메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 122, Issue SUPPL. 3, 2010, Pages 19-30

Bats and other reservoir hosts of Filoviridae. Danger of epidemic on the African continent? - A deductive literature analysis;Fledertiere und andere Reservoirwirte der Filoviridae. Epidemiegefahr am afrikanischen Kontinent? - Eine deduktive Literaturanalyse

Author keywords

Africa; Bats; Epidemic; Filoviridae; Reservoir host

Indexed keywords

IMMUNOGLOBULIN G; VIRUS ANTIBODY; VIRUS RNA;

EID: 78249255195     PISSN: 00435325     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00508-010-1434-x     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (5)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 0000995139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses
    • B.N. Fields D.M. Knipe P.M. Howley (eds). 3 Lippincott-Raven Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
    • Peters CJ, Sanchez A, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Murphy FA (1996) Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. In: Fields BN, Knipe DM, Howley PM (eds) Fields virology, 3rd edn. Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, pp 1161-76
    • (1996) Fields Virology , pp. 1161-1176
    • Peters, C.J.1    Sanchez, A.2    Rollin, P.E.3    Ksiazek, T.G.4    Murphy, F.A.5
  • 2
    • 57149120780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Newly discovered Ebola virus associated with hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda
    • 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000212 19023410
    • JS Towner TK Sealy ML Khristova CG Albariño S Conlan SA Reeder, et al. 2008 Newly discovered Ebola virus associated with hemorrhagic fever outbreak in Uganda PLoS Pathog 4 e1000212 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000212 19023410
    • (2008) PLoS Pathog , vol.4 , pp. 1000212
    • Towner, J.S.1    Sealy, T.K.2    Khristova, M.L.3    Albariño, C.G.4    Conlan, S.5    Reeder, S.A.6
  • 3
    • 32744475901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at
    • World Health Organization (2008) Ebola haemorrhagic fever - Fact sheet. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/print.html (Last accessed 08.01.10)
    • (2008) Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever - Fact Sheet
  • 4
    • 32744475901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at Lastaccessed01.01.10
    • World Health Organization (2008) Marburg haemorrhagic fever - Fact sheet. Available at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs-marburg/en/print.html (Last accessed 01.01.10)
    • (2008) Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever - Fact Sheet
  • 10
    • 70049115327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of genetically diverse Marburg viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats
    • 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536 19649327
    • JS Towner BR Amman TK Sealy SA Reeder Carrol JA Comer A Kemp, et al. 2009 Isolation of genetically diverse Marburg viruses from Egyptian Fruit Bats PLoS Pathog 5 e1000536 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000536 19649327
    • (2009) PLoS Pathog , vol.5 , pp. 1000536
    • Towner, J.S.1    Amman, B.R.2    Sealy, T.K.3    Reeder Carrol, S.A.4    Comer, J.A.5    Kemp, A.6
  • 11
    • 70449580483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Large serological survey showing cocirculation of Ebola and Marburg viruses in Gabonese bat populations, and a high seroprevalence of both viruses in Rousettus aegyptiacus
    • 10.1186/1471-2334-9-159
    • X Pourrut M Souris JS Towner PE Rollin ST Nichol JP Gonzalez, et al. 2009 Large serological survey showing cocirculation of Ebola and Marburg viruses in Gabonese bat populations, and a high seroprevalence of both viruses in Rousettus aegyptiacus BMC Infect Dis 9 1 10 10.1186/1471-2334-9-159
    • (2009) BMC Infect Dis , vol.9 , pp. 1-10
    • Pourrut, X.1    Souris, M.2    Towner, J.S.3    Rollin, P.E.4    Nichol, S.T.5    Gonzalez, J.P.6
  • 12
    • 1942487990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of ecological diversity in bats
    • T.H. Kunz M.B. Fenton (eds). The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Simmons NB, Conway TM (2003) Evolution of ecological diversity in bats. In: Kunz TH, Fenton MB (eds) Bat ecology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA, pp 493-535
    • (2003) Bat Ecology , pp. 493-535
    • Simmons, N.B.1    Conway, T.M.2
  • 13
    • 0346842791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trophic strategies, Niche partitioning, and patterns of ecological organization
    • T.H. Kunz M.B. Fenton (eds). The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Patterson BD, Willing MR, Stevens RD (2003) Trophic strategies, Niche partitioning, and patterns of ecological organization. In: Kunz TH, Fenton MB (eds) Bat ecology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA, pp 536-79
    • (2003) Bat Ecology , pp. 536-579
    • Patterson, B.D.1    Willing, M.R.2    Stevens, R.D.3
  • 14
    • 73949125850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methods for assessing diseases in bats
    • T.H. Kunz S. Parsons (eds). The John Hopkins University Press Baltimore, Maryland, USA
    • Wibbelt G, Speck S, Field H (2009) Methods for assessing diseases in bats. In: Kunz TH, Parsons S (eds) Ecological and behavioral methods for the study of bats. The John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, pp 775-94
    • (2009) Ecological and Behavioral Methods for the Study of Bats , pp. 775-794
    • Wibbelt, G.1    Speck, S.2    Field, H.3
  • 15
    • 13244272842 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bats, emerging virus infections, and the Rabies Paradigm
    • T.H. Kunz M.B. Fenton (eds). The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Messenger SL, Rupprecht CE, Smith JS (2003) Bats, emerging virus infections, and the Rabies Paradigm. In: Kunz TH, Fenton MB (eds) Bat ecology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA, pp 622-79
    • (2003) Bat Ecology , pp. 622-679
    • Messenger, S.L.1    Rupprecht, C.E.2    Smith, J.S.3
  • 17
    • 23044492863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecology of bat migration
    • T.H. Kunz M.B. Fenton (eds). The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Fleming TH, Eby P (2003) Ecology of bat migration. In: Kunz TH, Fenton MB (eds) Bat ecology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA, pp 156-208
    • (2003) Bat Ecology , pp. 156-208
    • Fleming, T.H.1    Eby, P.2
  • 19
    • 0242539648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecology of cavity and foliage roosting bats
    • T.H. Kunz M.B. Fenton (eds). The University of Chicago Press Chicago, Illinois, USA
    • Kunz TH, Lumsden LF (2003) Ecology of cavity and foliage roosting bats. In: Kunz TH, Fenton MB (eds) Bat ecology. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, USA, pp 3-89
    • (2003) Bat Ecology , pp. 3-89
    • Kunz, T.H.1    Lumsden, L.F.2
  • 20
    • 72749126331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human Ebola outbreak resulting from direct exposure to fruit bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007
    • 10.1089/vbz.2008.0167 19323614
    • EM Leroy A Epelboin V Mondonge X Pourrut JP Gonzalez JJ Muyembe-Tamfum, et al. 2009 Human Ebola outbreak resulting from direct exposure to fruit bats in Luebo, Democratic Republic of Congo, 2007 Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 9 723 728 10.1089/vbz.2008.0167 19323614
    • (2009) Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis , vol.9 , pp. 723-728
    • Leroy, E.M.1    Epelboin, A.2    Mondonge, V.3    Pourrut, X.4    Gonzalez, J.P.5    Muyembe-Tamfum, J.J.6
  • 21
    • 0014217246 scopus 로고
    • Fatal human disease from vervet monkeys
    • 10.1016/S0140-6736(67)90621-6
    • CE Smith DI Simpson ET Bowen I Zlotnik 1967 Fatal human disease from vervet monkeys Lancet 290 1119 1121 10.1016/S0140-6736(67)90621-6
    • (1967) Lancet , vol.290 , pp. 1119-1121
    • Smith, C.E.1    Simpson, D.I.2    Bowen, E.T.3    Zlotnik, I.4
  • 22
    • 0015806002 scopus 로고
    • Marburg virus disease
    • 1:STN:280:DyaE2c7lt12rsw%3D%3D 10.1136/pgmj.49.574.542 4207635
    • GA Martini 1973 Marburg virus disease Postgrad Med J 49 542 546 1:STN:280:DyaE2c7lt12rsw%3D%3D 10.1136/pgmj.49.574.542 4207635
    • (1973) Postgrad Med J , vol.49 , pp. 542-546
    • Martini, G.A.1
  • 23
    • 0018256263 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic investigation of Marburg virus disease, Southern Africa, 1975
    • 1:STN:280:DyaE1M%2FotVGisA%3D%3D 569445
    • JL Conrad M Isaacson EB Smith H Wulff M Crees P Geldenhuys, et al. 1978 Epidemiologic investigation of Marburg virus disease, Southern Africa, 1975 Am J Trop Med Hyg 27 1210 1215 1:STN:280:DyaE1M%2FotVGisA%3D%3D 569445
    • (1978) Am J Trop Med Hyg , vol.27 , pp. 1210-1215
    • Conrad, J.L.1    Isaacson, M.2    Smith, E.B.3    Wulff, H.4    Crees, M.5    Geldenhuys, P.6
  • 24
    • 0016590520 scopus 로고
    • Outbreak of Marburg virus disease in Johannesburg
    • 1:STN:280:DyaE28%2FmtlGhug%3D%3D 10.1136/bmj.4.5995.489 811315
    • JSS Gear GA Cassel AJ Gear B Trappler L Clausen AM Meyers, et al. 1975 Outbreak of Marburg virus disease in Johannesburg BMJ 4 489 493 1:STN:280:DyaE28%2FmtlGhug%3D%3D 10.1136/bmj.4.5995.489 811315
    • (1975) BMJ , vol.4 , pp. 489-493
    • Gear, J.S.S.1    Cassel, G.A.2    Gear, A.J.3    Trappler, B.4    Clausen, L.5    Meyers, A.M.6
  • 30
    • 1442354325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marburg miner mystery
    • 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00917-X 14959759
    • A Burton 2004 Marburg miner mystery Lancet Infect Dis 4 67 10.1016/S1473-3099(04)00917-X 14959759
    • (2004) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.4 , pp. 67
    • Burton, A.1
  • 31
    • 78249235663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haemorrhagic fever in Democratic Republic of Congo identified as Marburg
    • 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76988-9
    • N Ford 1999 Haemorrhagic fever in Democratic Republic of Congo identified as Marburg Lancet 353 1681 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76988-9
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 1681
    • Ford, N.1
  • 32
    • 0033591087 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at Lastaccessed01.01.10). WklyEpidemiolRec74:157-64
    • World Health Organization (1999) Viral haemorrhagic fever/Marburg, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Available at http://www.who.int/docstore/wer/ pdf/1999/wer7420.pdf (Last accessed 01.01.10). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 74: 157-64
    • (1999) Viral Haemorrhagic Fever/Marburg, Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • 33
    • 22444441371 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marburg fever in Angola: Still a mystery disease
    • 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70125-0 15948310
    • D Bonn 2005 Marburg fever in Angola: still a mystery disease Lancet Infect Dis 5 331 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70125-0 15948310
    • (2005) Lancet Infect Dis , vol.5 , pp. 331
    • Bonn, D.1
  • 36
    • 16344389732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A puzzling outbreak of Marburg disease
    • 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXivFajsLk%3D 10.1126/science.308.5718.31b 15802571
    • M Enserink 2005 A puzzling outbreak of Marburg disease Science 308 31 33 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXivFajsLk%3D 10.1126/science.308.5718.31b 15802571
    • (2005) Science , vol.308 , pp. 31-33
    • Enserink, M.1
  • 37
    • 19444364271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Angola
    • DOI 10.1056/NEJMp058115
    • N Ndayimirije MK Kindhauser 2005 Marburg hemorrhagic fever in Angola - fighting fear and a lethal pathogen N Engl J Med 352 2155 2157 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXksFOmtLs%3D 10.1056/NEJMp058115 15917379 (Pubitemid 40727080)
    • (2005) New England Journal of Medicine , vol.352 , Issue.21 , pp. 2155-2157
    • Ndayimirije, N.1    Kindhauser, M.K.2
  • 38
    • 77950675320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at (Lastaccessed01.01.10). GlobalAlertandResponse(GAR)
    • World Health Organization (2007) Marburg haemorrhagic fever in Uganda - update. Available at http://www.who.int/csr/don/2007-08-14/en/print.html (Last accessed 01.01.10). Global Alert and Response (GAR)
    • (2007) Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever in Uganda - Update
  • 39
    • 34548045299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at (Lastaccessed28.01.2010). WklyEpidemiolRec82:297-8
    • World Health Organization (2007) Marburg haemorrhagic fever, Uganda. Available at http://www.who.int/wer/2007/wer8233.pdf (Last accessed 28.01.2010). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 82: 297-8
    • (2007) Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever, Uganda
  • 40
    • 78249275921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Centers for Disease Control - Special Pathogens Branch Available at (Lastaccessed02.01.10)
    • Centers for Disease Control - Special Pathogens Branch (2009) Outbreak postings. 2008: Marburg hemorrhagic fever, imported case - United States. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/Spb/outbreaks/ (Last accessed 02.01.10)
    • (2009) Outbreak Postings. 2008: Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever, Imported Case - United States
  • 41
    • 69249095263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at (Lastaccessed02.01.10). GlobalAlertandResponse(GAR)
    • World Health Organization (2008) Case of Marburg haemorrhagic fever imported into the Netherlands from Uganda. Available at http://www.who.int/csr/ don/2008-07-10/en/print.html (Last accessed 02.01.10). Global Alert and Response (GAR)
    • (2008) Case of Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever Imported into the Netherlands from Uganda
  • 43
    • 78249257828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agence France-Presse Available at Lastaccessed02.01.10
    • Agence France-Presse (2008) Dutch woman dies from Marburg virus caught in Uganda. Available at http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gfoo- 7iTfaPj53fi7FB0NzZvgyvA (Last accessed 02.01.10)
    • (2008) Dutch Woman Dies from Marburg Virus Caught in Uganda
  • 44
    • 0018188505 scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Report of a WHO/International Study Team. Available a (Lastaccessed08.01.10).BullWorldHealthOrg56:247-70
    • World Health Organization (1978) Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Sudan, 1976. Report of a WHO/International Study Team. Available at http://whqlibdoc.who. int/bulletin/1978/Vol56-No2/bulletin-1978-56(2)-247-270.pdf (Last accessed 08.01.10). Bull World Health Org 56: 247-70
    • (1978) Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever in Sudan, 1976
  • 45
    • 78249270493 scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at (Lastaccessed05.01.10). WklyEpidemiolRec52:36
    • World Health Organization (1977) Viral haemorrhagic fever: Sudan. Available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/wer/WHO-WER-1977/ (Last accessed 05.01.10). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 52: 36
    • (1977) Viral Haemorrhagic Fever: Sudan
  • 46
    • 0018104527 scopus 로고
    • Ebola haemorrhagic fever in zaire, 1976
    • World Health Organization. Report of an International Commission. (Last accessed 05.01.10)
    • World Health Organization (1978) Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Zaire, 1976. Report of an International Commission. Available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ bulletin/1978/ (Last accessed 05.01.10). Bull World Health Org 56: 271-93
    • (1978) Bull World Health Org , vol.56 , pp. 271-293
  • 47
    • 0017772926 scopus 로고
    • Isolation of Marburg-like virus from a case of haemorrhagic fever in Zaire
    • Pattyn S, Jacob W, van der Groen G, Piot P, Courteille G (1977) Isolation of Marburg-like virus from a case of haemorrhagic fever in Zaire. Lancet i(8011 Part 1): 573-4
    • (1977) Lancet i , Issue.8011 PART 1 , pp. 573-574
    • Pattyn, S.1    Jacob, W.2    Van Der Groen, G.3    Piot, P.4    Courteille, G.5
  • 49
    • 78249288208 scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at (Lastaccessed05.01.10). WklyEpidemiolRec54:342-3
    • World Health Organization (1979) Viral haemorrhagic fever surveillance: Sudan. Available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/wer/WHO-WER-1979/ (Last accessed 05.01.10). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 54: 342-3
    • (1979) Viral Haemorrhagic Fever Surveillance: Sudan
  • 50
    • 0033000976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human infection due to Ebola virus, Subtype Côte d'Ivoire: Clinical and biologic presentation
    • P Formenty C Hatz B le Guenno A Stoll P Rogenmoser A Widmer 1999 Human infection due to Ebola virus, Subtype Côte d'Ivoire: clinical and biologic presentation J Theor Biol 179 48 53
    • (1999) J Theor Biol , vol.179 , pp. 48-53
    • Formenty, P.1    Hatz, C.2    Le Guenno, B.3    Stoll, A.4    Rogenmoser, P.5    Widmer, A.6
  • 51
    • 0033066225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ebola Virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees living in a rain forest of Côte d'Ivoire
    • 10.1086/514296
    • P Formenty C Boesch M Wyers C Steiner F Donati F Dind, et al. 1999 Ebola Virus outbreak among wild chimpanzees living in a rain forest of Côte d'Ivoire J Infect Dis 179 120 126 10.1086/514296
    • (1999) J Infect Dis , vol.179 , pp. 120-126
    • Formenty, P.1    Boesch, C.2    Wyers, M.3    Steiner, C.4    Donati, F.5    Dind, F.6
  • 52
    • 0032900667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk for Ebola virus infection in Côte d'Ivoire
    • 1:STN:280:DyaK1M3jvVyktw%3D%3D 10.3201/eid0502.990232 10221898
    • O Kunii P Formenty J Diarra-Nama N Nahounou 1999 Risk for Ebola virus infection in Côte d'Ivoire Emerg Infect Dis 5 312 313 1:STN:280: DyaK1M3jvVyktw%3D%3D 10.3201/eid0502.990232 10221898
    • (1999) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.5 , pp. 312-313
    • Kunii, O.1    Formenty, P.2    Diarra-Nama, J.3    Nahounou, N.4
  • 53
    • 0031033898 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of the Ebola virus in Gabon in 1994 [10]
    • J Amblard P Obiang S Edzang C Prehaud M Bouloy B le Guenno 1997 Identification of the Ebola virus in Gabon in 1994 Lancet 349 181 182 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3msFKntQ%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)60984-1 9111553 (Pubitemid 27039208)
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , Issue.9046 , pp. 181-182
    • Amblard, J.1    Obiang, P.2    Edzang, S.3    Prehaud, C.4    Bouloy, M.5    Le Guenno, B.6
  • 54
    • 0030625060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of Ebola viruses causing different outbreaks in Gabon
    • 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3ntFGiuw%3D%3D 10.3201/eid0301.970107 9126445
    • MC Georges-Courbot A Sanchez CY Lu S Baize E Leroy J Lansout-Soukate, et al. 1997 Isolation and phylogenetic characterization of Ebola viruses causing different outbreaks in Gabon Emerg Infect Dis 3 59 62 1:STN:280: DyaK2s3ntFGiuw%3D%3D 10.3201/eid0301.970107 9126445
    • (1997) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.3 , pp. 59-62
    • Georges-Courbot, M.C.1    Sanchez, A.2    Lu, C.Y.3    Baize, S.4    Leroy, E.5    Lansout-Soukate, J.6
  • 55
    • 0033066467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994-1997: Epidemiologic and health control issues
    • 10.1086/514290
    • AJ Georges EM Leroy AA Renaut CT Benissan RJ Nabias MT Ngoc, et al. 1999 Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in Gabon, 1994-1997: epidemiologic and health control issues J Infect Dis 179 65 75 10.1086/514290
    • (1999) J Infect Dis , vol.179 , pp. 65-75
    • Georges, A.J.1    Leroy, E.M.2    Renaut, A.A.3    Benissan, C.T.4    Nabias, R.J.5    Ngoc, M.T.6
  • 56
    • 0029640087 scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at (Lastaccessed05.01.10). WklyEpidemiolRec70:163-4
    • World Health Organization (1995) Yellow fever: Gabon. Available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/wer/WHO-WER-1995/ (Last accessed 05.01.10). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 70: 163-4
    • (1995) Yellow Fever: Gabon
  • 57
    • 33751031862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Morbidity and mortality of wild animals in relation to outbreaks of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Gabon, 1994-2003
    • DOI 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.07.002, PII S0035920306002124
    • SA Lahm M Kombila R Swanepoel RF Barnes 2007 Morbidity and mortality of wild animals in relation to outbreaks of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Gabon, 1994-2003 Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 101 64 78 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.07.002 17010400 (Pubitemid 44752605)
    • (2007) Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene , vol.101 , Issue.1 , pp. 64-78
    • Lahm, S.A.1    Kombila, M.2    Swanepoel, R.3    Barnes, R.F.W.4
  • 58
    • 0013606066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ebola fever outbreak confirmed in Gabon
    • 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91149-6
    • V Choo 1996 Ebola fever outbreak confirmed in Gabon Lancet 347 528 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)91149-6
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 528
    • Choo, V.1
  • 59
    • 78249271125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at (Lastaccessed08.01.10). WklyEpidemiolRec71:125-6
    • World Health Organization (1996) Outbreak of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Gabon officially declared over. Available at http://www.who.int/wer/pdf/1996/ wer7117.pdf (Last accessed 08.01.10). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 71: 125-6
    • (1996) Outbreak of Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever in Gabon Officially Declared over
  • 60
    • 0030607502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fears over Ebola spread as nurse dies
    • 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7hsFaqsQ%3D%3D 8956694
    • P Sidley 1996 Fears over Ebola spread as nurse dies BMJ 313 1351 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7hsFaqsQ%3D%3D 8956694
    • (1996) BMJ , vol.313 , pp. 1351
    • Sidley, P.1
  • 61
    • 78249275603 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at (Lastaccessed08.01.10). WklyEpidemiolRec71:359
    • World Health Organization (1996) Ebola haemorrhagic fever: South Africa. Available at http://www.who.int/wer/pdf/1996/wer7147.pdf (Last accessed 08.01.10). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 71: 359
    • (1996) Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever: South Africa
  • 62
    • 0029652440 scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at (Lastaccessed05.01.10). WklyEpidemiolRec70:149-51
    • World Health Organization (1995) Ebola haemorrhagic fever: Zaire. Available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/wer/WHO-WER-1995/ (Last accessed 05.01.10). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 70: 149-51
    • (1995) Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever: Zaire
  • 64
    • 0032997829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: Risk factors for patients without a reported exposure
    • 10.1086/514286
    • TH Roels AS Bloom J Buffington GL Muhungu WR Mac Kenzie AS Khan, et al. 1999 Ebola hemorrhagic fever, Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1995: Risk factors for patients without a reported exposure J Infect Dis 179 92 97 10.1086/514286
    • (1999) J Infect Dis , vol.179 , pp. 92-97
    • Roels, T.H.1    Bloom, A.S.2    Buffington, J.3    Muhungu, G.L.4    Mac Kenzie, W.R.5    Khan, A.S.6
  • 65
    • 78249275602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lacor Hospital Available at Lastaccessed17.03.10
    • Lacor Hospital (2006) 5th Dr. Mathew Lukwiya Memorial Lecture. Available at http://www.lhospital.org/banner/061024-mathew/index.htm (Last accessed 17.03.10)
    • (2006) 5th Dr. Mathew Lukwiya Memorial Lecture
  • 68
    • 0035923126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Caring for the survivors of Uganda's Ebola epidemic one year on
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MngvFenug%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06467-4 11684230
    • C Wendo 2001 Caring for the survivors of Uganda's Ebola epidemic one year on Lancet 358 1350 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3MngvFenug%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(01) 06467-4 11684230
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 1350
    • Wendo, C.1
  • 70
    • 0036524905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available at (Lastaccessed08.01.10).EuroSurveillance- BulletinEuropéensurlesMaladiesTransmissibles- EuropeanCommunicableDiseaseBulletin7:33-6
    • Arthur RR (2002) Ebola in Africa - discoveries in the past decade. Available at http://www.eurosurveillance.org/em/v07n03/0703-222.asp (Last accessed 08.01.10). Euro Surveillance - Bulletin Européen sur les Maladies Transmissibles - European Communicable Disease Bulletin 7: 33-6
    • (2002) Ebola in Africa - Discoveries in the Past Decade
    • Arthur, R.R.1
  • 71
    • 0037160752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Re-emergence of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Gabon
    • 1:STN:280:DC%2BD387ktlGjsw%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07796-6 11879899
    • EM Leroy S Souquière P Rouquet D Drevet 2002 Re-emergence of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in Gabon Lancet 359 712 1:STN:280:DC%2BD387ktlGjsw%3D%3D 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)07796-6 11879899
    • (2002) Lancet , vol.359 , pp. 712
    • Leroy, E.M.1    Souquière, S.2    Rouquet, P.3    Drevet, D.4
  • 72
    • 10044276013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at (Lastaccessed08.01.10). WklyEpidemiolRec78:223-8
    • World Health Organization (2003) Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001-July 2002. Available at http://www.who.int/ entity/wer/2003/en/wer7826.pdf (Last accessed 08.01.10). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 78: 223-8
    • (2003) Outbreak(s) of Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever, Congo and Gabon, October 2001-July 2002
  • 74
    • 0142072179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization January-April 2003. Available at (Lastaccessed08.01.10).WklyEpidemiolRec78:285-9
    • World Health Organization (2003) Outbreak(s) of Ebola haemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo, January-April 2003. Available at http://www.who.int/entity/wer/2003/en/wer7833.pdf (Last accessed 08.01.10). Wkly Epidemiol Rec 78: 285-9
    • (2003) Outbreak(s) of Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever in the Republic of the Congo
  • 75
    • 78249284683 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available at (Lastaccessed08.01.10).RedCrossRedCrescent2:14-5
    • Revol D (2003) Dedicated to the cause - Ebola outbreak in Congo. Available at http://www.redcross.int/EN/mag/magazine2003-2/14-15.html (Last accessed 08.01.10). Red Cross Red Crescent 2: 14-5
    • (2003) Dedicated to the Cause - Ebola Outbreak in Congo
    • Revol, D.1
  • 79
    • 77953790713 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ebola, culture, and politics: The anthropolgy of an emerging disease
    • J.A. Young (eds). Thomson Wadsworth Belmont, California, USA. 117
    • Hewlett BS, Hewlett BL (2008) Ebola, culture, and politics: the anthropolgy of an emerging disease. In: Young JA (ed) Case studies on contemporary social issues. Thomson Wadsworth, Belmont, California, USA, pp 109-10, 117
    • (2008) Case Studies on Contemporary Social Issues , pp. 109-110
    • Hewlett, B.S.1    Hewlett, B.L.2
  • 80
    • 78249244852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contributions to visual anthropology. Ethnomedical background of the Ebola epidemic 2004 in Yambio, South Sudan
    • A Prinz 2005 Contributions to visual anthropology. Ethnomedical background of the Ebola epidemic 2004 in Yambio, South Sudan Viennese Ethnomed Newsl 7 16 19
    • (2005) Viennese Ethnomed Newsl , vol.7 , pp. 16-19
    • Prinz, A.1
  • 81
    • 33947572475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at (Lastaccessed08.01.10). GlobalAlertandResponse(GAR)
    • World Health Organization (2005) Ebola haemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo - update 2. Available at http://www.who.int/csr/don/2005-06-16/en/ index.html (Last accessed 08.01.10). Global Alert and Response (GAR)
    • (2005) Ebola Haemorrhagic Fever in the Republic of the Congo - Update 2
  • 82
    • 57149097911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at (Lastaccessed30.01.10)
    • World Health Organization (2008) Ebola outbreak contained in Uganda. Available at http://www.who.int/features/2008/ebola-outbreak/en/index.html (Last accessed 30.01.10)
    • (2008) Ebola Outbreak Contained in Uganda
  • 83
    • 77956682690 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization Available at (Lastaccessed08.01.10). GlobalAlertandResponse(GAR)
    • World Health Organization (2009) End of Ebola outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Available at http://www.who.int/csr/don/2009-02-17/en/ print.html (Last accessed 08.01.10). Global Alert and Response (GAR)
    • (2009) End of Ebola Outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • 84
    • 78249240120 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrated Regional Information Networks Available at Lastaccessed08.01.10
    • Integrated Regional Information Networks (2009) DRC: Ebola outbreak in Kasai Occidental stabilised - WHO. Available at http://www.irinnews.org/Report. aspx?ReportId=82699 (Last accessed 08.01.10)
    • (2009) DRC: Ebola Outbreak in Kasai Occidental Stabilised - WHO
  • 86
    • 0027377310 scopus 로고
    • Filovirus activity among selected ethnic groups inhabiting the tropical forest of equatorial Africa
    • 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FptVOjsA%3D%3D 10.1016/0035-9203(93)90077-4 8266403
    • ED Johnson JP Gonzalez A Georges 1993 Filovirus activity among selected ethnic groups inhabiting the tropical forest of equatorial Africa Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 87 536 538 1:STN:280:DyaK2c%2FptVOjsA%3D%3D 10.1016/0035-9203(93) 90077-4 8266403
    • (1993) Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg , vol.87 , pp. 536-538
    • Johnson, E.D.1    Gonzalez, J.P.2    Georges, A.3
  • 87
    • 0030256385 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Social inequalities and emerging infectious diseases
    • 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7isF2htA%3D%3D 10.3201/eid0204.960402 8969243
    • P Farmer 1996 Social inequalities and emerging infectious diseases Emerg Infect Dis 2 259 269 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7isF2htA%3D%3D 10.3201/eid0204.960402 8969243
    • (1996) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.2 , pp. 259-269
    • Farmer, P.1
  • 88
    • 0033058379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ecology of Marburg and Ebola viruses: Speculations and directions for future research
    • 10.1086/514281
    • TP Monath 1999 Ecology of Marburg and Ebola viruses: speculations and directions for future research J Infect Dis 179 127 138 10.1086/514281
    • (1999) J Infect Dis , vol.179 , pp. 127-138
    • Monath, T.P.1
  • 89
    • 0030255029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental inoculation of plants and animals with Ebola virus
    • 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7isF2gsw%3D%3D 10.3201/eid0204.960407 8969248
    • R Swanepoel PA Leman FJ Burt NA Zachariades LEO Braack TG Ksiazek, et al. 1996 Experimental inoculation of plants and animals with Ebola virus Emerg Infect Dis 2 321 325 1:STN:280:DyaK2s7isF2gsw%3D%3D 10.3201/eid0204.960407 8969248
    • (1996) Emerg Infect Dis , vol.2 , pp. 321-325
    • Swanepoel, R.1    Leman, P.A.2    Burt, F.J.3    Zachariades, N.A.4    Braack, L.E.O.5    Ksiazek, T.G.6
  • 90
    • 0004226050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxford University Press New York City, New York, USA
    • Neuweiler G, translated by Covey E (2000) The biology of bats. Oxford University Press, New York City, New York, USA, pp 295-6
    • (2000) The Biology of Bats , pp. 295-296
    • Neuweiler, G.1    Covey, E.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.