Toddlers' Prosocial Behavior: From Instrumental to Empathic to Altruistic Helping

Child Development

Volumn 81, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 1814-1827

  Svetlova, Margarita ^a   Nichols, Sara R ^a   Brownell, Celia A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ALTRUISM; ARTICLE; ASSOCIATION; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; COOPERATION; EGO DEVELOPMENT; EMOTION; EMPATHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INFANT; INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; PRESCHOOL CHILD;

ADULT; ALTRUISM; CHILD DEVELOPMENT; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; COMMUNICATION; CUES; EMOTIONS; EMPATHY; FEMALE; HELPING BEHAVIOR; HUMANS; INFANT; MALE; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT;

EID: 78449293163     PISSN: 00093920     EISSN: 14678624     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01512.x     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Bakeman, R., & Adamson, L. B. (1984). Coordinating attention to people and objects in mother-infant and peer-infant interaction. Child Development, 55, 1278-1289.
2. Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., Powell, A. A., & Stocks, E. L. (2008). Prosocial motivation. In J. Y. Shah & W. L. Gardner (Eds.), Handbook of motivation science (pp. 135-149). New York: Guilford.
3. Bischof-Kohler, D. (1991). The development of empathy in infants. In M. E. Lamb & H. Keller (Eds.), Infant development: Perspectives from German-speaking countries (pp. 245-273). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum
4. Blake, P., & Rand, D. (2010). Currency value moderates equity preference among young children. Evolution and Human Behavior, 31, 210-218.
5. Brownell, C. A., & Carriger, M. S. (1990). Changes in cooperation and self-other differentiation during the second year. Child Development, 61, 1164-1174.
6. Brownell, C. A., & Kopp, C. B. (2007). Socioemotional development in the toddler years: Transitions and transformations. New York: Guilford.
7. Brownell, C. A., Svetlova, M., & Nichols, S. (2009). To share or not to share: When do toddlers respond to another's needs? Infancy, 14, 117-130.
8. Caplan, M. Z., & Hay, D. F. (1989). Preschoolers' responses to peers' distress and beliefs about bystander intervention. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 30, 231-242.
9. Carpendale, J. I., & Lewis, C. (2004). Constructing an understanding of mind: The development of children's social understanding within social interaction. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 27, 79-96.
10. Csibra, G., & Gergely, G. (2007). "Obsessed with goals": Functions and mechanisms of teleological interpretation of actions in humans. Acta Psychologica, 124, 60-78.
11. Demetriou, H., & Hay, D. F. (2004). Toddlers' reactions to the distress of familiar peers: The importance of context. Infancy, 6, 299-318.
12. Dunn, J. (1988). The beginnings of social understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
13. Eisenberg, N. (2005). The development of empathy-related responding. In G. Carlo & C. P. Edwards (Eds.), Moral motivation through the life span (pp. 73-117). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
14. Fasig, L. G. (2000). Toddlers' understanding of ownership: Implications for self-concept development. Social Development, 9, 370-382.
15. Fehr, E., & Rockenbach, B. (2004). Human altruism: Economic, neural, and evolutionary perspectives. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14, 784-790.
16. Flavell, J. H. (1999). Cognitive development: Children's knowledge about the mind. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 21-45.
17. Foster, K. R., Wenseleers, T., & Ratnieks, F. (2006). Kin selection is the key to altruism. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 21(2), 57-60.
18. Gergely, G., Egyed, K., & Kiraly, I. (2007). On pedagogy. Developmental Science, 10, 139-146.
19. Grusec, J. E. (2006). The development of moral behavior and conscience from a socialization perspective. In M. Killen & J. G. Smetana (Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp. 243-265). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
20. Grusec, J. E., Davidov, M., & Lundell, L. (2002). Prosocial and helping behavior. In P. K. Smith & C. H. Hart (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of childhood social development (pp. 457-474). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
21. Hay, D. F. (2006). Yours and mine: Toddlers' talk about possessions with familiar peers. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 39-52.
22. Hay, D. F., Caplan, M., Castle, J., & Stimson, C. A. (1991). Does sharing become increasingly "rational" in the second year of life? Developmental Psychology, 27, 987-993.
23. Hay, D. F., & Cook, K. V. (2007). The transformation of prosocial behavior from infancy to childhood. In C. A. Brownell & C. B. Kopp (Eds.), Socioemotional development in the toddler years: Transitions and transformations (pp. 100-131). New York: Guilford.
24. Hoffman, M. L. (1975). Developmental synthesis of affect and cognition and its implications for altruistic motivation. Developmental Psychology, 11, 607-622.
25. Hoffman, M. L. (2007). The origins of empathic morality in toddlerhood. In C. A. Brownell & C. B. Kopp (Eds.), Socioemotional development in the toddler years: Transitions and transformations (pp. 132-145). New York: Guilford.
26. Imbens-Bailey, A., & Pan, B. A. (1998). The pragmatics of self- and other-reference in young children. Social Development, 7(2), 219-233.
27. Kitcher, P. (1998). Psychological altruism, evolutionary origins, and moral rules. Philosophical Studies, 89, 283-316.
28. Lewis, C., & Carpendale, J. (2002). Social cognition. In P. K. Smith & C. H. Hart (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of childhood social development (pp. 376-393). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
29. Liszkowski, U., Carpenter, M., Striano, T., & Tomasello, M. (2006). 12-and 18-month-olds point to provide information for others. Journal of Cognition and Development, 7, 173-187.
30. Mascolo, M. E., & Fischer, K. W. (2007). The codevelopment of self and sociomoral emotions during the toddler years. In C. A. Brownell & C. B. Kopp (Eds.), Socioemotional development in the toddler years: Transitions and transformations (pp. 66-99). New York: Guilford.
31. Meltzoff, A. N. (1995). Understanding the intentions of others: Re-enactment of intended acts by 18-month-old children. Developmental Psychology, 31, 1-16.
32. Moll, H., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Fourteen-month-olds know what others experience only in joint engagement. Developmental Science, 10, 826-835.
33. Moore, C. (2006). The development of commonsense psychology. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
34. Moore, C. (2007). Understanding self and others in the second year. In C. A. Brownell & C. B. Kopp (Eds.), Socioemotional development in the toddler years: Transitions and transformations (pp. 43-65). New York: Guilford.
35. Moore, C., & Povinelli, D. J. (2007). Differences in how 12- and 24-month-olds interpret the gaze of adults. Infancy, 11, 215-231.
36. Perner, J., & Ruffman, T. (2005). Infants' insight into the mind: How deep? Science, 308(5719), 214-216.
37. Piliavin, J. A., & Charng, H.-W. (1990). Altruism: A review of recent theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 16, 27-65.
38. Radke-Yarrow, M. (1986). Affective development in young children. In T. B. Brazelton & M. W. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 145-152). Westport, CT: Ablex.
39. Repacholi, B. M., & Gopnik, A. (1997). Early reasoning about desires: Evidence from 14- and 18-month-olds. Developmental Psychology, 33, 12-21.
40. Rheingold, H. L. (1982). Little children's participation in the work of adults, a nascent prosocial behavior. Child Development, 53, 114-125.
41. Ruffman, T., Slade, L., Devitt, K., & Crowe, E. (2006). What mothers say and what they do: The relation between parenting, theory of mind, language and conflict/cooperation. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 105-124.
42. Sigman, M. D., Kasari, C., Kwon, J.-H., & Yirmiya, N. (1992). Responses to the negative emotions of others by autistic, mentally retarded, and normal children. Child Development, 63, 796-807.
43. Silk, J., Brosnan, S., Vonk, J., Henrich, J., Povinelli, D., Richardson, A. S., et al. (2005). Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members. Nature, 437, 1357-1359.
44. Smiley, P. A. (2001). Intention understanding and parter-sensitive behaviors in young children's peer interactions. Social Development, 10, 330-354.
45. Spinrad, T. L., & Stifter, C. A. (2006). Toddlers' empathy-related responding to distress: Predictions from negative emotionality and maternal behavior in infancy. Infancy, 10, 97-121.
46. Stevens, J. R., & Hauser, M. D. (2004). Why be nice? Psychological constraints on the evolution of cooperation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 8, 60-65.
47. Tomasello, M. (1995). Joint attention as social cognition. In C. Moore & P. J. Dunham (Eds.), Joint attention: Its origins and role in development (pp. 103-130). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
48. Tomasello, M. (2008). Origins of human communication. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
49. Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M., Call, J., Behne, T., & Moll, H. (2005). Understanding and sharing intentions: The origins of cultural cognition. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 28, 675-691.
50. Vaish, A., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Sympathy through affective perspective taking and its relation to prosocial behavior in toddlers. Developmental Psychology, 45, 534-543.
51. Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Oxford, England: Harvard University Press.
52. Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311(5765), 1301-1303.
53. Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy, 11, 271-294.
54. Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2008). Extrinsic rewards undermine altruistic tendencies in 20-month-olds. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1785-1788.
55. Warneken, F., & Tomasello, M. (2009). The roots of human altruism. British Journal of Psychology, 100, 445-471.
56. Witherington, D. C., Campos, J. J., & Hertenstein, M. J. (2001). Principles of emotion and its development in infancy. In G. Bremner & A. Fogel (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of infant development (pp. 427-464). Malden, MA: Blackwell.
57. Woodward, A. L. (1998). Infants selectively encode the goal object of an actor's reach. Cognition, 69, 1-34.
58. Zahn-Waxler, C., & Radke-Yarrow, M. (1990). The origins of empathic concern. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 107-130.
59. Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992). Development of concern for others. Developmental Psychology, 28, 126-136.
60. Zahn-Waxler, C., Robinson, J. L., & Emde, R. N. (1992). The development of empathy in twins. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1038-1047.