Long-term course of probable PTSD after the 9/11 attacks: A study in urban primary care

Journal of Traumatic Stress

Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 474-482

  Neria, Yuval ^a,c   Olfson, Mark ^a,c   Gameroff, Marc J ^a,c   DiGrande, Laura ^b   Wickramaratne, Priya ^a,c   Gross, Raz ^a,c   Pilowsky, Daniel J ^a,c   Neugebaur, Richard ^a   Manetti Cusa, Julián ^a   Lewis Fernandez, Roberto ^a,c   Lantigua, Rafael ^a,c   Shea, Steven ^a,c   Weissman, Myrna M ^a,c  

^a NEW YORK STATE PSYCHIATRIC INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b New York City Department of Health   (United States)

^c Columbia University Division of Epidemiology New York State Psychiatric Institute ^*  (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; CHRONIC DISEASE; COHORT ANALYSIS; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MALE; MENTAL DISEASE; MIDDLE AGED; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; PSYCHOLOGIC TEST; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; SOCIOECONOMICS; STATISTICS; TERRORISM; UNITED STATES;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGED; CHRONIC DISEASE; COHORT STUDIES; COMORBIDITY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; EDUCATIONAL STATUS; FEMALE; HEALTH SURVEYS; HUMANS; INTERVIEW, PSYCHOLOGICAL; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; MALE; MENTAL DISORDERS; MIDDLE AGED; NEW YORK CITY; PRIMARY HEALTH CARE; SEPTEMBER 11 TERRORIST ATTACKS; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 78249278150     PISSN: 08949867     EISSN: 15736598     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/jts.20544     Document Type: Article

References (38)

1. Adams, R. E., & Boscarino, J. A. (2006). Predictors of PTSD and delayed PTSD after disaster: The impact of exposure and psychosocial resources. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 194, 485-493.
2. Adams, R. E., Boscarino, J. A., & Galea, S. (2006). Alcohol use, mental health status and psychological well-being 2 years after the World Trade Center attacks in New York City. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 32, 203-224.
3. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Blanchard, E. B., Jones-Alexander, J., Buckley, T. C., & Forneris, C. A. (1996). Psychometric Properties of the PTSD Check List (PCL). Behavior Research and Therapy, 34, 669-673.
5. Boscarino, J. A., Adams, R. E., & Galea, S. (2006). Alcohol use in New York after the terrorist attacks: A study of the effects of psychological trauma on drinking behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 31, 606-621.
6. Boscarino, J. A., & Adams, R. E. (2009). PTSD onset and course following the World Trade Center disaster: Findings and implications for future research. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 44, 887-898.
7. Brackbill, R. M., Hadler, J. L., DiGrande, L., Ekenga, C. C., Farfel, M. R., Friedman, S., et al. (2009). Asthma and posttraumatic stress symptoms 5 to 6 years following exposure to the World Trade Center terrorist attack. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302, 502-516.
8. Charlson, M. E., Pompei, P., Ales, K. L., & MacKenzie, C. R. (1987). A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: Development and validation. Journal of Chronic Diseases, 40, 373-383.
9. DiGrande, L., Perrin, M. A., Thorpe, L. E., Thaljl, L., Murphy, J., Wu, D., et al. (2008). Posttraumatic stress symptoms, PTSD, and risk factors among lower Manhattan residents 2-3 years after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 264-273.
10. First, M. B., Gibbon, M., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research version (SCID-I). New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research Department.
11. Galea, S., Ahern, J., Tracy, M., Hubbard, A., Cerda, M., Goldman, E., et al. (2008). Longitudinal determinants of posttraumatic stress in a population-based cohort study. Epidemiology, 19, 47-54.
12. Galea, S., Nandi, A., & Vlahov, D. (2005). The epidemiology of post-traumatic stress disorder after disasters. Epidemiologic Review, 27, 78-91.
13. Galea, S., Vlahov, D., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., Susser, E., Gold, J., et al. (2003). Trends of probable post-traumatic stress disorder in New York City after the September 11 terrorist attacks. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158, 514-524.
14. Gray, M. J., Bolton, E. E., & Litz, B. T. (2004). A longitudinal analysis of PTSD symptom course: Delayed-onset PTSD in Somalia peacekeepers. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72, 909-913.
15. Gross, R., Neria, Y., Tao, X. G., Massa, J., Ashwell, L., Davis, K., et al. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological sequelae among world trade center clean up and recovery workers. Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 1071, 495-499.
16. Holman, E. A., Silver, R. C., Poulin, M., Andersen, J., Gil-Rivas, V., & McIntosh, D. N. (2008). Terrorism, acute stress, and cardiovascular health: A 3-year national study following the September 11th attacks. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 73-80.
17. Little, J., & Rubin, D. (2002). Statistical analysis with missing data (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
18. Neria, Y., Gross, R., Olfson, M., Gameroff, M., Wickramatne, P., Das, A., et al. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder in primary care one year after the 9/11 attacks. General Hospital Psychiatry, 28, 213-222.
19. Neria, Y., Nandi, A., & Galea, S. (2008). Post-traumatic stress disorder following disasters: A systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 38, 467-480.
20. Norris, F. H., Friedman, M. J., Watson, P. J., Byrne, C. M., Diaz, E., & Kaniasty, K. (2002). 60, 000 disaster victims speak, Part I: An empirical review of the empirical literature, 1981-2001. Psychiatry, 65, 207-239.
21. Norris, F. H., Kaniasty, K., Conrad, M. L., Inman, G. L., & Murphy, A. D. (2002). Placing age differences in cultural context: A comparison of the effects of age on PTSD after disaster in the United States, Mexico, and Poland. Journal of Clinical Geropsychology, 8, 153-173.
22. Norris, F. H., & Murrel, S. A. (1988). Prior experience as a moderator of disaster impact on anxiety symptoms in older adults. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16, 665-683.
23. North, C. S., McCutcheon, V., Spitznagel, E. L., & Smith, E. M. (2002). Three-year follow-up of survivors of a mass shooting episode. Journal of Urban Health, 79, 383-391.
24. North, C. S., Nixon, S. J., Shariat, S., Mallonee, S., McMillen, J. C., Spitznagel, E. L., et al. (1999). Psychiatric disorders among survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282, 755-762.
25. North, C. S., Pfefferbaum, B., Tivis, L., Kawasaki, A., Reddy, C., & Spitznagel, E. L. (2004). The course of posttraumatic stress disorder in a follow-up study of survivors of the Oklahoma City bombing. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 16, 209-215.
26. North, C. S., Smith, E. M., & Spitznagel, E. L. (1994). Posttraumatic stress disorder in survivors of a mass shooting. American Journal of Psychiatry, 151, 82-88.
27. Quan, H., Sundararajan, V., Halfon, P., Fong, A., Burnand, B., Luthi, J. C., et al. (2005). Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Medical Care, 43, 1130-1139.
28. Richman, J. A., Cloninger, L., & Rospenda, K. M. (2008). Macrolevel stressors, terrorism, and mental health outcomes: Broadening the stress paradigm. American Journal of Public Health, 98, 323-329.
29. Schlenger, W. E., Caddell, J. M., Ebert, L., Jordan, B. K., Rourke, K. M., Wilson, D., et al. (2002). Psychological reactions to terrorist attacks: Findings from the National Study of Americans' Reactions to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 581-588.
30. Schuster, M. A., Stein, B. D., Jaycox, L. H., Collins, R. L., Marshall, G. N., Elliott, M. N., et al. (2001). A national survey of stress reactions after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. New England Journal of Medicine, 345, 1507-1512.
31. Silver, R. C., Holman, E. A., McIntosh, D. N., Poulin, M., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2002). Nationwide longitudinal study of psychological responses to September 11. Journal of the American Medical Association, 288, 1235-1244.
32. Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., Kroenke, K., Linzer, M., DeGruy, F. V., Hahn, S. R., et al. (1994). Utility of a new procedure for diagnosing mental disorders in primary care: The PRIME-MD 1000 Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 1749-1756.
33. Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., Boscarino, J. A., Gold, J., et al. (2004). Consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among New York City residents months after the September 11 terrorist attacks. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 30, 385-407.
34. Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Rudenstine, S., Resnick, H., Kilpatrick, D., et al. (2006). Alcohol drinking problems among New York City residents after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Substance Use and Misuse, 41, 1295-1311.
35. Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Resnick, H., Ahern, J., Boscarino, J. A., Buculavas, M., et al. (2002). Increased use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan, New York, residents after the September 11th terrorist attacks. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 988-996.
36. Ware Jr., J. E., Kosinski, M., & Keller, S. D. (1996). A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: Construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical Care, 34, 220-233.
37. Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993, October). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper presented at the meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
38. Weissman, M. M., Neria, Y., Das, A., Feder, A., Blanco, C., Lantigua, R., et al. (2005). Gender differences in posttraumatic stress disorder among primary care patients after the World Trade Center attack of September 11, 2001. Gender Medicine, 2, 76-87.