Nutrition transition and cardiovascular disease risk factors in middle East and North Africa countries: Reviewing the evidence

Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism

Volumn 57, Issue 3-4, 2011, Pages 193-203

  Mehio Sibai, Abla ^a   Nasreddine, Lara ^a   Mokdad, Ali H ^b   Adra, Nada ^a   Tabet, Maya ^a   Hwalla, Nahla ^a  

^a AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF BEIRUT   (Lebanon)

^b UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular disease risk factors; Diet; Middle East and North Africa region; Obesity

Indexed keywords

CARBOHYDRATE INTAKE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; DEVELOPED COUNTRY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; FAT INTAKE; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; MIDDLE EAST; NORTH AFRICA; NUTRITION; OBESITY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN INTAKE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICA, NORTHERN; AGED; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DIET; FEMALE; FOOD HABITS; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MIDDLE EAST; NUTRITION DISORDERS; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK FACTORS; SEX FACTORS; YOUNG ADULT;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 78349293888     PISSN: 02506807     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000321527     Document Type: Review

References (100)

1. Popkin BM: Global nutrition dynamics: the world is shifting rapidly toward a diet linked with noncommunicable diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 84: 289-298.
2. World Health Organization: Fact Sheets, Cardiovascular Diseases. http://www.who. int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs317/en/index. html (accessed October 2009).
3. Strong K, Mathers C, Epping-Jordan J, Beaglehole R: Preventing chronic disease: a priority for global health. Int J Epidemiol 2006; 35: 492-494.
4. Khatib O: Noncommunicable diseases: risk factors and regional strategies for prevention and care. East Mediterr Health J 2004; 10: 778-788.
5. Sibai AM, Nuwayhid I, Beydoun M, Chaaya M: Inadequacies of death certification in Beirut: who is responsible? Bull World Health Organ 2002; 80: 555-561.
6. Sibai A, Fletcher A, Hills M, Campbell O: Non-communicable disease mortality rates using the verbal autopsy in a cohort of middle aged and older populations in Beirut during wartime, 1983-1993. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001; 55: 271-276.
7. Zindah M, Belbeisi A, Walke H: Obesity and diabetes in Jordan: findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Prev Chronic Dis Public Health Res Pract Policy 2008; 5: 1-8.
8. Maziak W, Rastam S, Mzayek F, Ward KD, Eissenberg T, Keil U: Cardiovascular health among adults in Syria: a model from developing countries. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17: 713-720.
9. Galal O: The nutrition transition in Egypt: obesity, undernutrition and the food consumption context. Public Health Nutr 2002; 5: 141-148.
10. CAPMAS: Statistical Yearbook. Cairo, Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics, 2004.
11. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Dans T, Avezum A, Lanas F, McQueen M, Budaj A, Pais P, Varigos J, Lisheng L, INTERHEART Study Investigators: Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet 2004; 17: 937-952.
12. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOSTAT) Supply Utilization Accounts and Food Balances Domain: Food Balance Sheets. http://faostat.fao.org/site/368/ default. aspx#ancor (accessed May 2010).
13. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM: Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA 2006; 295: 1549-1555.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: State-specific prevalence of obesity among adults-United States, 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2006; 55: 985-988.
15. Seidell J: Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes-a worldwide epidemic. Br J Nutr 2000; 83:S5-S8.
16. Al-Tawil NG, Abdulla MM, Abdul Ameer AJ: Prevalence of and factors associated with overweight and obesity among a group of Iraqi women. East Mediterr Health J 2007; 13: 420-429.
17. Al-Kandari YY: Prevalence of obesity in Kuwait and its relation to sociocultural variables. Obes Rev 2006; 7: 147-154.
18. Al-Nozha MM, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Maatouq MA, Arafah MR, Khalil MZ, Khan NB, Al-Marzouki K, Abdullah MA, Al-Khadra AH, Al-Harthi SS, Al-Shahid MS, Al-Mobeireek A, Nouh MS: Obesity in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2005; 26: 824-829.
19. Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H: Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 1047-1053.
20. Al-Nozha MM, Al-Maatouq MA, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Harthi SS, Arafah MR, Khalil MZ, Khan NB, Al-Khadra A, Al-Marzouki K, Nouh MS, Abdullah M, Attas O, Al-Shahid MS, Al-Mobeireek A: Diabetes mellitus in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2004; 25: 1603-1610.
21. Ghannem H, Hadj Fredj A: Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in the urban population of Soussa in Tunisia. J Public Health Med 1997; 19: 392-396. (Pubitemid 28031266)
22. Laouani Kechrid C, Hmouda H, Ben Naceur MH, Ghannem H, Toumi S, Ajmi F: High blood pressure for people aged more than 60 years in the district of Sousse. Tunis Med 2004; 82: 1001-1005.
23. Ministry of Public Health: National Household Health Expenditure and Utilization Survey (NHHEUS), 1999.
24. Sibai A, Obeid O, Batal M, et al: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Lebanese adult population: findings from the first epidemiological study. CVD Prev Control 2008; 3: 83-90.
25. Salti IS, Khogali M, Alam S, Abu Haidar N, Masri A: Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus in relation to other cardiovascular risk factors in Lebanon. East Mediterr Health J 1997; 3: 462-471.
26. Jackson RT, al-Mousa Z, al-Raqua M, Prakash P, Muhanna A: Prevalence of coronary risk factors in healthy adult Kuwaitis. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2001; 52: 301-311.
27. Abolfotouh MA, Daffallah AA, Khan MY, Khattab MS, Abdulmoneim I: Central obesity in elderly individuals in south-western Saudi Arabia: prevalence and associated morbidity. East Mediterr Health J 2001; 7: 716-724.
28. Al-Nozha MM, Arafah MR, Al-Maatouq MA, Khalil MZ, Khan NB, Al-Marzouki K, Al-Mazrou YY, Abdullah M, Al-Khadra A, Al-Harthi SS, Al-Shahid MS, Al-Mobeireek A, Nouh MS: Hyperlipidemia in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2008; 29: 282-287.
29. Al-Lawati JA, Mohammed AJ, Al-Hinai HQ, Jousilahti P: Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Omani adults. Diabetes Care 2003; 26: 1781-1785.
30. Alissa EM, Bahjri SM, Al-Ama N, Ahmed WH, Ferns GA: High cardiovascular risk in young Saudi males: cardiovascular risk factors, diet and inflammatory markers. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 365: 288-296.
31. Azadbakht L, Mirmiran P, Azizi F: Predictors of cardiovascular risk factors in Tehranian adults: diet and lifestyle. East Mediterr Health J 2006; 12: 88-97. (Pubitemid 44339873)
32. Alwan A: Cardiovascular disease in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. World Health Stat Q 1993; 46: 97-100.
33. Ford ES, Giles WH, Mokdad AH: Increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2444-2449.
34. Sarrafzadegan N, Kelishadi R, Baghaei A, Hussein Sadri G, Malekafzali H, Mohammadifard N, Rabiei K, Bahonar A, Sadeghi M, O'Laughlin J: Metabolic syndrome: an emerging public health problem in Iranian women: Isfahan Healthy Heart program. Int J Cardiol 2008; 131: 90-96.
35. Al-Nozha M, Al-Khadra A, Arafah MR, Al-Maatouq MA, Khalil MZ, Khan NB, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Marzouki K, Al-Harthi SS, Abdullah M, Al-Shahid MS, Al-Mobeireek A, Nouh MS: Metabolic syndrome in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2005; 26: 1918-1925.
36. Abdul-Rahim HF, Husseini A, Giacaman R, Jervell J, Bjertness E: Diabetes mellitus in an urban Palestinian population: prevalence and associated factors. East Mediterr Health J 2001; 7: 67-78. (Pubitemid 33758524)
37. Global Youth Tobacco Surveillance Group: Differences in worldwide tobacco use by gender: findings from the global youth tobacco survey. J Sch Health 2003; 73: 207-215.
38. World Health Organization: World Health Statistics Geneva, WHO, 2006.
39. Al-Nozha MM, et al. Prevalence of physical activity and inactivity among Saudis aged 30-70 years. A population-based cross-sectional study. Saudi Med J 2007; 28: 559-568.
40. Hassan H, Moussa W, Ismail I: Assessment of dietary changes and their health implications in countries facing the double burden of malnutrition: Egypt, 1980 to 2005. The double burden of malnutrition, case studies from six developing countries. FAO Food and Nutrition paper No 84. Rome, FAO, 2006.
41. Sibai A, Hwalla N, Adra N, Rahal B: Prevalence and covariates of obesity in Lebanon: findings from the first epidemiological study. Obes Res 2003; 11: 1353-1361.
42. Iskandar MM: Diet and Physical Activity as Determinants of Non-Communicable Disease Risk factors in Lebanon; thesis, American University of Beirut, Lebanon, 2004.
43. Nasreddine L, Hwalla N, Sibai A, Hamzé M, Parent-Massin D: Food consumption patterns in an adult urban population in Beirut, Lebanon. Public Health Nutr 2006; 9: 194-203.
44. Al Khatib L, Obeid O, Sibai AM, Batal M, Adra N, Hwalla N: Folate deficiency is associated with nutritional anaemia in Lebanese women of childbearing age. Public Health Nutr 2005; 9: 921-927.
45. World Health Organization. WHO Global InfoBase. http://www.who.int/ infobase/ report.aspx (accessed July 2007).
46. Bashour HN: Survey of dietary habits of inschool adolescents in Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic. East Mediterr Health J 2004; 10: 853-862.
47. Jamel HA, Sheiham A, Cowel CR, Watt RG: Taste preference for sweetness in urban and rural populations in Iraq. J Dent Res 1996; 75: 1879-1884.
48. Food and Agriculture Organization: Nutrition Country Profiles-Jordan, 2003. http:// ftp.fao.org/es/esn/nutrition/ncp/jormap.pdf (accessed October 2009).
49. World Health Organization: WHO Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health: Eastern Mediterranean Regional Consultation Meeting Report, Cairo, 30 April to 2 May 2003. Geneva, WHO, 2003. ht tp://www.who. int /hpr/NPH/docs/ regional-consultation-report-emro.pdf (accessed July 2007).
50. Caballero B: The global epidemic of obesity: an overview. Epidemiol Rev 2007; 29: 1-5.
51. Al-Mahroos F, Al-Roomi K: Obesity among adult Bahraini population: impact of physical activity and educational level. Ann Saudi Med 2001; 21: 183-187.
52. Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, Kipnis V, Mouw T, Ballard-Barbash R, Hollenbeck A, Leitzmann MF: Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 763-778.
53. Miller WM, Nori-Janosz KE, Lillystone M, Yanez J, McCullough PA: Obesity and lipids. Curr Cardiol Rep 2005; 7: 465-470.
54. Chan JM, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC: Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 961-969.
55. Shaper AG, Wannamethee SG, Walker M: Body weight: implications for the prevention of coronary heart disease, stroke, and diabetes mellitus in a cohort study of middle aged men. BMJ 1997; 314: 1311-1317.
56. Nagaya T, Yoshida H, Takahashi H, Kawai M: Increases in body mass index, even within non-obese levels, raise the risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus: a follow-up study in a Japanese population. Diabet Med 2005; 22: 1107-1111.
57. Yount KM, Sibai AM: The Demography of Aging in Arab Societies; in Uhlenberg P (ed): International Handbook of the Demography of Aging, ed 9. Dordrecht, Springer, 2009.
58. Kandela P: The Kuwaiti passion for food cannot be shaken. Lancet 1999; 353: 1249-1250.
59. Al Shammari SA, Khoja TA, Subaie AS: Transcultural attitude towards being overweight in patients attending health centers, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Fam Pract Res J 1994; 14: 149-156.
60. Akala FA, El-Saharty S: Public-health challenges in the Middle East and North Africa. Lancet 2006; 367: 961-964.
61. Puska P, Pirjo P, Ulla U: Influencing public nutrition for noncommunicable disease prevention: from community intervention to national programme-experiences from Finland. Public Health Nutr 2002; 5: 245-251.
62. Yahia-Beerouiguet A, Benyoucef M, Meguenni K, Brouri M: Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors: a survey at Tlemcen (Algeria). Med Mal Metab 2009; 3: 313-319.
63. Hamadeh RR: Noncommunicable diseases among Bahraini population: a review. East Mediterr Health J 2000; 6: 1091-1097.
64. World Health Organization: STEPwise surveillance. Non-communicable diseases risk factors. STEPwise data from selected countries in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2003-2007. http://www.emro.who.int/ncd/ risk-factors.htm#physical (accessed October 2009).
65. Nabipour I, Amiri M, Imami SR, Jahfari SM, Nosrati A, Iranpour D, Soltanian AR: Unhealthy lifestyles and ischaemic electrocardiographic abnormalities: the Persian Gulf Healthy Heart Study. East Mediterr Health J 2008; 14: 858-868.
66. Al-Baghli NA, Al-Ghamdi AJ, Al-Turki KA, El-Zubaier AG, Al-Ameer MM, Al-Baghli FA: Overweight and obesity in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2008; 29: 1319-1325.
67. Tazi MA, Abir-Khalil S, Chaouki N, Cherqaoui S, Lahmouz F, Sraïri JE, Mahjour J: Prevalence of the main cardiovascular risk factors in Morocco: results of a national survey 2000. J Hypertens 2003; 21: 897-903.
68. Al-Lawati JA, Jousilahti P: Prevalence and 10-year secular trend of obesity in Oman. Saudi Med J 2004; 25: 346-351.
69. Bener A: The prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors in a newly developed country. Saudi Med J 2004; 25: 918-922. (Pubitemid 39137153)
70. Fouad M, Rastam S, Ward K, Maziak W: Prevalence of obesity and its associated factors in Aleppo, Syria. Prev Control 2006; 2: 85-94.
71. Ghannem H, Hadj Fredj A: Epidemiology of hypertension and other cardiovascular disease risk factors in the urban population of Soussa in Tunisia. East Mediterr Health J 1997; 3: 472-479.
72. Baynouna LM, Revel AD, Nagelkerke NJ, Jaber TM, Omar AO, Ahmed NM, Naziruldeen MK, Al-Sayed MF, Nour FA: High prevalence of the cardiovascular risk factors in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates: an emerging health care priority. Saudi Med J 2008; 29: 1173-1178.
73. Abdul-Rahim HF, Holmboe-Ottesen G, Stene LC, Husseini A, Giacaman R, Jervell J, Bjertness E: Obesity in a rural and an urban Palestinian West Bank population. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2003; 27: 140-146.
74. Zaoui S, Biemont C, Meguenni K: Approche épidémiologique du diabète en milieu urbain et rural dans la région de Tlemcen (Ouest algérien). Cah Santeé 2007; 17: 15-21.
75. Al-Zurba FI: Latest studies clarify state of health in Bahrain. Diabetes Voice 2001; 46: 28-31.
76. Mansour AA, Wanoose HL, Hani I, Abed-Alzahrea A, Wanoose HL: Diabetes screening in Basrah, Iraq: a population-based cross-sectional study. Diabet Res Clin Pract 2008; 79: 147-150.
77. Mula-Abed WA, Chilmeran SK: Prevalence of dyslipidemia in the Iraqi adult population. Saudi Med J 2007; 28: 1868-1874.
78. Janghorbani M, Amini M, Gouya MM, Delavari A, Alikhani S, Mahdavi A: Nationwide survey of prevalence and risk factors of prehypertension and hypertension in Iranian adults. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 419-426.
79. Hadaegh F, Bozorgmanesh MR, Ghasemi A, Harati H, Saadat N, Azizi F: High prevalence of undiagnosed diabetes and abnormal glucose tolerance in the Iranian urban population: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. BMC Public Health 2008; 8: 176-182.
80. Khader Y, Bateiha A, El-Khateeb M, Al-Shaikh A, Ajlouni K: High prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among Northern Jordanians. J Diabetes Complications 2007; 21: 214-219.
81. Al-Nozha MM, Abdullah M, Arafah MR, Khalil MZ, Khan NB, Al-Mazrou YY, Al-Maatouq MA, Al-Marzouki K, Al-Khadra A, Nouh MS, Al-Harthi SS, Al-Shahid MS, Al-Mobeireek A: Hypertension in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2007; 28: 77-84.
82. Kadiki OA, Roaeid RB: Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in Benghazi Libya. Diabetes Metab (Paris) 2001; 27: 647-654.
83. Rguibi M, Belahsen R: Metabolic syndrome among Moroccan Sahraoui adult women. Am J Hum Biol 2004; 16: 598-601.
84. Al Riyami AA, Afifi M: Smoking in Oman: prevalence and characteristics of smokers. East Mediterr Health J 2004; 10: 600-609.
85. Hasab AA, Jaffer A, Hallaj Z: Blood pressure patterns among the Omani population. East Mediterr Health J 1999; 5: 46-54.
86. Al-Moosa S, Allin S, Jemiai N, Al-Lawati J, Mossialos E: Diabetes and urbanization in the Omani population: an analysis of national survey data. Popul Health Metr 2006; 4: 5.
87. Bener A, Zirie M, Musallam M, Khader YS, Al-Hamaq AO: Prevalence of metabolic syndrome according to Adult Treatment Panel III and International Diabetes Federation criteria: a population-based study. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2009; 7: 221-229.
88. Musallam M, Bener A, Zirie M, Al-Gaud YK, Al-Hamaq A, Othman M, Tewfik I: Metabolic syndrome and its components among Qatari population. Int J Food Safety Nutr Public Health 2008; 1: 88-102.
89. Bouguerra R, Ben Salem L, Alberti H, Ben Rayana C, El Atti J, Blouza S, Gaigi S, Achour A, Ben Slama C, Zouari B: Prevalence of metabolic abnormalities in the Tunisian adults: a population based study. Diabetes Metab 2006; 32: 215-221.
90. Malik M, Razig SA: The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among the multiethnic population of the United Arab Emirates: a report of a national survey. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2008; 6: 177.
91. Gunaid AA, Assabri AM: Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and other cardiovascular risk factors in a semi-rural area in Yemen. Rev Santé Méditerr Orientale 2008; 14: 42-56.
92. Gunaid AA: Prevalence of known diabetes and hypertension in the Republic of Yemen. East Mediterr Health J 2002; 8: 374-385.
93. Musaiger AO, Al-Roomi KA: Prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular diseases among men and women in an Arab Gulf community. Nutr Health 1997; 11: 149-157.
94. Herman WH, Ali MA, Aubert RE, Engelgau MM, Kenny SI, Gunter EW, Malarcher AM, Brechner RJ, Wetterhall SF, Destefano F, Thompson TJ, Smith PJ, Badran A, Sous ES, Habib M, Hegazy M, abd el Shakour S, Ibrahim AS, El Behairy EM: Diabetes mellitus in Egypt: risk factors and prevalence. East Mediterr Health J 1997; 3: 144-148.
95. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Prevalence of selected risk factors for chronic disease-Jordan, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003; 52: 1042-1044.
96. Najjari C, et al: Prevalence and demographic factors of smoking in Morocco. Int J Public Health 2009; 54: 447-451.
97. Al Riyami AA, Afifi M: Smoking in Oman: prevalence and characteristics of smokers. Rev Santé Méditerr Orientale 2004; 10: 600-609.
98. Al-Nozha M, et al: Smoking in Saudi Arabia and its relation to coronary artery disease. J Saudi Heart Assoc 2009; 21: 169-176.
99. Idris AM, et al: Toombak use and cigarette smoking in the Sudan: estimates of prevalence in the Nile state. Prev Med 1998; 27: 597-603.
100. Fakhfakh R, Ben Romdhane H, Hsairi M, Achour N, Nacef T: Tendances de la consummation tabagique en Tunisie. East Mediterr Health J 2000; 6: 678-686.