Evidence of amputation as medical treatment in ancient Egypt

International Journal of Osteoarchaeology

Volumn 20, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 405-423

  Dupras, T L ^a   Williams, L J ^b   De Meyer, M ^c   Peeters, C ^c   Depraetere, D ^c   Vanthuyne, B ^c   Willems, H ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CENTRAL FLORIDA   (United States)

^b MUHLENBERG COLLEGE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Amputation; Dayr al Barsh ; Diabetes; Egypt; Leprosy; Medicine surgery; Prosthesis; Trauma

Indexed keywords

EID: 78449258767     PISSN: 1047482X     EISSN: 10991212     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/oa.1061     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Aldred C. 1964. A possible case of amputation. Man 245: 56-64.
2. Boldsen JL. 2001. An epidemiological approach to the paleopathological diagnosis of leprosy. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115: 380-387. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.1094
3. Boldsen JL. 2008. Leprosy in the medieval Lauchheim community. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 135: 301-310. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.20744
4. Boldsen JL, Freund UH. 2006. Osteological leprosy-epidemiology and diagnosis. Scandinavian Journal of Forensic Science 12: 54-59.
5. Breasted JH. 1930. The Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus, 1st ed. University Chicago Press: Chicago, Illinois.
6. Brillante C, Laffi GC. 1982. Profilo storico-sintetico della malattia diabetica. Minerva Medica 73(17): 1087-1106.
7. Brothwell DR, Moller-Christensen V. 1963a. Medico-historical aspects of a very early case of mutilation. Danish Medical Bulletin 10: 21-25.
8. Brothwell DR, Moller-Christensen V. 1963b. A possible case of amputation dated to c. 2000 BC. Man 244: 192-194.
9. Browne SG. 1970. How old is leprosy? British Medical Journal 3: 640-641.
10. Buikstra J, Ubelaker D. 1994. Standards for Data Collection from Human Skeletal Remains. Arkansas Archaeological Survey: Fayetteville.
11. Dabbs GR, Schaffer WC. 2008. Akhenaten's warrior? An assessment of traumatic injury at the South Tombs cemetery. Paleopathology Newsletter 142: 20-29.
12. Daressy G. 1900. Fouilles de Deir el Bircheh (novembre-décembre 1897). Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 1: 17-43.
13. De Meyer M. 2005. Restoring the tombs of his ancestors? Djehutinakht, son of Teti, at Deir al-Barsha and Sheikh Said. Internet-Beiträge zur Agyptologie und Sudanarchäologie 5: 125-135.
14. De Meyer M. 2007. In the shadow of the monarchs: new excavations in the Rock Tombs of Deir al-Barsha. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists, Grenoble, 6-12 September 2004, Goyon JC, Cardin C (eds). Uitgeverij Peeters: Leuven; 421-427.
15. De Meyer M. 2008. Old Kingdom Rock Tombs at Dayr al-Barshā: Archaeological and Textual Evidence of their Use and Reuse in Zones 4 and 7 Ph.D. Dissertation. Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium.
16. De Meyer M, Op de Beeck L. 2004. Excavations in Zone 4, in: preliminary report of the 2002 campaign of the Belgian mission to Deir al-Barsha. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 60: 257-259.
17. Depraetere D. 2006. Research in the quarries and survey results, in: preliminary report of the 2003 campaign of the Belgian mission to Deir al-Barsha. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 62: 337-339.
18. Depraetere D, Depauw M. 2004. The destination of the quarried limestone, in: preliminary report of the 2002 campaign of the Belgian mission to Deir al-Barsha. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 60: 281-282.
19. Dzierzykray-Rogalski T. 1980. Paleopathology of the ptolemaic inhabitants of Dakhleh Oasis (Egypt). Journal of Human Evolution 9: 71-74. DOI: 10.1016/0047-2484(80)90044-5
20. El-Batrawy A. 1935. Mission Archéologique de Nubia 1929 -1934. Report on the Human Remains. 1st ed Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte: Cairo.
21. Ghalioungui P. 1973. The House of Life Per Ankh. Magic and Medical Science in Ancient Egypt, 2nd ed. B.M. Israël: Amsterdam.
22. Gray PHK. 1967a. Radiography of ancient Egyptian mummies. Medical Radiography and Photography 43: 34-44.
23. Gray PHK. 1967b. Embalmer's restorations. Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 52: 138-140.
24. Harris J, Iskander Z, Farid S. 1975. Restorative dentistry in ancient Egypt: an archaeological fact. Journal of the Michigan Dental Association 57: 401-404.
25. Herbich T, Peeters C. 2006. Results of the magnetic survey at Deir al-Barsha, Egypt. Archaeological Prospection 13(1): 11-24. DOI: 10.1002/arp.263
26. Hoedl S. 1989. The disease of Akhenaton. International Journal of Dermatology 28(3): 201-203. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4362.1989.tb02467.x
27. Janot F. 2000. Les Instruments d'embaumement de l'Égypte ancienne. Bibliothèque d'études 125: 91-118.
28. Junker H. 1929. Giza I. Bericht über die Grabungen auf dem Friedhof des Alten Reiches bei den Pyramiden von Giza. Denkschriften der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Philosophisch-historische Klasse 69: 256.
29. Kamal A. 1901. Rapport sur les fouilles exécutées à Deîr-el-Barshé en janvier, février, mars1901. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 2: 206-222.
30. Kamal A. 1902. Fouilles à Deir-el-Barshé exécutées dans les six premiers mois de l'année par M. Antonini de Mallawi. Annales du Service des Antiquités de l'Égypte 3: 276-282.
31. Kiss C, Szilagyi M, Paksy A, Poor G. 2002. Risk factors for diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis: a case-control study. Rheumatology 41: 27-30.
32. Kudva BT. 1984. On diabetes mellitus. Journal of the Association of Physicians in India 32(4): 320-375.
33. Lechat MF. 2002. The palaeoepidemiology of leprosy: an overview. In The Past and Present of Leprosy. Archaeological, Historical, Palaeopathological and Clinical Approaches, Roberts CA, Lewis ME, Manchester K (eds). Archaeopress: Oxford; 157-162.
34. Leidig-Bruckner G, Ziegler R. 2001. Diabetes mellitus a risk for osteoporosis? Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes 109 (Suppl 2): S493-514. DOI: 10.1055/s-2001-18605
35. Mérei G, Nemeskéri J. 1959. Bericht über eine bei einer Mumie verwendete Nasenprothese. Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 84: 76-78.
36. Molto JE. 2002. Leprosy in Roman period skeletons from K2, Dakhleh, Egypt. In The Past and Present of Leprosy. Archaeological, Historical, Paleopathological and Clinical Approaches, Roberts CA, Lewis ME, Manchester K (eds). Archaeopress: Oxford; 186-196.
37. Moodie RL. 1919. Ancient skull lesions and the practice of trephining in prehistoric times. Surgical Clinics of Chicago 3: 481-496.
38. Most RS, Sinnock P. 1983. The epidemiology of lower limb extremity amputations in diabetic individuals. Diabetes Care 6: 87-91.
39. Nerlich AG, Zink A, Szeimies U, Hagedom H. 2000. Ancient Egyptian prosthetic of the big toe. The Lancet 356: 2176-2179.
40. Newberry PE, Fraser GW. 1894. El-Bersheh I: The Tomb of Tehuti-Hetep. Egypt Exploration Fund: London.
41. Nunn J. 1996. Ancient Egyptian Medicine, 1st ed. British Museum Press: London.
42. Oakley KP, Brooke WMA, Akester R, Brothwell DR. 1959. Contributions on trepanning or trephination in ancient and modern times. Man 59: 92-96.
43. Peeters C. 2004. Excavations in Zone 9 (Western Island), in: preliminary report of the 2002 campaign of the Belgian mission to Deir al-Barsha. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 60: 266-269.
44. Peeters C. 2006. Work in Zone 9. In: preliminary report of the 2003 campaign of the Belgian mission to Deir al-Barsha. Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 62: 328-337.
45. Peeters C. 2007. Excavations in the western CEMETERIES at Deir al-Barsha: results and perspectives. In Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Egyptologists, Grenoble, 6-12 September 2004, Goyon JC, Cardin C (eds). Uitgeverij Peeters: Leuven; 1481-1483.
46. Ponce P, Arabaolaza I, Boylston A. 2007. Industrial accident or deliberate amputation? Three case studies from a victorian population in Wolverhampton, west Midlands. In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology, Zakrzewski SR, White W (eds). BAR International Series 1712 Archaeopress: Oxford; 36-42.
47. Reeves N. 1999. New lights on ancient Egyptian prosthetic medicine. In Studies in Honour of Egyptian Antiquities: A Tribute to TGH James, Davies V (ed.). British Museum: London; 73-77.
48. Reisner GA. 1915. Notebooks of the Archaeological Expedition to Deir Al-Barsha. Unpublished Notebooks. Museum of Fine Arts: Boston.
49. Rogers J, Waldron T. 2001. DISH and the monastic way of life. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 11: 357-365. DOI: 10.1002/oa.574
50. Rowling JT. 1989. The rise and decline of surgery in ancient Egypt. Antiquity 63: 312-319.
51. Ruffer MA. 1918. Studies in paleopathology: some recent researches on prehistoric trephining. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology 22: 90-104.
52. Sahin G, Polat G, Bagis S, Milcan A, Erdogan C. 2002. Study of axial bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis related to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Women's Health 11(9): 801-804. DOI: 10.1089/15409990260430945
53. Sanders LJ. 2002. From Thebes to Toronto and the 21st century: an incredible journey. Diabetes Spectrum 15: 56-60.
54. Sasaki S, Takeshita F, Okuda K, Ishii N. 2001. Mycobacterium leprae and leprosy: a compendium. Microbiology and Immunology 45(11): 729-736.
55. Sauer NJ. 1998. The timing of injuries and manner of death: distinguishing among antemortem, perimortem, and postmortem trauma. In Forensic Osteology: Advances in the Identification of Human Remains, 2nd ed, Reichs KJ (ed.). Charles C. Thomas: Springfield, IL; 321-332.
56. Schneider T. 1972. Diabetes through the ages: a salute to insulin. South African Medical Journal 46(38): 1340-1394.
57. Shaw I. 2000. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press: Oxford.
58. Stewart TD. 1974. Nonunion of fractures in antiquity, with description of five cases from the New World involving the forearm. Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine 50: 875-891.
59. Sullivan R. 1995. A brief journey into medical care and disease in Ancient Egypt. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 88: 141-145.
60. Sullivan R. 1998. Proto-surgery in ancient Egypt. Acta Medica 41(3): 109-120.
61. Taylor J. 1994. CT scanning of a mummy. Egyptian Archaeology 4: 15-16.
62. Trautner C, Haastert B, Giani G, Berger M. 1996. Incidence of lower limb amputations and diabetes. Diabetes Care 19: 1006-1009.
63. Trotter M. 1970. Estimation of stature from intact long limb bones. In Person Identification in Mass Disasters, Stewart TD (ed.). National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution: Washington, DC.
64. Verlaan JJ, Oner FC, Maat GJR. 2007. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis in ancient clergymen. European Spine Journal 16(8): 1129-1135. DOI: 10.1007/s00586-007-0342-x
65. Wagle WA. 1994. Toe prosthesis in an Egyptian human mummy. American Journal of Radiology 162: 999-1000.
66. Willems H. 1989. Deir al-Bersheh: Preliminary Report. Beiträge zur ägyptologischen Diskussion: Göttinger Miszellen 110: 75-95.
67. Willems H. 2003. De autobiografie van Ahnacht I uit Deir al-Barsja. In Zij schreven geschiedenis. Historische documenten uit het Oude Nabije Oosten (2500-100 v. Chr.), Demarée RJ, Veenhof KR (eds). Ex Oriente Lux & Peeters: Leiden & Leuven; 57-70.
68. Willems H. 2004. Investigations at Deir al-Barsha. Egyptian Archaeology 25: 10-12.
69. Willems H. 2007. Dayr al-Barshā Volume 1: The Rock Tombs of Djehutinakht (No. 17K74/1), Khnumnakht (No. 17K74/2), and Iha (No. 17K74/3) with an Essay on the History and Nature of Nomarchal Rule in the Early Middle Kingdom. Peeters Publishers & Department of Oriental Studies: Leuven.
70. Willems H. 2008. Les Textes Des Sarcophages et la Démocratie. Cybèle: Paris.
71. Willems H, Peeters C, Verstraeten G. 2005. Where did Djehutihotep erect his colossal statue? Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 132: 173-189.
72. Wood-Jones F. 1910. Fractured bones and dislocations. In The Archaeological Survey of Nubia: Report for 1907-1908. Report on the Human Remains. 1st ed., Elliot-Smith G, Wood-Jones F (eds). National Printing Dept: Cairo; 293-342.
73. World Health Organization. 1999. Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and its Complications. Department of Noncommunicable Disease Survey. WHO Publications: Geneva.