The heavy burden of psychiatric comorbidity in youth with autism spectrum disorders: A large comparative study of a psychiatrically referred population

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders

Volumn 40, Issue 11, 2010, Pages 1361-1370

  Joshi, Gagan ^a,b   Petty, Carter ^a,b   Wozniak, Janet ^a,b   Henin, Aude ^a,b   Fried, Ronna ^a,b   Galdo, Maribel ^a   Kotarski, Meghan ^a   Walls, Sarah ^a   Biederman, Joseph ^a,b  

^a MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

Autism spectrum disorders; Children and adolescents; Psychiatric comorbidity

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; AUTISM; CHILD; COMORBIDITY; DEMOGRAPHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MEDICAL HISTORY; PERVASIVE DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER NOT OTHERWISE SPECIFIED; POPULATION RESEARCH; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; AUTISTIC DISORDER; CASE-CONTROL STUDIES; CHILD; CHILD DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS, PERVASIVE; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMORBIDITY; COST OF ILLNESS; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; PSYCHIATRIC STATUS RATING SCALES; REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION;

EID: 78549272987     PISSN: 01623257     EISSN: 15733432     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-0996-9     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: Third edition text revision (DSM-III-R). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: Fourth edition (DSM-IV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: Fourth edition text revision (DSM-IV-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4. J Blacher L McIntyre 2006 Syndrome specificity and behavioural disorders in young adults with intellectual disability: Cultural differences in family impact Journal of Intellectual Disabilities 50 184 198 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2005. 00768.x
5. A Brereton B Tonge S Einfeld 2006 Psychopathology in children and adolescents with autism compared to young people with intellectual disability Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 36 863 870 10.1007/s10803-006- 0125-y 16897401 (Pubitemid 44440105)
6. CDC 2006 Parental report of diagnosed autism in children aged 4-17 years MMWR 55 481 486
7. Chambers, W. J., Puig-Antich, J., Hirsch, M., Paez, P., Ambrosini, P. J., Tabrizi, M. A., et al. (1985). The assessment of affective disorders in children and adolescents by semistructured interview. Test-retest reliability of the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children, present episode version. Archives of General Psychiatry, 42(7), 696-702.
8. EI deBruin RF Ferdinand S Meester FA De Nijs F Verheij 2007 High rates of psychiatric co-morbidty in PDD-NOS Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 877 886 10.1007/s10803-006-0215-x (Pubitemid 46790785)
9. D Ebert O Speck A Konig M Berger J Hennig F Hohagen 1997 1H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence for neuronal loss in the cingulated gyrus and the right striatum Psychological Research 74 173 176 10.1016/S0925-4927(97)00016-4 (Pubitemid 27315867)
10. J Endicott RL Spitzer JL Fleiss J Cohen 1976 The global assessment scale. A procedure for measuring overall severity of psychiatric disturbance Archives of General Psychiatry 33 766 771 938196
11. AJ Esbensen J Rojahn MG Aman S Ruedrich 2003 Reliability and validity of an assessment instrument for anxiety, depression, and mood among individuals with mental retardation Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 33 6 617 629 10.1023/B:JADD.0000005999.27178.55 14714931 (Pubitemid 38036319)
12. E Fombonne 2003 The prevalence of autism JAMA 289 87 89 10.1001/jama.289.1.87 12503982 (Pubitemid 36026283)
13. E Fombonne L Heavey L Smeeth LC Rodrigues C Cook PG Smith, et al. 2004 Validation of the diagnosis of autism in general practitioner records BMC Public Health 4 5 10.1186/1471-2458-4-5 15113435
14. E Fombonne S Chakrabarti 2001 No evidence for a new variant of measles-mumps-rubella-induced autism Pediatrics 108 108 158 10.1542/peds.108.4. e58
15. JA Frazier J Biederman CA Bellordcre SB Garfield B Geller BJ Coffey S Faraone 2001 Should the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder be considered in children with pervasive development disorder? Journal of Attention Disorders 4 203 211 10.1177/108705470100400402
16. KD Gadow CJ Devincent J Pomeroy A Azizian 2004 Psychiatric symptoms in preschool children with PDD and clinic and comparison samples Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34 379 396 10.1023/B:JADD.0000037415.21458.93 15449514 (Pubitemid 39127714)
17. KD Gadow CJ Devincent J Pomeroy A Azizian 2005 Comparison of DSM-IV symptoms in elementary school-aged children with PDD versus clinic and community samples Autism 9 392 415 10.1177/1362361305056079 16155056 (Pubitemid 41489547)
18. DA Geller J Biederman SV Faraone CA Bellordre GS Kim L Hagermoser K Cradock J Frazier BJ Coffey 2001 Disentangling chronological age from age of onset in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology 4 2 169 178 10.1017/S1461145701002395 11466167 (Pubitemid 32587385)
19. M Ghaziuddin E Weidmer-Mikhail N Ghaziuddin 1998 Comorbidity of Asperger syndrome: A preliminary report Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 42 Pt 4 279 283 9786442
20. C Gillberg 1992 Autism and autistic-like conditions: Subclasses among disorders of empathy Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 33 813 842 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb01959.x 1634591
21. S Goldstein A Schwebach 2004 The comorbidity of pervasive developmental disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Results of a retrospective chart review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 34 329 339 10.1023/B:JADD.0000029554.46570.68 15264500 (Pubitemid 38860213)
22. J Green A Gilchrist D Burton A Cox 2000 Social and psychiatric functioning in adolescents with Asperger syndrome compared with conduct disorder Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 30 279 293 10.1023/A: 1005523232106 11039855
23. I Harpaz-Rotem RA Rosenheck 2004 Changes in outpatient psychiatric diagnosis in privately insured children and adolescents from 1995-2000 Child Psychiatry and Human Development 34 329 340 10.1023/B:CHUD.0000020683.08514.2d 15039605 (Pubitemid 38992979)
24. S Herring K Gray J Taffe B Tonge D Sweeney S Einfeld 2006 Behaviour and emotional problems in toddlers with pervasive developmental disorders and developmental delay: Associations with parental mental health and family functioning Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Research 50 874 882 10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00904.x (Pubitemid 44697913)
25. Hollingshead, A. B. (1975). Four factor index of social status. New Haven: Yale Press.
26. S Holm 1979 A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure Scandinavian Journal of Statistics 6 65 70
27. R Kobayashi T Murata 1998 Behavioural characteristics of 187 young adults with autism Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 52 383 390 10.1046/j.1440-1819.1998.00415.x 9766685 (Pubitemid 28412944)
28. Langen, M., Durston, S., Staal, W. G., Palmen, S. J., & van Engeland, H. (2007). Caudate nucleus is enlarged in high-functioning medication-naive subjects with autism. Biological Psychiatry, 62(3), 262-266 (Epub 2007 Jan 16).
29. L Lecavalier 2006 Behavioral and emotional problems in young people with pervasive developmental disorders: relative prevalence, effects of subject characteristics, and empirical classification Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 36 8 1101 1114 10.1007/s10803-006-0147-5 16897387 (Pubitemid 46020362)
30. L Lecavalier KD Gadow CJ DeVincent MC Edwards 2009 Validation of DSM-IV model of psychiatric syndromes in children with autism spectrum disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39 2 278 289 10.1007/s10803-008- 0622-2 18654843
31. DO Lee OY Ousley 2006 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in a clinic sample of children and adolescents with pervasive developmental disorders Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 16 737 746 10.1089/cap.2006.16.737 17201617
32. JG Levitt, et al. 2003 Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of the brain in childhood autism Biological Psychiatry 54 12 1355 1366 10.1016/S0006-3223(03)00688-7 14675799 (Pubitemid 37522159)
33. OT Leyfer SE Folstein S Bacalman NO Davis E Dinh J Morgan 2006 Comorbid psychiatric disorders in children with autism: Interview development and rates of disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 36 849 861 10.1007/s10803-006-0123-0 16845581 (Pubitemid 44440104)
34. CJ McDougle L Scahill JT McCracken MG Aman E Tierney LE Arnold, et al. 2000 Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) Autism Network. Background and rationale for an initial controlled study of risperidone Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 9 1 201 224 10674197 Review
35. CJ McDougle KA Stigler DJ Posey 2003 Treatment of aggression in children and adolescents with autism and conduct disorder Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 64 16 25 12672261
36. Muris, P., Steerneman, P., Merckelbach, H., Holdrinet, I., & Meesters, C. (1998). Comorbid anxiety symptoms in children with pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 12(4), 387-393. (Pubitemid 28396186)
37. DG Murphy HD Critchley N Schmitz G McAlonan T Van Amelsvoort D Robertson E Daly A Rowe A Russell A Simmons KC Murphy P Howlin 2002 Asperger syndrome: A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of brain Archives of General Psychiatry 59 10 885 891 10.1001/archpsyc.59.10.885 12365875
38. RN Nikolov KE Bearss J Lettinga C Erickson M Rodowski MG Aman JT McCracken CJ McDougle E Tierney B Vitiello LE Arnold B Shah DJ Posey L Ritz L Scahill 2009 Gastrointestinal symptoms in a sample of children with pervasive developmental disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 39 405 413 10.1007/s10803-008-0637-8 18791817
39. Orvaschel, H. (1994). Schedule for affective disorder and schizophrenia for school-age children epidemiologic version. Ft. Lauderdale: Nova Southeastern University, Center for Psychological Studies.
40. Orvaschel, H., & Puig-Antich, J. (1987). Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children: Epidemiologic Version. Fort Lauderdale, FL: Nova University.
41. Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) Autism Network 2002 Risperidone in children with autism and serious behavioral problems New England Journal of Medicine 347 5 314 321 10.1056/NEJMoa013171 (Pubitemid 34815353)
42. Research Units on Pediatric Psychopharmacology (RUPP) Autism Network 2005 Randomized, controlled, crossover trial of methylphenidate in pervasive developmental disorders with hyperactivity Archives of General Psychiatry 62 11 1266 1274 10.1001/archpsyc.62.11.1266 (Pubitemid 41586926)
43. Rojas, D. C., Peterson, E., Winterrowd, E., Reite, M. L., Rogers, S. J., & Tregellas, J. R. (2006). Regional gray matter volumetric changes in autism associated with social and repetitive behavior symptoms. BMC Psychiatry, 6, 56.
44. Rosenberg, D. R., MacMaster, F. P., Keshavan, M. S., Fitzgerald, K. D., Stewart, C. M., & Moore, G. J. (2000). Decrease in caudate glutamatergic concentrations in pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder patients taking paroxetine. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1096-1103.
45. E Russell K Sofronoff 2005 Anxiety and social worries in children with Asperger syndrome Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39 633 638 15996146
46. L Scahill 2005 Diagnosis and evaluation of pervasive developmental disorders The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 66 19 25 16401146
47. S Scarone C Colombo S Livian M Abbruzzese P Ronchi M Locatelli, et al. 1992 Increased right caudate nucleus size in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Detection with magnetic resonance imaging Psychiatry Research 45 115 121 10.1016/0925-4927(92)90005-O 1488469
48. LL Sears C Vest S Mohamed J Bailey BJ Ranson J Piven 1999 An MRI study of the basal ganglia in autism Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 23 613 624 10.1016/S0278-5846(99)00020-2 10390720 (Pubitemid 29268406)
49. StataCorp. (2007). Stata statistical software: Release 10. College Station, TX: StataCorp LP.
50. H-C Steinhausen C Metzke 2004 Differentiating the behavioural profile in autism and mental retardation and testing of a screener European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 13 214 220 15365891
51. L Sterling G Dawson A Estes J Greenson 2008 Characteristics associated with presence of depressive symptoms in adults with autism spectrum disorder Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 38 1011 1018 10.1007/s10803-007- 0477-y 17975722
52. DG Sukhodolsky L Scahill KD Gadow LE Arnold MG Aman CJ McDougle JT McCracken E Tierney SW White L Lecavlier B Vitiello 2008 Parent-rated anxiety symptoms in children with pervasive developmental disorders: Frequency and association with core autism symptoms and cognitive functioning Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 36 117 128 10.1007/s10802-007-9165-9 17674186 (Pubitemid 351426652)
53. J Sverd 2003 Psychiatric disorders in individuals with pervasive developmental disorder Journal of Psychiatric Practice 9 111 127 10.1097/00131746-200303000-00003 15985922 (Pubitemid 36717610)
54. J Sverd R Sheth J Fuss 1995 Prevalence of pervasive developmental disorder in a sample of psychiatrically hospitalized children and adolescents Child Psychiatry and Human Development 25 221 240 10.1007/BF02250991 7621695
55. P Szatmari G Bartolucci R Bremner 1989 Asperger's syndrome and autism: Comparison of early history and out-come Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 31 709 720 10.1111/j.1469-8749.1989.tb04066.x 2599265
56. B Taylor E Miller R Lingam N Andrews A Simmons J Stowe 2002 Measles, mumps and rubella vaccination and bowel problems or developmental regression in children with autism: Population study British Medical Journal 324 393 396 10.1136/bmj.324.7334.393 11850369
57. Towbin, R. E. (1997). Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified. In Handbook of autism and pervasive developmental disorders, 2nd edn.
58. S Vickerstaff S Heriot M Wong A Lopes D Dossetor 2007 Intellectual ability, self-perceived social competence, and depressive symptomatology in children with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorders Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37 1647 1664 10.1007/s10803-006-0292-x 17146703 (Pubitemid 47476589)
59. DM Weisbrot KD Gadow CJ DeVincent J Pomeroy 2005 The presentation of anxiety in children with pervasive developmental disorders Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology 15 477 496 10.1089/cap.2005.15.477 16092912 (Pubitemid 41192833)
60. L Wing 1981 Asperger's syndrome: A clinical account Psychological Medicine 11 115 129 10.1017/S0033291700053332 7208735
61. S Wolff 1991 "Schizoid" personality in childhood and adult life: I. Vagaries of diagnostic labeling British Journal of Psychiatry 159 615 620 10.1192/bjp.159.5.615 1756336
62. Wolff, S. (1991b). Schizoid personality in childhood and adult life: III. The childhood clinical picture. British Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 629-635.
63. J Wozniak J Biederman S Faraone E Al 1997 Mania in children with pervasive developmental disorder revisited Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36 1552 1559 10.1097/00004583-199711000-00017 9394940 (Pubitemid 27461102)
64. Wozniak, J., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Frazier, J., Kim, J., Millstein, R., et al. (1997b). Mania in children with pervasive developmental disorder revisited. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1552-1559 (discussion 1559-1560). (Pubitemid 27461102)
65. Y Yoshida T Uchiyama 2004 The clinical necessity for assessing attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) symptoms in children with high-functioning pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 13 307 314 10.1007/s00787-004-0391-1 15490278 (Pubitemid 39390322)