177 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manifold interactive influences on the population dynamics of a multi-species ungulate assemblage
    • doi: 10.1890/04-1101
    • Owen-Smith N. and Mills M. G. L. 2006. Manifold interactive influences on the population dynamics of a multi-species ungulate assemblage. Ecological Monographs 76: 73-92. doi: 10.1890/04-1101
    • (2006) Ecological Monographs , vol.76 , pp. 73-92
    • Owen-Smith, N.1    Mills, M.G.L.2
  • 51
    • 0034964717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elephants and vegetation change in the Sahelo-Soudanian region of Cameroon
    • Pamo E. T. and Tchamba M. N. 2001. Elephants and vegetation change in the Sahelo-Soudanian region of Cameroon. Journal of Arid Environments 48: 243-253.
    • (2001) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.48 , pp. 243-253
    • Pamo, E.T.1    Tchamba, M.N.2
  • 53
    • 0001393268 scopus 로고
    • The influence of the African elephant on the vegetation of the Addo Elephant National Park
    • Penzhorn B. L., Robbertse P. J. and Olivier M. C. 1974. The influence of the African elephant on the vegetation of the Addo Elephant National Park. Koedoe 17: 137-158.
    • (1974) Koedoe , vol.17 , pp. 137-158
    • Penzhorn, B.L.1    Robbertse, P.J.2    Olivier, M.C.3
  • 55
    • 23944462814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relative role of winter and spring conditions: Linking climate and landscape-scale plant phenology to alpine reindeer body mass
    • Pettorelli N., Weladji R., Holand O., Mysterud A., Breie H. and Stenseth N. C. 2005b. The relative role of winter and spring conditions: linking climate and landscape-scale plant phenology to alpine reindeer body mass. Biology Letters 1: 24-26.
    • (2005) Biology Letters , vol.1 , pp. 24-26
    • Pettorelli, N.1    Weladji, R.2    Holand, O.3    Mysterud, A.4    Breie, H.5    Stenseth, N.C.6
  • 56
    • 85115695930 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Satellite time series correction of orbital drift artifacts using empirical mode decomposition
    • In:, N. Huang, ed. NASA, Colorado
    • Pinzon J., Brown M. E. and Tucker C. 2005. Satellite time series correction of orbital drift artifacts using empirical mode decomposition. [In: Hilbert-Huang, transform: introduction and applications. N. Huang, ed]. NASA, Colorado: 167-186.
    • (2005) Hilbert-Huang, transform: Introduction and applications , pp. 167-186
    • Pinzon, J.1    Brown, M.E.2    Tucker, C.3
  • 57
    • 0032193987 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A statistical study of NDVI sensitivity to seasonal and interannual rainfall variations in southern Africa
    • Richard Y. and Poccard I. 1998. A statistical study of NDVI sensitivity to seasonal and interannual rainfall variations in southern Africa. International Journal of Remote Sensing 19: 2907-2920
    • (1998) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.19 , pp. 2907-2920
    • Richard, Y.1    Poccard, I.2
  • 59
    • 0003543944 scopus 로고
    • African Elephant Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland
    • Said M. Y., Chunge R. N., Craig G. C., Thouless C. R., Barnes R. F. W. and Dublin H. T. 1995. African Elephant Database 1995. African Elephant Specialist Group of the Species Survival Commission, International Union for the Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland.
    • (1995) African Elephant Database 1995
    • Said, M.Y.1    Chunge, R.N.2    Craig, G.C.3    Thouless, C.R.4    Barnes, R.F.W.5    Dublin, H.T.6
  • 60
    • 38949155145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Woody cover in African savannas: The role of resources, fire and herbivory
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00360.x
    • Sankaran M., Ratnam J. and Hanan N. P. 2008. Woody cover in African savannas: the role of resources, fire and herbivory. Global Ecology and Biogeography 17: 236-245. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2007.00360.x
    • (2008) Global Ecology and Biogeography , vol.17 , pp. 236-245
    • Sankaran, M.1    Ratnam, J.2    Hanan, N.P.3
  • 61
    • 34548016771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population trends of antelopes in Waza National Park (Cameroon) from 1960 to 2001: The interacting effects of rainfall, flooding and human interventions
    • doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00774.x
    • Scholte P., Adam S. and Kadiri Serge B. 2007. Population trends of antelopes in Waza National Park (Cameroon) from 1960 to 2001: the interacting effects of rainfall, flooding and human interventions. African Journal of Ecology 45: 431-439. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2007.00774.x
    • (2007) African Journal of Ecology , vol.45 , pp. 431-439
    • Scholte, P.1    Adam, S.2    Kadiri Serge, B.3
  • 62
    • 0027007605 scopus 로고
    • Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis, and transpiration. III: A reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration scheme
    • Sellers P. J., Berry J. A., Collatz G. J., Field C. B. and Hall F. G. 1992. Canopy reflectance, photosynthesis, and transpiration. III: a reanalysis using improved leaf models and a new canopy integration scheme. Remote Sensing Environment 42: 187-216.
    • (1992) Remote Sensing Environment , vol.42 , pp. 187-216
    • Sellers, P.J.1    Berry, J.A.2    Collatz, G.J.3    Field, C.B.4    Hall, F.G.5
  • 63
    • 0344256438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vegetation and temperature condition indices from NOAA AVHRR data for drought monitoring in India
    • Singh R. P., Roy S. and Kogan F. 2003. Vegetation and temperature condition indices from NOAA AVHRR data for drought monitoring in India. International Journal of Remote Sensing 24: 4393-4402.
    • (2003) International Journal of Remote Sensing , vol.24 , pp. 4393-4402
    • Singh, R.P.1    Roy, S.2    Kogan, F.3
  • 64
  • 66
    • 34547599816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Megaparks for metapopulations: Addressing the causes of locally high elephant numbers in southern Africa
    • van Aarde R. J. and Jackson T. P. 2007. Megaparks for metapopulations: addressing the causes of locally high elephant numbers in southern Africa. Biological Conservation 134: 289-297.
    • (2007) Biological Conservation , vol.134 , pp. 289-297
    • van Aarde, R.J.1    Jackson, T.P.2
  • 67
    • 0037645571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Culling and the dynamics of the Kruger National Park African elephant population
    • van Aarde R. J., Whyte I. J. and Pimm S. L. 1999. Culling and the dynamics of the Kruger National Park African elephant population. Animal Conservation 2: 287-294.
    • (1999) Animal Conservation , vol.2 , pp. 287-294
    • van Aarde, R.J.1    Whyte, I.J.2    Pimm, S.L.3
  • 68
    • 43149102054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecological engineering by a mega-grazer: White rhino impacts on a South African savanna
    • Waldram M. S., Bond W. J. and Stock W. D. 2008. Ecological engineering by a mega-grazer: white rhino impacts on a South African savanna. Ecosystems 11: 101-112.
    • (2008) Ecosystems , vol.11 , pp. 101-112
    • Waldram, M.S.1    Bond, W.J.2    Stock, W.D.3
  • 70
    • 0008877344 scopus 로고
    • The ecological role of elephants in Africa
    • Western D. 1989. The ecological role of elephants in Africa. Pachyderm 12: 42-45.
    • (1989) Pachyderm , vol.12 , pp. 42-45
    • Western, D.1
  • 71
    • 34548052220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A half a century of habitat change in Amboseli National Park, Kenya
    • Western D. 2006. A half a century of habitat change in Amboseli National Park, Kenya. African Journal of Ecology 45: 302-310.
    • (2006) African Journal of Ecology , vol.45 , pp. 302-310
    • Western, D.1
  • 72
    • 3042569354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Woodland loss and restoration in a savanna park: A 20-year experiment
    • Western D. and Maitumo D. 2004. Woodland loss and restoration in a savanna park: a 20-year experiment. African Journal of Ecology 42: 111-121.
    • (2004) African Journal of Ecology , vol.42 , pp. 111-121
    • Western, D.1    Maitumo, D.2
  • 73
    • 0043249373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between interannual variations in satellite measures of northern forest greenness and climate between 1982 and 1999
    • doi: 10.1029/2002JD002510
    • Zhou L., Kaufmann R. K., Tian Y., Myneni R. B. and Tucker C. 2003. Relation between interannual variations in satellite measures of northern forest greenness and climate between 1982 and 1999. Journal of Geophysical Research 108: 4004. doi: 10.1029/2002JD002510.
    • (2003) Journal of Geophysical Research , vol.108 , pp. 4004
    • Zhou, L.1    Kaufmann, R.K.2    Tian, Y.3    Myneni, R.B.4    Tucker, C.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.