Wealth, inequality, and insolation effects across the 19th century white US stature distribution

HOMO- Journal of Comparative Human Biology

Volumn 61, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 467-478

  Carson, Scott Alan ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

VITAMIN D;

ADULT; ARTICLE; BODY HEIGHT; HISTORY; HUMAN; MIDDLE AGED; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SOCIOECONOMICS; SUNLIGHT; UNITED STATES;

ADULT; BODY HEIGHT; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HUMANS; MIDDLE AGED; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIAL ISOLATION; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; SUNLIGHT; UNITED STATES; VITAMIN D;

EID: 78449260680     PISSN: 0018442X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2010.10.001     Document Type: Article

References (60)

1. Atack J., Bateman F. The egalitarian ideal and the distribution of wealth in the northern agricultural community: a backward look. Rev. Econ. Stat. 1980, 63:124-129.
2. Atack J., Bateman F. Egalitarianism, inequality, and age: the rural North in 1860. J. Econ. Hist. 1981, 41:85-93.
3. Atack J., Bateman F. To their Own Soil: Agriculture in the Antebellum North 1987, Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa.
4. Bogin B. Measurement of growth variability and environmental quality in Guatemalan children. Ann. Hum. Biol. 1991, 18:285-294.
5. Carson S.A. The effect of geography and vitamin D on African American stature in the nineteenth century: evidence from prison records. J. Econ. Hist. 2008, 68:812-831.
6. Carson S.A. African-American and white inequality in the 19th century American South: a biological comparison. J. Pop. Econ. 2009, 22:379-755.
7. Carson S.A. Health, wealth, and inequality: a contribution to the debate about the relationship between inequality and health. Hist. Meth. 2009, 42:43-54.
8. Case A., Paxson C. Height, health, and cognitive function at older ages. Am. Econ. Rev. 2008, 98:463-467.
9. Costa D. Height, wealth and disease among the Native-Born in the rural antebellum North. Soc. Sci. Hist. 1993, 17:355-383.
10. Cuff T. The Hidden Cost of Economic Development: The Biological Standard of Living in Antebellum Pennsylvania 2005, Ashgate, Vermont.
11. Cutler D. Your Money or Your Life: Strong Medicine for America's Healthcare System 2004, Oxford University Press, New York.
12. Deaton A. Health, inequality and economic development. J. Econ. Lit. 2002, 41:113-158.
13. Deaton A. Height, health, and inequality: the distribution of adult heights in India. Am. Econ. Rev. 2008, 98:468-474.
14. Easterlin R. Regional income trends, 1840-1950. The Reinterpretation of American Economic History 1971, 38-53. Harper and Row, New York. R. Fogel, S. Engerman (Eds.).
15. Eveleth P.B., Tanner J.M. Worldwide Variation in Human Growth 1966, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
16. Fogel R.W. Economic growth, population theory, and physiology: the bearing of long-term processes on the making of economic policy. Am. Econ. Rev. 1994, 84:369-395.
17. Fogel R., Engerman S., Trussell J., Floud R., Pope C., Wimmer L. Economics of mortality in North America, 1650-1910: a description of a research project. Hist. Meth. 1978, 11:75-108.
18. Ginsburg E., Livshits G., Yakovenko K., Kobyliansky E. Major gene control of human body height, weight and BMI in five ethnically different populations. Ann. Hum. Gen. 1998, 62:307-322.
19. Gravelle H. How much of the relationship between population mortality and unequal distribution of income is a statistical artifact?. Brit. Med. J. 1998, 316:382-385.
20. Hendricks W., Koenker R. Hierarchical spline for conditional quantiles and the demand for electricity. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 1992, 87:58-68.
21. Holick M.F. The cutaneous photosynthesis of previtamin D3: a unique photoendocrine system. J. Invest. Derm. 1981, 76:51-58.
22. Holick M.F. Environmental factors that influence the coetaneous production of vitamin D. Am. J. Clin. Nut. 1995, 61:638S-645S.
23. Holick M.F. A perspective on the beneficial effects of moderate exposure to sunlight: bone health, cancer prevention, mental health, and well being. Sun Protection in Man 2001, Elsevier, Amersterdam. E.G. Paolo (Ed.).
24. Holick M.F. Vitamin D: importance in the prevention of cancers, type 1 diabetes, heart disease, and osteoporosis. Am. J. Clin. Nut. 2004, 79:362-371.
25. Holick M.F. Vitamin D deficiency. N. Engl. J. Med. 2007, 357:266-281.
26. Holick M.F., MacLaughlin A., Doppelt S.H. Regulation of coetaneous previtamin D3 photosynthesis in men: skin pigment is not an essential regulator. Science 1981, 211:590-593.
27. Islam T.W., Gauderman J., Cozen W., Mack T. Childhood sun exposure influences risk of multiple sclerosis in monozygotic twins. Neurology 2007, 69:381-388.
28. Jablonski N. Skin: A Natural History 2006, University of California Press, Berkeley.
29. Kearl J.R., Pope C.L., Wimmer L.T. Household wealth in a settlement economy: Utah, 1850-1870. J. Econ. Hist. 1981, 40:477-496.
30. Koenker R. Quantile Regression 2005, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
31. Koenker R., Bassett G. Regression quantiles. Econometrica 1978, 46:33-50.
32. Koenker R., Bassett G. Tests of linear hypotheses and 11 estimators. Econometrica 1982, 50:1577-1584.
33. Komlos J. The height and weight of West Point cadets: dietary change in antebellum America. J. Econ. Hist. 1987, 47:897-927.
34. Komlos J. Shrinking in a growing economy? The mystery of physical stature during the Industrial Revolution. J. Econ. Hist. 1998, 58:779-802.
35. Komlos J., Coclanis P. On the puzzling cycle in the biological standard of living: the case of antebellum Georgia. Explor. Econ. Hist. 1997, 34:433-459.
36. Komlos J., Baten J. Anthropometric research and the development of social science history. Soc. Sci. Hist. 2004, 28:191-210.
37. Komlos J., Lauderdale B. Spatial correlates of US heights and body mass indexes, 2002. J. Biosoc. Sci. 2005, 39:59-78.
38. Le Roy Ladurie E. The conscripts of 1968: a study of the correlation between geographical mobility, delinquency, and physical stature and other aspects of the situation of the young Frenchman called to do military service that year. The Territory of the Historian 1979, 33-60. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. B. Reynolds, S. Reynolds (Eds.).
39. Liu Y.Z., Shen F.H., Deng H., Liu Y.J., Zhao L.J., Dvornyk V., Conway T., Li J.L., Huang Q.Y., Davies K.M., Recker R.R., Deng H.W. Confirmation linkage study in support of the X chromosome harboring an ATL underlying human height variation. J. Med. Gen. 2003, 40:825-831.
40. Loomis W.F. Skin-pigment regulation of vitamin-D biosynthesis in man: variation in solar ultraviolet at different latitudes may have caused racial differentiation in Man. Science 1967, 501-506.
41. Lynch J.W., Kaplan G., Pamuk E.R., Cohen R.D., Heck C.E., Balfour J.L., Yen I. Income inequality and mortality in metropolitan areas of the United States. Am. J. Public Health 1998, 88:1074-1080.
42. Margo R., Steckel R. Heights of American slaves: new evidence on nutrition and health. Soc. Sci. Hist. 1982, 6:516-538.
43. Margo R., Steckel R.H. Heights of native born northern whites during the antebellum era. J. Econ. Hist. 1983, 43:167-174.
44. Margo R., Steckel R. The nutrition and health of slaves and antebellum southern whites. Without Consent or Contract: Conditions of Slave Life and the Transition to Freedom 1992, 508-521. Norton, New York. R.W. Fogel, S.L. Engerman (Eds.).
45. Nyström-Peck M., Lundberg O. Short stature as an effect and social conditions in childhood. Soc. Sci. Med. 1995, 41:733-738.
46. Pope C. Households on the American frontier: the distribution of income and wealth in Utah, 1850-1900. Markets in History 1989, 148-189. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. D. Galenson (Ed.).
47. Riggs P. The standard of living in Scotland, 1800-1850. Stature, Living Standards and Economic Development: Essays in Anthropometric History 1994, 60-75. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. J. Komlos (Ed.).
48. Ruggles S., Sobek M., Alexander T., Fitch C.A., Goeken R., Hall P.K., King M., Ronnander C. Integrated Public Use Microdata Series: Version 3.0 (Machine-readable database). 2004, Minnesota Population Center (producer and distributor), Minneapolis, MN.
49. Sokoloff K., Villaflor G. Early achievement of modern stature in America. Soc. Sci. Hist. 1982, 6:453-481.
50. Soltow L. Men and Wealth in the United States, 1850-1870 1975, Yale University Press, New Haven.
51. Steckel R. Slave height profiles from coastwise manifests. Explor. Econ. Hist. 1979, 16:363-380.
52. Steckel R.H. Stature and the standard of living. J. Econ. Lit. 1995, 33:1903-1940.
53. Steckel R.H., Haurin D. Health and nutrition in the American Midwest: evidence from the height of Ohio national guardsman, 1850-1910. Stature, Living Standards and Economic Development 1994, 117-128. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. J. Komlos (Ed.).
54. Subramanian S.V., Kawachi I. What have we learned so far?. Epid. Rev. 2004, 26:78-91.
55. Tanner J.M. Human growth and constitution. Human Biology: An Introduction to Human Evolution, Variation, Growth and Ecology 1977, 301-384. Oxford University Press, Oxford. second ed. G.A. Harrison, J.S. Weiner, J.M. Tanner, N.A. Barnicot (Eds.).
56. Uitterlinden A.G., Fang Y., van Meurs J.B.J., Pols H.A.P., van Leeuwen J.P.T.M. Genetic and biology of vitamin D receptor polymorphisms. Gene 2004, 338:143-156.
57. Wannamethee S.G., Whincup P., Shaper G., Walker M. Influence of father's social class on cardiovascular disease in middle-aged men. Lancet 1996, 348:1259-1263.
58. Wilkinson R.G. Unhealthy Societies: The Afflictions of Inequality 1996, Routledge, New York.
59. Wilkinson R.G., Pickett K.E. Income inequality and population health: a review and explanation of the evidence. Soc. Sci. Med. 2006, 62:1768-1784.
60. Xiong D.H., Xu F.H., Liu P.Y., Shen H., Long J.R., Elze L., Recker R.R., Deng H.W. Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms are linked to and associated with adult height. J. Med. Gen. 2005, 42:228-234.