Radiologic Imaging of Spinal Deformities

Surgical Management of Spinal Deformities

Volumn , Issue , 2009, Pages 45-59

  Rocca Vieira, Renata La ^a   Arora, Ritika ^b   Schweitzer, Mark E ^c  

^a NYU HOSPITAL FOR JOINT DISEASES   (United States)

^b Lenox Hill Radiology and Medical Imaging   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OTTAWA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 78349256755     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1016/B978-141603372-1.50006-8     Document Type: Chapter

References (72)

1. Aaro S, Dahlborn M Estimation of vertebral rotation and the spinal and rib cage deformity in scoliosis by computer tomography. Spine 1981, 6:460-467.
2. Ali RM, Green DW, Patel TC Scheuermann's kyphosis. Curr Opin Pediatr 1999, 11:70-75.
3. Boachie-Adjei O, Lonner B Spinal deformity. Pediatr Clin North Am 1996, 43:883-897.
4. Connelly PA, Abitbol JJ, Martin RJ Spine: Trauma 1997, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Rosemont, IL.
5. D'Andrea G, Ferrante L, Dinia L, et al. "Supine-prone" dynamic X-ray examination: New method to evaluate low-grade lumbar spondylolisthesis. J Spinal Disord Tech 2005, 18:80-83.
6. DeSmet AA, Goin JE, Asher MA, Scheuch HG A clinical study of the differences between the scoliotic angles measured on posteroanterior and anteroposterior radiographs. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1982, 64:489-493.
7. Dupuis PR, Yong-Hing K, Cassidy JD, Kirkaldy-Willis WH Radiologic diagnosis of degenerative lumbar spinal instability. Spine 1985, 10:262-276.
8. Fernbach SK Urethral abnormalities in male neonates with VATER association. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1991, 156:137-140.
9. Fredrickson BE, Baker D, McHolick WJ, et al. The natural history of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1984, 66:699-707.
10. Goldstein LA, Waugh TR Classification and terminology of scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1973, 93:10-22.
11. Gupta R, Sharma R, Vashisht S, et al. Magnetic resonance evaluation of idiopathic scoliosis: A prospective study. Australas Radiol 1999, 43:461-465.
12. Hensinger RN Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in children. Instr Course Lect 1983, 32:132-151.
13. Katz JN, Lipson SJ, Larson MG, et al. The outcome of decompressive laminectomy for degenerative lumbar stenosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1991, 73:809-816.
14. Kirkaldy-Willis WH, Farfan HF Instability of the lumbar spine. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1982, 165:110-123.
15. Kim CW, Perry A, Garfin SR Spinal instability: The orthopedic approach. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2005, 9:77-87.
16. Kose N, Campbell RM Congenital scoliosis. Med Sci Monit 2004, 10:RA104-RA110.
17. Lee SW, Wong KW, Chan MK, et al. Development and validation of a new technique for assessing lumbar spine motion. Spine 2002, 27:E215-E220.
18. Lewonowski K, King JD, Nelson MD Routine use of magnetic resonance imaging in idiopathic scoliosis patients less than eleven years of age. Spine 1992, 17(6 suppl):S109-S116.
19. Loder RT, Urquhart A, Steen H, et al. Variability in Cobb angle measurements in children with congenital scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1995, 77:768-770.
20. Lonstein JE Natural history and school screening for scoliosis. Orthop Clin North Am 1988, 19:227-237.
21. McMaster MJ Infantile idiopathic scoliosis: Can it be prevented?. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1983, 65:612-617.
22. Nissinen M Spinal posture during pubertal growth. Acta Paediatr 1995, 84:308-312.
23. Nokes SR, Murtagh FR, Jones JD, et al. Childhood scoliosis: MR imaging. Radiology 1987, 164:791-797.
24. Noordeen MH, Taylor BA, Edgar MA Syringomyelia: A potential risk factor in scoliosis surgery. Spine 1994, 19:1406-1409.
25. Papanicolaou N, Wilkinson RH, Emans JB, et al. Bone scintigraphy and radiography in young athletes with low back pain. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985, 145:1039-1044.
26. Pennell RG, Maurer AH, Bonakdarpour A Stress injuries of the pars interarticularis: Radiologic classification and indications for scintigraphy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1985, 145:763-766.
27. Putto E, Tallroth K Extension-flexion radiographs for motion studies of the lumbar spine: A comparison of two methods. Spine 1990, 15:107-110.
28. Ramirez N, Johnston CE, Browne RH The prevalence of back pain in children who have idiopathic scoliosis. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1997, 79:364-368.
29. Redla S, Sikdar T, Saifuddin A Magnetic resonance imaging of scoliosis. Clin Radiol 2001, 56:360-371.
30. Resnick D, Kransdorf M Bone and Joint Imaging 2005, Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia. 3rd ed.
31. Risser JC The iliac apophysis: An invaluable sign in the management of scoliosis. Clin Orthop 1958, 11:111-119.
32. Ross JS Magnetic resonance imaging of the postoperative spine. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2000, 4:281-291.
33. Sagi HC, Jarvis JG, Uhthoff HK Histomorphic analysis of the development of the pars interarticularis and its association with isthmic spondylolysis. Spine 1998, 23:1635-1639. discussion 1640.
34. Sairyo K, Katoh S, Sasa T, et al. Athletes with unilateral spondylolysis are at risk of stress fracture at the contralateral pedicle and pars interarticularis: A clinical and biomechanical study. Am J Sports Med 2005, 33:583-590.
35. Schwend RM, Hennrikus W, Hall JE, Emans JB Childhood scoliosis: Clinical indications for magnetic resonance imaging. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1995, 77:46-53.
36. Stokes IA, Frymoyer JW Segmental motion and instability. Spine 1987, 12:688-691.
37. Urbaniak JR, Schaefer WW, Stelling FH Iliac apophyses: Prognostic value in idiopathic scoliosis. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1976, 116:80-85.
38. Vaccaro AR, Silber JS Post-traumatic spinal deformity. Spine 2001, 26(24 suppl):S111-S118.
39. Wiltse L Spondylolisthesis Classification and Etiology 1969, Mosby, St Louis.
40. Wiltse LL, Rothman SLG, Milanowska K, et al. Lumbar and lumbosacral spondylolisthesis 1990, Saunders, Philadelphia.
41. Wynne-Davies R Congenital vertebral anomalies: Aetiology and relationship to spina bifida cystica. J Med Genet 1975, 12:280-288.
42. Young LW, Oestreich AE, Goldstein LA Roentgenology in scoliosis: Contribution to evaluation and management. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 1970, 108:778-795.
43. Albert TJ, Vacarro A Postlaminectomy kyphosis. Spine 1998, 23:2738-2745.
44. Armstrong GW, Livermore NB, Suzuki N, Armstrong JG Nonstandard vertebral rotation in scoliosis screening patients: Its prevalence and relation to the clinical deformity. Spine 1982, 7:50-54.
45. Beutler WJ, Fredrickson BE, Murtland A, et al. The natural history of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis: 45-year follow-up evaluation. Spine 2003, 28:1027-1035. discussion 1035.
46. Borenstein D Epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation, and therapy of low back pain. Curr Opin Rheumatol 1994, 6:217-222.
47. Cassar-Pullicino VN, Eisenstein SM Imaging in scoliosis: What, why and how?. Clin Radiol 2002, 57:543-562.
48. Davis PC, Hoffman JC, Ball TI, et al. Spinal abnormalities in pediatric patients: MR imaging findings compared with clinical, myelographic, and surgical findings. Radiology 1988, 166:679-685.
49. Evans SC, Edgar MA, Hall-Craggs MA, et al. MRI of "idiopathic" juvenile scoliosis: A prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1996, 78:314-317.
50. Gundry CR, Fritts HM MR imaging of the spine in sports injuries. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 1999, 7:85-103.
51. Iguchi T, Kanemura A, Kasahara K, et al. Lumbar instability and clinical symptoms: Which is the more critical factor for symptoms: Sagittal translation or segment angulation?. J Spinal Disord Tech 2004, 17:284-290.
52. Katsumi Y, Honma T, Nakamura T Analysis of cervical instability resulting from laminectomies for removal of spinal cord tumor. Spine 1989, 14:1171-1176.
53. Modic MT, Feiglin DH, Piraino DW, et al. Vertebral osteomyelitis: Assessment using MR. Radiology 1985, 157:157-166.
54. Prahinski JR, Polly DW, McHale KA, Ellenbogen RG Occult intraspinal anomalies in congenital scoliosis. J Pediatr Orthop 2000, 20:59-63.
55. Teplick JG, Laffey PA, Berman A, Haskin ME Diagnosis and evaluation of spondylolisthesis and/or spondylolysis on axial CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1986, 7:479-491.
56. Watura R, Cobby M, Taylor J Multislice CT in imaging of trauma of the spine, pelvis and complex foot injuries. Br J Radiol 2004, 77(spec no 1):S46-S63.
57. Winter RB, Lonstein JE, Heithoff KB, Kirkham JA Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of the adolescent patient with idiopathic scoliosis before spinal instrumentation and fusion: A prospective, double-blinded study of 140 patients. Spine 1997, 22:855-858.
58. This is a review of the risk factors, biomechanics, workup, and surgical treatment of postlaminectomy kyphosis.
59. A total of 6321 schoolchildren were screened in this study using Moire topography in Ottawa in 1979. Analyses of 400 roentgenograms showed that 39% had rotation of a nonstandard variety. This study also describes the different types of curves and their prevalence.
60. This is a prospective study of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis that was initiated in 1955 with a radiographic and clinical study of 500 first-grade children. This report is the only prospective study to document the natural history of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis from onset through more than 45 years of life in a population that was unselected for pain.
61. This is a complete review of data concerning the epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic evaluation, and treatment of low back pain that have been reported over the one year. Patients who have a longer period of pain during the initial episode of pain are at greatest risk of recurrence of pain.
62. Scoliosis may be a spinal manifestation of underlying disease, and although most cases of scoliosis are idiopathic, imaging plays a very important role in determining the underlying etiology and in monitoring the changes of the deformity that take place with growth. This review focuses on descriptions of different imaging techniques and how and why the techniques should be applied.
63. Eighty-one pediatric patients with a variety of spinal disorders, including suspected dysrhaphism, scoliosis, neoplasia, and neurofibromatosis, underwent magnetic resonance imaging. The results were retrospectively compared in this study with those of myelography followed by computed tomography and surgery.
64. In this prospective trial, the authors performed an MRI of the spine and hindbrain in 31 patients with scoliosis of onset between the ages of 4 and 12 years. On the basis of their findings, the authors conclude that an MRI of all patients with scoliosis of juvenile onset should be obligatory.
65. This review describes the advantages and utilities of MRI in sports medicine. It remains the mainstay in the noninvasive diagnosis of most soft-tissue abnormalities occurring within and about the spine. The role of MRI in the evaluation of central spinal stenosis, the central spinal canal, and the spinal cord is unsurpassed by other noninvasive imaging modalities.
66. In this report, sagittal translation and angulation at the L4-5 segment were measured in flexion-extension films in 1090 outpatients with low back and/or leg pain using a three-landmark measuring method. The authors conclude that translation of the lumbar segment has a greater influence than does angulation on lumbar symptoms and that the presence of both radiologic factors could be an indicator for persistence of the symptoms.
67. In this prospective study, 34 patients with cervical cord tumor were followed to investigate the incidence of postoperative deformity or instability after laminectomies.
68. Thirty-seven patients who were clinically suspected of having vertebral osteomyelitis were prospectively evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging, radiography, and radionuclide studies in this prospective study.
69. Thirty consecutive patients with congenital spinal deformity underwent magnetic resonance imaging to determine the incidence of occult intraspinal anomaly in this prospective study.
70. This study reviews the CT findings in 300 patients who underwent axial CT of the lumbar spine in which spondylolysis and/or spondylolisthesis had been diagnosed. It concludes that axial CT is a highly accurate method for diagnosing and evaluating spondylolysis and all types of spondylolisthesis.
71. This review discusses the principles of when, where, and why multislice CT imaging of the spine, pelvis, and complex foot injuries should be performed.
72. This is a prospective, double-blinded study of the magnetic resonance imaging findings in the neural axis of 140 neurologically normal typical adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis who were scheduled for scoliosis surgery.