Targeting specific cell signaling transduction pathways by dietary and medicinal phytochemicals in cancer chemoprevention

Toxicology

Volumn 278, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 229-241

  Neergheen, Vidushi S ^a   Bahorun, Theeshan ^a   Taylor, Ethan Will ^b   Jen, Ling Sun ^c   Aruoma, Okezie I ^d  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MAURITIUS   (Mauritius)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT GREENSBORO   (United States)

^c IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^d TOURO COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

Chemoprevention; MAP kinases; Phase II detoxifying enzymes; Phenolics; Plant extracts; Transcription factors

Indexed keywords

APIGENIN; CAFFEIC ACID PHENETHYL ESTER; CAPSAICIN; CURCUMIN; CYCLOOXYGENASE 2; DAIDZEIN; GENISTEIN; GINGEROL; GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; MYC PROTEIN; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE; PLANT EXTRACT; PLANT MEDICINAL PRODUCT; PLATYCODON GRANDIFLORUM EXTRACT; PROTEIN KINASE C; RESVERATROL; SAPONIN; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR AP 1; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NRF2;

ACACIA SALICINA; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; ANTIOXIDANT RESPONSIVE ELEMENT; ARTICLE; BACCHARIS GRISEBACHII; BAUHINIA RACEMOSA; BETTULA PLATYPHYLLA VAR JAPONICA; BIOAVAILABILITY; CANCER CELL; CANCER PREVENTION; CELL CYCLE ARREST; CELL STRESS; CRANBERRY; CRATOXYLUM COCHINCHINENSE; DIOSPYROS MELLANIDA; DIOSPYROS NERAUDII; DIOSPYROS REVAUGHANII; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MECHANISM; EUGENIA POLLICINA; FENUGREEK; GANODERMA LUCIDUM; GLYCYRRHIZA URALENSIS; HARPAGOPHYLUM PROCUMBENS; HUMAN; MEDICINAL PLANT; NONHUMAN; PERESKIA BLEO; PHELLINUS LINTEUS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; RECEPTOR UPREGULATION; RISK ASSESSMENT; ROSEMARY; SAFFLOWER; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; SOLANUM NIGRUM; SOYBEAN; SUTHERLANDIA FRUTESCENS; SYZYGIUM COMMERSONII; SYZYGIUM GLOMERATUM; SYZYGIUM MAURITIANUM; SYZYGIUM VENOSUM; TUMOR MICROENVIRONMENT;

ANIMALS; ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, PHYTOGENIC; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; PLANT EXTRACTS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 78149497094     PISSN: 0300483X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.10.010     Document Type: Article

References (223)

1. Abe Y., Hashimoto S., Horie T. Curcumin inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production by human peripheral blood monocytes and alveolar macrophages. Pharmacol. Res. 1999, 39:41-47.
2. Adhami V.M., Afaq F., Ahmad N. Suppression of ultraviolet B exposure-mediated activation of NF-kappaB in normal human keratinocytes by resveratrol. Neoplasia 2003, 5:74-82.
3. Aggarwal B.B., Shishodia S. Molecular targets of dietary agents for prevention and therapy of cancer. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2006, 71:1397-1421.
4. Ahn K.S., Noh E.J., Zhao H.L., Jung S.H., Kang S.S., Kim Y.S. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cycloxygenase II by Platycodon grandiflorum saponins via suppression of nuclear factor-κB activation in RAW 264.7 cells. Life Sci. 2005, 76:2315-2328.
5. Almeida L., Vaz-da-Silva M., Falcão A., Soares E., Costa R., Loureiro A.I., Fernandes-Lopes C., Rocha J.F., Nunes T., Wright L., Soares-da-Silva P. Pharmacokinetic and safety profile of trans-resveratrol in a rising multiple-dose study in healthy volunteers. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2009, (Suppl. 1):S7-S15.
6. Amin A., Alkaabi A., Al-Falasi S., Daoud S.A. Chemopreventive activities of Trigonella foenum graecum (Fenugreek) against breast cancer. Cell Biol. Int. 2005, 29:687-694.
7. Arai Y., Watanabe S., Kimira M., Shimoi K., Mochizuki R., Kinae N. Dietary intakes of flavonols, flavones and isoflavones by Japanese women and the inverse correlation between quercetin intake and plasma LDL cholesterol concentration. J. Nutr. 2000, 130:2243-2250.
8. Aruoma O.I., Bahorun T., Clement Y., Mersch-Sundermann V. Inflammation, cellular and redox signalling mechanisms in cancer and degenerative diseases. Mutat. Res. 2005, 579:1-5.
9. Ashkenazi A., Dixit V.M. Apoptosis control by death and decoy receptors. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 1999, 11:255-260.
10. Aziz A.A., Edwards C.A., Lean M.E.J., Crozier A. Absorption and excretion of conjugated flavonols, including quercetin-4'-O-_-glucoside and isorhamnetin-4'-O-_-glucoside by human volunteers after the consumption of onions. Free Radic. Res. 1998, 29:257-269.
11. Balkwill F., Mantovani A. Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?. Lancet 2001, 357:539-545.
12. Barnhart B.C., Lee J.C., Alappat E.C., Peter M.E. The death effector domain protein family, death receptor recruitment of endogenous caspase-10 and apoptosis initiation in the absence of caspase-8. Oncogene 2003, 22:8634-8644.
13. Bell J.R.C., Donovan J.L., Wong R. (-)-Catechin in human plasma after ingestion of a single serving of reconstituted red wine. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 71:103-108.
14. Bettuzzi S., Brausi M., Rizzi F., Castagnetti G., Peracchia G., Corti A. Chemoprevention of human prostate cancer by oral administration of green tea catechins in volunteers with high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia: a preliminary report from a one-year proof-of-principle study. Cancer Res. 2006, 66:1234-1240.
15. Bode A.M., Dong Z. Targeting signal transduction pathways by chemopreventive agents. Mutat. Res. 2004, 555:33-51.
16. Brakenhielm E., Cao R., Cao Y. Suppression of angiogenesis, tumour growth and wound healing by resveratrol, a natural compound in red wine and grapes. FASEB J. 2001, 15:1798-1800.
17. Bresalier R.S., Sandler R.S., Quan H., Bolognese J.A., Oxenius B., Horgan K., Lines C., Riddell R., Morton D., Lanas A., Koustam M.A., Baron J.A. Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 352:1092-1102.
18. Bruzzone R., White T.W., Paul E.L. Connection with connexins: the molecular basis of direct intercellular signaling. Eur. J. Biochem. 1996, 238:1-27.
19. Cao Y., Cao R. Angiogenesis inhibited by drinking tea. J. Nutr. 1999, 398:381.
20. Cao Y., Cao R., Bråkenhielm E. Antiangiogenic mechanisms of diet-derived polyphenols. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2002, 13:380-390.
21. Cavin C., Delannoy M., Malnoe A., Debefve E., Touche A., Courtois D., Schilter B. Inhibition of the expression and activity of cyclooxygenase-2 by chicory extract. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 327:742-749.
22. Chan R., Lok K., Woo J. Prostate cancer and vegetable consumption. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2009, 53:201-216.
23. Chapple K.S., Cartwright E.J., Hawcroft G., Tisbury A., Bonifer C., Scott N., Windsor A.C.J., Guillou P.J., Markham A.F., Coletta P.L., Hull M.A. Localization of cyclooxygenase-2 in human sporadic colorectal adenomas. Am. J. Pathol. 2000, 156:545-553.
24. Chaumontet C., Droumaguet C., Bex V., Heberden C., Gaillard-Sanchez I., Martel P. Flavonoids (apigenin,tangeretin) counteract tumor promoter-induced inhibition of intercellular communication of rat liver epithelial cells. Cancer Lett. 1997, 114:207-210.
25. Chen C.W., Lee S.T., Wu W.T., Fu W.M., Ho F.M., Lin W.W. Signal transduction for inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 induction by capsaicin and related analogs in macrophages. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2003, 140:1077-1087.
26. Chen C., Kong A.N.T. Dietary chemopreventive compounds and ARE/EpRE signaling. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2004, 36:1505-1516.
27. Chen C., Kong A.N.T. Dietary cancer-chemopreventive compounds: from signalling and gene expression to pharmacological effects. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2005, 26:318-326.
28. Cheng E.H.Y., Sheiko T.V., Fisher J.K., Craigen W.J., Korsmeyer S.J. VDAC2 inhibits BAK activation and mitochondrial apoptosis. Science 2003, 301:513-517.
29. Cheung S., Tai J. Anti-proliferative and antioxidant properties of rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis. Oncol. Rep. 2007, 17:1525-1531.
30. Cho J.H., Cho S.D., Hu H., Kim S.H., Lee S.K., Lee Y.S., Kang K.S. The roles of ERK1/2 and p38 MAP kinases in the preventive mechanisms of mushroom Phellinus linteus against the inhibition of gap junctional intercellular communication by hydrogen peroxide. Carcinogenesis 2002, 23:1163-1169.
31. Clement M.V., Hirpara J.L., Chawdhury S.H., Pervaiz S. Chemopreventive agent resveratrol, a natural product derived from grapes, triggers CD95 signaling-dependent apoptosis in tumour cells. Blood 1998, 92:996-1002.
32. Cory S., Adams J.M. The Bcl2 family: regulators of the cellular life or death switch. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2002, 2:647-656.
33. Coussens L.M., Werb Z. Inflammation and cancer. Nature 2002, 420:860-867.
34. Cragg G.M., Newman D.J. Plants as a source of anti-cancer agents. J. Ethnopharm. 2005, 100:72-79.
35. Cross M.J., Claesson-Welsh L. FGF and VEGF function in angiogenesis: signalling pathways, biological responses and therapeutic inhibition. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 2001, 22:201-207.
36. Cullinan S.B., Zhang D., Hannink M., Arvisais E., Kaufman R.J., Diehl J.A. Nrf2 is a direct PERK substrate and effector of PERK dependent cell survival. Mol. Cell Biol. 2003, 23:7198-7209.
37. Cummings J., Ward T.H., Ranson M., Dive C. Apoptosis pathway-targeted drugs-from the bench to the clinic. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2004, 1705:53-66.
38. D'Agostini F., Izzotti A., Balansky R.M., Bennicelli C., De Flora S. Modulation of apoptosis by cancer chemopreventive agents. Mutat. Res. 2005, 591:173-186.
39. Dave B., Eason R.R., Till S.R., Geng Y., Velarde M.C., Badger T.M., Simmen R.C.M. The soy isoflavone genistein promotes apoptosis in mammary epithelial cells by inducing the tumor suppressor PTEN. Carcinogenesis 2005, 26:1793-1803.
40. Davis K.J. Degradation of oxidized proteins by the 20S proteasome. Biochimie 2001, 83:301-310.
41. De Flora S., Ferguson L.R. Overview of mechanisms of cancer chemopreventive agents. Mutat. Res. 2005, 591:8-15.
42. Du C., Fang M., Li Y., Li L., Wang X. Smac, a mitochondrial protein that promotes cytochrome c-dependent caspase activation by eliminating IAP inhibition. Cell 2000, 102:33-42.
43. Eberhart C.E. Up-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression in human colorectal adenomas and adenocarcinomas. Gastroenterology 1994, 107:1183-1188.
44. Eggler A.L., Gay K.A., Mesecar A.D. Molecular mechanisms of natural products in chemoprevention: induction of cytoprotective enzymes by Nrf2. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008, 52:S84-S94.
45. Erlund I., Meririnne E., Alfthan G., Aro A. Plasma kinetics and urinary excretion of the flavanones naringenin and hesperetin in humans after ingestion of orange juice and grapefruit juice. J. Nutr. 2001, 131:235-241.
46. Eyfjord J.E., Bodvarsdottir S.K. Genomic instability and cancer: networks involved in response to DNA damage. Mutat. Res. 2005, 592:18-28.
47. Ferguson L.R., Philpott M., Karunasinghe N. Dietary cancer and prevention using antimutagens. Toxicology 2004, 198:147-159.
48. Ferrara N., Kerbel R.S. Angiogenesis as a therapeutic target. Nature 2005, 438:967-974.
49. Fotsis T., Pepper M.S., Aktas E., Breit S., Rasku S., Adlecreutz, Wahala K., Montesano R., Schwegere L. Flavonoids, dietary-derived inhibitors of cell proliferation and in vitro angiogenesis. Cancer Res. 1997, 57:2916-2921.
50. Fotsis T., Pepper M., Adlecreutz T., Hase R., Montesano L., Schweigerer L. Genistein, a dietary ingested isoflavonoid, inhibits cell proliferation and in vitro angiogenesis. J. Nutr. 1995, 125:790S-797S.
51. Fulda S., Meyer E., Friesen C., Susin S.A., Kroemer G., Debatin K.M. Cell type specific involvement of death receptor and mitochondrial pathways in drug-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 2001, 20:1063-1075.
52. Fulda S., Debatin K.M. Exploiting death receptor signaling pathways for tumor therapy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2004, 1705:27-41.
53. Gao X., Talalay P. Induction of phase 2 genes by sulforaphane protects retinal pigment epithelial cells against photooxidative damage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2004, 101:10441-10451.
54. Goldberg D.M., Yan J., Soleas G.J. Absorption of three wine-related polyphenols in three different matrices by healthy subjects. Clin. Biochem. 2003, 36:79-87.
55. Graefe E.U., Wittig J., Mueller S. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of quercetin glycosides in humans. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2001, 41:492-499.
56. Gupta M., Eisen G.M. NSAIDs and the gastrointestinal tract. Curr. Gastroenterol. Rep. 2009, 11:345-353.
57. Han C., Wu T. Cyclooxygenase-2-derived prostaglandin E2 promotes human cholangiocarcinoma cell growth and invasion through EP1 receptor-mediated activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and Akt. J. Biol. Chem. 2005, 280:24053-24063.
58. Han S.S., Keum Y.S., Seo H.J., Chun K.S., Lee S.S., Surh Y.J. Capsaicin suppresses phorbol ester-induced activation of NF-kappaB/Rel and AP-1 transcription factors in mouse epidermis. Cancer Lett. 2001, 164:119-126.
59. Hartwell L.H., Weinert T.A. Checkpoints: controls that ensure the order of cell cycle events. Science 1989, 246:629-633.
60. Henning S.M., Niu T.Y., Liu Y., Lee N.H., Hara Y., Thames G.D., et al. Bioavailability and antioxidant effect of epigallocatechin gallate administered in purified form versus as green tea extract in healthy individuals. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2005, 16:610-616.
61. Hengartner M.O. The biochemistry of apoptosis. Nature 2000, 407:770-776.
62. Herr I., Debatin K.M. Cellular stress response and apoptosis in cancer therapy. Blood 2001, 98:2603-2614.
63. Hix L.M., Lockwood S.F., Beertram J.S. Upregulation of connexin 43 protein expression and increased gap junctional communication by watersoluble disodium disuccinate astaxanthin derivatives. Cancer Lett. 2004, 211:25-37.
64. Hodek P., Křžková J., Burdová K., Šulc M., Kizek R., Hudeček J., Stiborová M. Chemopreventive compounds-view from the other side. Chem. Biol. Interact. 2009, 180:1-9.
65. Holmes-McNary M., Baldwin A.S.B. Chemopreventive properties of trans-resveratrol are associated with inhibition of activation of the IκB kinase. Cancer Res. 2000, 60:3477-3483.
66. Hu H., Ahn N.S., Yang X., Lee Y.S., Kang K.S. Ganoderma lucidum extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell. Int. J. Cancer 2002, 102:250-253.
67. Hu Y.G., Cherton-Horvat V., Dragowska S., Baird R.G., Korneluk J.P., Durkin L.D., Mayer E.C., La Casse V. Antisense oligonucleotides targeting XIAP induce apoptosis and enhance chemotherapeutic activity against human lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Clin. Cancer Res. 2003, 9:2826-2836.
68. Hu H., Lee H.J., Jiang C., Zhang J., Wang L., Zhao Y., Xiang Q., Lee E.O., Kim S.H., Lu J. Penta-1,2,3,4,6-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose induces p53 and inhibits STAT3 in prostate cancer cells in vitro and suppresses prostate xenograft tumor growth in vivo. Mol. Cancer Ther. 2008, 7:2681-2691.
69. Huang Y.T., Hwang J.J., Lee P.P., Ke F.C., Huang H., Jang C.J., Kandaswami C., Middleton E., Lee M.T. Effects of luteolin and quercetin, inhibitors of tyrosine kinase on cell growth and metastasis-associated properties in A431 cells overexpressing epidermal growth factor receptor. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 128:999-1010.
70. Huang H.C., Nguyen T., Pickett C.B. Regulation of the antioxidant response element by protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of NF-E2-related factor 2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2000, 97:12475-12480.
71. Huang H.C., Nguyen T., Pickett C.B. Phosphorylation of Nrf2 at Ser40 by protein kinase C regulates antioxidant response element-mediated transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:42769-42774.
72. Huang W.C., Hsu R.M., Chi L.M., Leu Y.L., Chang Y.S., Yu J.S. Selective downregulation of EGF receptor and downstream MAPK pathway in human cancer cell lines by active components partially purified from the seeds of Livistona chinensis R. Brown. Cancer Lett. 2007, 248:137-146.
73. Hwang J.T., Ha J., Park O.J. Combination of 5-fluorouracil and genistein induces apoptosis synergistically in chemo resistant cancer cells through the modulation of AMPK and COX-2 signaling pathways. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 332:433-440.
74. Hwang J.T., Ha J., Park I.J., Lee S.K., Baik H.W., Kim Y.M., Park O.J. Apoptotic effect of EGCG in HT-29 colon cancer cells via AMPK signal pathway. Cancer Lett. 2007, 247:115-121.
75. Jang M.H., Lim S., Han S.M., Park H.J., Shin I., Kim J.W., Kim M.J., Lee J.S., Kim K.A., Kim C.J. Harpagophytum procumbens suppresses lipopolysaccharide-stimulated expressions of cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in fibroblast cell line L929. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2003, 93:367-371.
76. Jankun J., Selman S.H., Swiercz R., Skrzypezak-Jankun E. Why drinking green tea could prevent cancer. Nature 1997, 387:561.
77. Jeong W.S., Kim J.W., Hu R., Kong A.N.T. Modulatory properties of various natural chemopreventive agents in the activation of NF-κB signalling pathway. Pharm. Res. 2004, 21:661-670.
78. Jo E.H., Kim S.H., Ra J.C., Kim S.R., Cho S.D., Jung J.W., Yang S.R., Park J.S., Hwang J.W., Aruoma O.I., Kim T.Y., Lee Y.S., Kang K.S. Chemopreventive properties of the ethanol extract of Chinese licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis) root: induction of apoptosis and G1 cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett. 2005, 230:239-247.
79. Jones P.A., Baylin S.B. The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat. Rev. 2002, 3:415-428.
80. Ju E.M., Lee S.E., Hwang S.J., Kim J.E. Antioxidant and anticancer activity of extract from Betula platyphylla var. japonica. Life Sci. 2004, 74:1013-1026.
81. Juin P., Geneste O., Raimbaud E., Hickman J.A. Shooting at survivors: Bcl-2 family members as drug targets for cancer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2004, 1644:251-260.
82. Jung E.M., Lim J.H., Lee T.J., Park J.W., Choi K.S., Kwon T.K. Curcumin sensitizes tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis through reactive oxygen species-mediated upregulation of death receptor 5 (DR5). Carcinogenesis 2005, 26:1905-1913.
83. Jung Y.D., Kim M.S., Shin B.A., Chay K.O., Ahn B.W., Liu W., Bucana C.D., Gallick G.E., Ellis L.M. EGCG, a major component of green tea, inhibits tumour growth by inhibiting VEGF induction in human colon carcinoma cells. Br. J. Cancer 2001, 84:844-850.
84. Kale A., Gawande S., Kotwal S. Cancer phytotherapeutics: role for flavonoids at the cellular level. Phytother. Res. 2008, 22:567-577.
85. Kanazawa A., Sawa T., Akaike T., Maeda H. Formation of abasic sites in DNA by t-butyl peroxyl radicals: implication for potent genotoxicity of lipid peroxyl radicals. Cancer Lett. 2000, 156:51-55.
86. Kang J.H., Sung M.K., Kawada T., Yoo H., Kim Y.K., Kim J.S., Yu R. Soybean saponins suppress the release of proinflammatory mediators by LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. Cancer Lett. 2005, 230:219-227.
87. 2. Cancer Lett. 2000, 152:97-106.
88. Karin M. Nuclear factor-êB in cancer development and progression. Nature 2006, 441:431-436.
89. Kay C.D., Mazza G.J., Houlub B.J. Anthocyanins exist in the circulation primarily as metabolites in adult men. J. Nutr. 2005, 135:2582-2588.
90. Kelloff G.J., Crowell J.A., Steele V.E., Lubet R.A., Malone W.A., Boone C.W., Kopelovich L., Hawk E.T., Lieberman R., Lawrence J.A., Jaye I.A., Viner L., Sigman C.A. Progress in cancer chemoprevention: development of diet-derived chemopreventive agents. J. Nutr. 2000, 130:467S-471S.
91. Khan S.G., Katiyar S.K., Agarwal R., Mukhtar H. Enhancement of antioxidant and phase II enzymes by oral feeding of green tea polyphenols in drinking water to SKH-1 hairless mice: possible role in cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Res. 1992, 552:4050-4052.
92. Klampfer L. The role of signal transducers and activators of transcription in colon cancer. Front. Biosci. 2008, 13:2888-2899.
93. Kim H.P., Son K.H., Chang H.W., Kang S.S. Anti-inflammatory plant flavonoids and cellular action mechanisms. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2004, 96:229-245.
94. Kim S.O., Chun K.S., Kundu J.K., Surh Y.J. Inhibitory effects of [6]-gingerol on PMA-induced COX-2 expression and activation of NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK in mouse skin. Biofactors 2004, 21:27-31.
95. Kim D.H., Na H.K., Oh T.Y., Kim W.B., Surh Y.J. Eupatilin, a pharmacologically active flavone derived from Artemisia plants, induces cell cycle arrest in ras-transformed human mammary epithelial cells. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2004, 68:1081-1087.
96. Kischkel F.G., Hellbardt S., Behrmann I., Germer M., Pawlita M., Krammer P.H., Peter M.E. Cytotoxicity-dependent APO-1 (Fas/CD95)-associated proteins form a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) with the receptor. EMBO J. 1995, 14:5579-5588.
97. Kondo S., Toyokuni S., Iwasa Y., Tanaka T., Onodera H., Hiai H., Imamura M. Persistent oxidative stress in human colorectal carcinoma but not in adenoma. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 1999, 27:401-410.
98. Knekt P., Jarvinen R., Seppanen R., Heliövaara M., Teppo L., Pukkala E., Aromaa A. Dietary flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer and other malignant neoplasms. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1997, 146:223-230.
99. Knights K.M., Winner L.K., Elliot D.T., Bowalgaha K., Miners J.O. Aldosterone glucuronidation by human liver and kidney microsomes and recombinant UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: inhibition by NSIADs. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2009, 68:402-412.
100. Kumar N.M., Gilula N.B. The gap junction communication channel. Cell 1996, 84:381-388.
101. Kumar R.S., Sunderam R.S., Sivakumar T., Sivakumar P., Sureshkumar R., Kanagasabi R., Vijaya M., Perumal B.P., Gupta M., Mazumdar U.K., Kumar M.S., Kumar K.A. Effect of Bauhinia racemosa stem bark on N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. Am. J. Chin. Med. 2007, 35:103-114.
102. Kundu J.K., Surh J.S. Molecular basis of chemoprevention by resveratrol: NF-kappaB and AP-1 as potential targets. Mutat. Res. 2004, 555:65-80.
103. Kundu J.K., Surh Y.J. Breaking the relay in deregulated cellular signal transduction as a rationale for chemoprevention with anti-inflammatory phytochemicals. Mutat. Res. 2005, 591:123-146.
104. Kundu J.K., Mossanda K., Na H.K., Surh Y.J. Inhibitory effects of the extracts of Sutherlandia frutescens (L.) R. Br. and Harpagophytum procumbens DC. on phorbol ester-induced COX-2 expression in mouse skin: AP-1 and CREB as potential upstream targets. Cancer Lett. 2005, 218:21-31.
105. Kundu J.K., Hwang D.M., Lee J.C., Chang E.J., Shin Y.K., Fujii H., Sun B., Surh Y.J. Inhibitory effects of oligonol on phorbol ester-induced tumour promotion and COX-2 expression in mouse skin: NF-κB and C/EBP as potential targets. Cancer Lett. 2009, 273:86-97.
106. Kutchera W., Jones D.A., Matsunami N., Groden J., Mc Intyre T.M., Zimmerman G.A., White R.L., Prescott R. Prostaglandin H synthase 2 is expressed abnormally in human colon cancer: evidence for a transcriptional effect. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93:4816-4820.
107. Kwak M.K., Wakabayashi N., Greenlaw J.L., Yamamoto M., Kensler T.W. Antioxidants enhance mammalian proteasome expression through the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway. Mol. Cell Biol. 2003, 23:8786-8794.
108. Langman M.J., Cheng K.K., Gilman E.A., Lancashire R.J. Effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on overall risk of common cancer: case control study in general practice research database. BMJ 2000, 320:1642-1646.
109. Le Marchand L. Cancer preventive effects of flavonoids-a review. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2002, 56:296-301.
110. Lea M.A., Randolph V.M., Patel M. Increased acetylation of histones induced by diallyl disulfide and structurally related molecules. Int. J. Oncol. 1999, 15:347-352.
111. Lee M.H., Jiang C.B., Juan S.H., Lin R.D., Hou W.C. Antioxidant and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1)-induced effects of selected Taiwanese plants. Fitoterapia 2006, 77:109-115.
112. Lee J.Y., Hwang W.I., Lim S.T. Antioxidant and anticancer activities of organic extracts from Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle roots. J. Ethnopharm. 2004, 93:409-415.
113. Lee J.Y., Shin J.W., Chun K.S., Park K.K., Chung W.Y., Bang Y.J., Sung J.H., Surh Y.J. Anti-tumor promotional effects of a novel intestinal bacterial metabolite (IH-901) derived from the protopanaxadiol type ginsenosides in mouse skin. Carcinogenesis 2004, 26:359-367.
114. Lee M.J., Wang Z.Y., Li H. Analysis of plasma and urinary tea polyphenols in human subjects. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1995, 4:393-399.
115. Leist M., Jaattela M. Four deaths and a funeral: from caspases to alternative mechanisms. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2001, 2:589-598.
116. Lin A., Karin M. NF-kappaB in cancer: a marked target. Semin. Cancer Biol. 2003, 13:107-114.
117. Li Z.G., Hong T., Shimada Y., Komoto I., Kawabe A., Ding Y., Kaganoi J., Hashimoto Y., Imamura M. Suppression of N nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)-induced esophageal tumorigenesis in F344 rats by resveratrol. Carcinogenesis 2002, 23:1531-1536.
118. Lin J.K., Liang Y.C., Lin-Shiau S.Y. Cancer chemoprevention by tea polyphenols through mitotic signal transduction blockade. Biochem. Pharmacol. 1999, 58:911-915.
119. Loewenstein W.R. Cell-cell communication and the control of growth. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1990, 142:48-59.
120. Loo W.T.Y., Cheung M.N.B., Chow L.W.C. The inhibitory effect of a herbal formula comprising ginseng and Carthamus tinctorius on breast cancer. Life Sci. 2004, 76:191-200.
121. Lucke T., Choudhry R., Thom I.S., Selmer A.D., Burden M.B., Hodgins M.B. Upregulation of connexin 26 is a feature of keratinocyte differentiation in hyperproliferative epidermis, vaginal epithelium, and buccal epithelium. J. Invest. Dermatol. 1999, 112:354-361.
122. Lund E.K., Smith T.K., Clarke R.G., Johnson I.T. Cell death in the colorectal cancer cell line HT29 in response to glucosinolate metabolites. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2001, 81:959-961.
123. Ma Q., Kinneer K., Ye J., Chen B.J. Inhibition of nuclear factor-κB by phenolic antioxidants: interplay between antioxidant signaling and inflammatory cytokine expression. Mol. Pharmacol. 2003, 64:211-219.
124. Majewska A., Hoser G., Furmanowa M., Urbańska N., Pietrosiuk A., Zobel A., Kuraś M. Antiproliferative and antimitotic effect, S phase accumulation and induction of apoptosis and necrosis after treatment of extract from Rhodiola rosea rhizomes on HL-60 cells. J. Ethnopharm. 2006, 103:43-52.
125. Manach C., Williamson C., Morand C., Scalbert A., Rémésy C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2005, 81:230S-242S.
126. Manna S.K., Mukhopadhyay A., Aggarwal B.B. Resveratrol suppresses TNF-induced activation of nuclear transcription factors NF-kappa B, activator protein-1, and apoptosis: potential role of reactive oxygen intermediates and lipid peroxidation. J. Immunol. 2000, 164:6509-6519.
127. Mansour H.B., Boubaker J., Bouhlel I., Mahmoud A., Bernillon S., Chibani J.B., Ghedira K., Chekir-Ghedira L. Antigenotoxic activities of crude extracts from Acacia salicina leaves. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2007, 48:58-66.
128. Marnett L.J., Riggins J.N., West J.D. Endogenous generation of reactive oxidants and electrophiles and their reactions with DNA and protein. J. Clin. Invest. 2003, 111:583-593.
129. Martinez J., Moreno J.J. Effect of resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound, on reactive oxygen species and prostaglandin production. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2000, 59:865-870.
130. Matesic D.F., Rupp H.L., Bonney W.J., Ruch R.J., Trosko J.E. Changes in gap junction permeability, phosphorylation and number mediated by phorbol ester and non phorbol ester tumour promoters in rat liver epithelial cells. Mol. Carcinogen. 1994, 10:226-236.
131. Mathur R., Gupta S.K., Singh N., Mathur S., Kochupillai V., Velpandian T. Evaluation of the effect of Withania somnifera root extracts on cell cycle and angiogenesis. J. Ethnopharm. 2006, 105:336-341.
132. Matsuda H., Kageura T., Morikawa T., Toguchida I., Harima S., Yoshikawa M. Effects of stilbene constituents from rhubarb on nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide activated macrophages. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 2000, 10:323-327.
133. Michaluart P., Masferrer J.L., Carothers A.M., Subbaramaiah K., Zweifel B.S., Koboldt C., Mestre J.R., Grunberger D., Sacks P.G., Tanabe T., Dannenberg A.J. Inhibitory effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on the activity and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in human oral epithelial cells and in a rat model of inflammation. Cancer Res. 1999, 59:2347-2352.
134. Milanini-Mongiat J., Pouysségur J., Pagès G. Identification of two Sp 1 phosphorylation sites for p42/p44 mitogen activated protein kinases. Their implication in vascular endothelial growth factor gene transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:20631-20639.
135. Miyazawa T., Nakagawa K., Kudo M., Muraishi K., Someya K. Direct intestinal absorption of red fruit anthocyanins, cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, into rats and humans. J. Agric. Food Chem. 1999, 47:1083-1091.
136. Misra P., Owuor E.D., Li W., Yu S., Qi C., Meyer K., Zhu Y.J., Rao M.S., Kong A.N.T., Reddy J.K. Phosphorylation of transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor (PPAR)-binding protein (PBP). Stimulation of transcriptional regulation by mitogen-activated protein kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 2002, 277:48745-48754.
137. Moongkarndi P., Kosem N., Kaslungka S., Luanratana O., Pongpan N., Neungton N. Antiproliferation, antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line. J. Ethnopharm. 2004, 90:161-166.
138. Murakami A., Matsumoto K., Koshimizu K., Ohigashi H. Effects of selected food factors with chemopreventive properties on combined lipopolysaccharide- and interferon gamma induced IkappaB degradation in RAW264.7 macrophages. Cancer Lett. 2003, 195:17-25.
139. Mutoh M., Watanabe K., Kitamura T., Shoji Y., Takahashi M., Kawamori T., Tani K., Kobayashi M., Maruyama T., Kobayashi K., Ohuchida S., Sugimoto Y., Narumiya S., Sugimura T., Wakabayashi K. Involvement of prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP(4) in colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2002, 62:28-32.
140. Na H.K., Mossanda K.S., Lee J.Y., Surh Y.J. Inhibition of phorbol ester-induced COX-2 expression by some edible African plants. Biofactors 2004, 21:149-153.
141. Na H.K., Wilson M.R., Kang K.S., Chang C.C., Grunberger D., Trosko J.E. Restoration of gap junctional intercellular communication by caffeic acid phenylester (CAPE) in a ras-transformed rat liver epithelial cell line. Cancer Lett. 2000, 157:31-38.
142. Na H.K., Kim E.H., Jung J.H., Lee H.H., Hyun J.W., Surh Y.J. (-) Epigallocatechin gallate induces Nrf2-mediated antioxidant enzyme expression via activation of PI3K and ERK in human mammary epithelial cells. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 2008, 476:171-177.
143. Nakamura Y., Trosko J.E., Chang C.C., Upham B.L. Psyllium extracts decreased neoplastic phenotypes induced by the Ha-Ras oncogene transfected into a rat liver oval cell line. Cancer Lett. 2004, 203:13-24.
144. Nakshatri H., Goulet R.J. NF-kappaB and breast cancer. Curr. Probl. Cancer 2002, 26:282-309.
145. Neergheen V.S., Soobrattee M.A., Bahorun T., Aruoma O.I. Characterization of the phenolic constituents in Mauritian endemic plants as determinants of their antioxidant activities in vitro. J. Plant Physiol. 2006, 163:787-799.
146. Neto C.C., Krueger C.G., Lamoureaux T.L., Kondo M., Vaisberg A.J., Hurta R.A.R., Curtis S., Matchett M.D., Yeung H., Sweeney M.I., Reed J.D. MALDI-TOF MS characterization of proanthocyanidins from cranberry fruit (Vaccinium macrocarpon) that inhibit tumour cell growth and matrix metalloproteinase expression in vitro. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2006, 86:18-25.
147. Nicholson D.W., Thornberry N.A. Caspases: killer proteases. Trends Biochem. Sci. 1997, 22:299-306.
148. Nielsen M., Ruch R.J., Vang O. Resveratrol reverses tumor promoter-induced inhibition of gap-junctional intercellular communication. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 275:804-809.
149. Nielsen I.L., Dragsted L.O., Ravn-Haren G., Freese R., Rasmussen S.E. Absorption and excretion of black currant anthocyanins in humans and watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2003, 51:2813-2820.
150. Nussmeier N.A., Whelton A.A., Brown M.T., Langford R.M., Hoeft A., Parlow J.L., Boyce S.W., Verburg K.M. Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 352:1081-1091.
151. Oak M.H., El Bedoui J., Schini-Kerth V.B. Antiangiogenic properties of natural polyphenols from red wine and green tea. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2005, 16:1-8.
152. Ohshima H. Genetic and epigenetic damage induced by reactive nitrogen species: implications in carcinogenesis. Toxicol. Lett. 2003, 140-141:99-104.
153. Ohshima H., Tazawa H., Sylla B.S., Sawa T. Prevention of human cancer by modulation of chronic inflammatory processes. Mutat. Res. 2005, 591:110-122.
154. Omori Y., Krutovskikh V., Mironov N., Tsuda H., Yamasaki H. Cx32 gene mutation in a chemically induced rat liver tumour. Carcinogenesis 1996, 17:2077-2080.
155. Onoda M., Inano H. Effect of curcumin on the production of nitric oxide by cultured rat mammary gland. Nitric Oxide 2000, 4:505-515.
156. Orlowski R.Z., Baldwin A.S. NF-kappaB as a therapeutic target in cancer. Trends Mol. Med. 2002, 8:385-389.
157. Orozco T.J., Wang J.F., Keen C.L. Chronic consumption of a flavanol- and procyanindin-rich diet is associated with reduced levels of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine in rat testes. J. Nutr. Biochem. 2003, 14:104-110.
158. Owuor E.D., Kong A.T. Antioxidants and oxidants regulated signal transduction pathways. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2002, 64:765-770.
159. Pai R., Soreghan B., Szabo J.L., Pavelka M., Baatar D., Tarnawski A.S. Prostaglandin E2 transactivates EGF receptor: a novel mechanism for promoting colon cancer growth and gastrointestinal hypertrophy. Nat. Med. 2002, 8:289-293.
160. Palapattu G.S., Sutcliffe S., Bastian P.J., Platz1 E.A., De Marzo A.M., Isaacs W.B., Nelson W.G. Prostate carcinogenesis and inflammation: emerging insights. Carcinogenesis 2004, 26:1170-1181.
161. Passamonti S., Vrhovsek U., Vanzo A., Mattivi F. The stomach as a site for anthocyanins absorption from food. FEBS Lett. 2003, 544:210-213.
162. Park J.Y., Kawada T., Han I.S., Kim B.S., Goto T., Takahashi N., Fushiki T., Kurata T., Yu R. Capsaicin inhibits the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha by LPS-stimulated murine macrophages, RAW264. 7: a PPARgamma ligand-like action as a novel mechanism. FEBS Lett. 2004, 572:266-270.
163. Pozo-Guisado E., Alvarez-Barrientos A., Mulero-Navarro S., Santiago-Josefat B., Fernandez-Salguero P.M. The antiproliferative activity of resveratrol results in apoptosis in MCF-7 but not MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells: cell-specific alteration of the cell cycle. Biochem. Pharmacol. 2002, 64:1375-1386.
164. Reddy B.S., Rao C.V., Seibert K. Evaluation of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor for potential chemopreventive properties in colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1996, 56:4566-4569.
165. Reed J.C. Apoptosis-targeted therapies for cancer. Cancer Cell 2003, 3:17-22.
166. Rose B., Mehta P.P., Loewenstein W.R. Gap-junction protein gene suppresses tumorigenicity. Carcinogenesis 1993, 14:1073-1075.
167. Sartippour M.R., Shao Z.M., Herber D., Beatty P., Zhang L., Liu C., Ellis L., Liu W., Go V.L., Brooks M.N. Green tea inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induction in human breast cancer cells. J. Nutr. 2002, 132:2307-2311.
168. Sawa T., Akaike T., Kida K., Fukushima Y., Takagi K., Maeda H. Lipid peroxyl radicals from oxidized oils and hemeiron: implication of a high-fat diet in colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev. 1998, 7:1007-1012.
169. Sawyers C. Targeted cancer therapy. Nature 2004, 432:294-297.
170. Schimmer A.D., Welsh K., Pinilla C., Wang Z., Krajewska M., Bonneau M.J., Pedersen I.M., Kitada S., Scott F.L., Bailly-Maitre B., Glinsky G., Scudiero D., Sausville E., Salvesen G., Nefzi A., Ostresh J.M., Houghten R.A., Reed J.C. Small-molecule antagonists of apoptosis suppressor XIAP exhibit broad antitumor activity. Cancer Cell 2004, 5:25-35.
171. Schramm D.D., Karim M., Schrader H.R. Food effects on the absorption and pharmacokinetics of cocoa flavanols. Life Sci. 2003, 73:857-869.
172. Schwartsburd P.M. Chronic inflammation as inductor of pro-cancer microenvironment: pathogenesis of dysregulated feedback control. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2003, 22:95-102.
173. Seeram N.P., Henning S.M., Zhang Y., Suchard M., Li Z., Heber D. Pomegranate juice ellagitannin metabolites are present in human plasma and some persist in urine for up to 48hours. J. Nutr. 2006, 136:2481-2485.
174. Shaw R.J., Cantley L.C. Ras, PI(3)K and mTOR signalling controls tumour cell growth. Nature 2006, 441:424-430.
175. She Q.B., Bode A.M., Ma W.Y., Chen N.Y., Dong Z. Resveratrol induced activation of p53 and apoptosis is mediated by extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinases and p38 kinase. Cancer Res. 2001, 61:1604-1610.
176. She Q.B., Huang C., Zhang Y., Dong Z. Involvement of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases in resveratrol-induced activation of p53 and apoptosis. Mol. Carcinog. 2002, 33:244-250.
177. Shelnutt S.R., Cimino C.O., Wiggins P.A., Ronis M.J., Badger T.M. Pharmacokinetics of the glucuronide and sulfate conjugates of genistein and daidzein in men and women after consumption of a soy beverage. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2002, 76:588-594.
178. Shen G., Hebbar V., Nair S., Xu C., Li W., Keum Y.S., Han J., Gallo M.A., Kong A.N.T. Regulation of Nrf2 transactivation domain activity. The differential effects of mitogen activated protein kinase cascades and synergistic stimulatory effect of Raf and CREB-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 2004, 279:23052-23060.
179. Shimizu M., Deguchi A., Hara Y., Moriwaki H., Weinstein I.B. EGCG inhibits activation of the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor in human colon cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 334:947-953.
180. Sigler K., Ruch R.J. Enhancement of gap junctional intercellular communication in tumor promoter-treated cells by components of green tea. Cancer Lett. 1993, 69:15-19.
181. Singer, B., Bartsch, H., 1999. Exocyclic DNA Adducts in Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis. IARC Scientific Publication No. 150, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
182. Solomon S.D., Mc Murray J.V., Pfeffer M.A., Wittes J., Fowler R., Finn P., Anderson W.F., Ann Zauber M.P.H., Hawk E. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005, 352:1071-1080.
183. Son Y.O., Kim J., Lim J.C., Chung Y., Chung G.H., Lee J.C. Ripe fruits of Solanum nigrum L. inhibits cell growth and induces apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2003, 41:1421-1428.
184. Song Y.S., Park E.H., Hur G.M., Ryu Y.S., Lee Y.S., Lee J.Y., Kim Y.M., Jin C. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester inhibits nitric oxide synthase gene expression and enzyme activity. Cancer Lett. 2002, 175:53-61.
185. Soobrattee M.A., Bahorun T., Aruoma O.I. Chemopreventive actions of polyphenolic compounds in cancer. Biofactors 2006, 27:19-35.
186. Soobrattee M.A., Bahorun T., Neergheen V.S., Googoolye K., Aruoma O.I. Phenolics content and antioxidant actions of the Rubiaceae, Ebenaceae, Celastraceae, Erythroxylaceae and Sterculaceae families of Mauritian endemic plants. Toxicol. In Vitro 2008, 22:45-56.
187. Spencer J.E., Chaudry F., Pannala A.S., Srai S.K., Debnam E., Rice E.C. Decomposition of cocoa procyanidins in the gastric milieu. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2000, 272:236-241.
188. Stanley G., Harvey K., Slivona V., Jiang J., Sliva D. Ganoderma lucidum suppresses angiogenesis through the inhibition of secretion of VEGF and TGF-β1 from prostate cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 330:46-52.
189. Stein R.C., Waterfield M.D. PI3-kinase inhibition: a target for drug development?. Mol. Med. Today 2000, 6:347-357.
190. Steinbach G., Lynch P.M., Phillips R.K.S., Wallace M.H., Hawk E., Gordon G.B., Wakabayashi N., Saunders B., Shen Y., Fujimura T., Su L.K., Levin B., Godio L., Patterson S., Rodriguez-Brigas M.A., Jester S.L., King K.L., Schumacher M., Abbruzzese J., Dubois R.N., Hittelman W.N., Zimmerman S., Sherman J.W., Kelloff G. The effect of celecoxib a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, in familial adenomatous polyposis. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 342:1946-1952.
191. Stoclet J.C., Chataigneau T., Ndiaye M., Oak M.H., El Bedoui J., Chataigneau M., Schini Kerth V.B. Vascular protection by dietary polyphenols. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 500:299-313.
192. Sundaram S.G., Milner J.A. Diallyl disulfide induces apoptosis of human colon tumor cells. Carcinogenesis 1996, 17:669-673.
193. Surh Y.J. Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2003, 3:768-780.
194. Tan M.L., Sulaiman S.F., Najimuddin N., Samian M.R., Tengku Muhammad T.S. Methanolic extract of Pereskia bleo (Kunth) DC. (Cactaceae) induces apoptosis in breast carcinoma, T47-D cell line. J. Ethnopharm. 2005, 96:287-294.
195. Tang S.Y., Whiteman M., Jenner A., Peng Z.F., Halliwell B. Mechanism of cell death induced by an antioxidant extract of Cratoxylum cochinchinense (YCT) in Jurkat cells: the role of reactive oxygen species and calcium. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2004, 36:1588-1611.
196. Tanito M., Masutani H., Kim Y., Nishikawa M., Ohira A., Yodoi J. Sulforaphane induces thioredoxin through the antioxidant responsive element and attenuates retinal light damage in mice. Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci. 2005, 46:979-987.
197. Tapia A., Rodriguez J., Theoduloz C., Lopez S., Feresin G.E., Schmeda-Hirschmann G. Free radical scavengers and antioxidants from Baccharis grisebachii. J. Ethnopharm. 2004, 95:155-161.
198. Tilli C.M., Stavast-Kooy A.J., Vuerstaek J.D., Thissen M.R., Krekels G.A., Ramaekers F.C., Meumann H.A. The garlic-derived organosulfur component ajoene decreases basal cell carcinoma tumor size by inducing apoptosis. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 2003, 295:117-123.
199. Tosetti F., Ferrari N., De Flora S., Albini A. Angioprevention: angiogenesis is a common and key target for cancer chemopreventive agents. FASEB J. 2002, 16:2-14.
200. Toyokuni S., Okamoto K., Yodoi J., Hiai H. Persistent oxidative stress in cancer. FEBS Lett. 1995, 358:1-3.
201. Trompezinski S., Denis A., Schmitt D., Viac J. Comparative effects of polyphenols from green tea (EGCG) and soybean (genistein) on VEGF and IL-8 release from normal human keratinocytes stimulated with the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha. Arch. Dermatol. Res. 2003, 295:112-116.
202. Trosko J.E., Ruch R.J. Gap junctions as targets for cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy. Curr. Drug Targets 2003, 3:465-482.
203. Tsai S.H., Lin-Shiau S.Y., Lin J.K. Suppression of nitric oxide synthase and the down-regulation of the activation of NF-kappaB in macrophages by resveratrol. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1999, 126:673-680.
204. Tsai C.H., Lin F.M., Lee M.T., Cha T.L., Wu G.J., Hsieh S.C., Hsiao P.W. Herbal extract of Wedelia chinensis attenuates androgen receptor activity and orthotopic growth of prostate cancer in nude mice. Clin. Cancer Res. 2009, 15:5435-5444.
205. Ulrich C.M., Bigler J., Potter J.D. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for cancer prevention: promise, perils and pharmacogenetics. Nature 2006, 6:130-140.
206. Valerio L.G., Kepa J.K., Pickwell G.V., Quattrochi L.C. Induction of human NAD(P)H:quinine oxidoreductase (NQO1) gene expression by the flavonol quercetin. Toxicol. Lett. 2001, 119:49-57.
207. Van Loo G., Saelens X., Van Gurp M., MacFarlane M., Martin S.J., Vandenabeele P. The role of mitochondrial factors in apoptosis: a Russian roulette with more than one bullet. Cell Death Differ. 2002, 9:1031-1042.
208. Villunger A., Egle A., Kos M., Hartmann B.L., Geley S., Kofler R., Greil R. Drug-induced apoptosis is associated with enhanced Fas (Apo-1/CD95) ligand expression but occurs independently of Fas (Apo-1/CD95) signaling in human T-acute lymphatic leukemia cells. Cancer Res. 1997, 57:3331-3334.
209. Warden B.A., Smith L.S., Beecher G.R., Balentine D.A., Clevidence B.A. Catechins are bioavailable in men and women drinking black tea throughout the day. J. Nutr. 2001, 131:1731-1737.
210. Watanabe K., Kawamori T., Nakatsugi S., Ohta T., Ohuchida S., Yamamoto H., Maruyama T., Kondo K., Ushikubi F., Narumiya S., Sugimura T., Wakabayashi T. Role of the prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP1 in colon carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 1999, 59:5093-5096.
211. Wheeler D.S., Catravas J.D., Odoms K., Denenberg A., Malhotra V., Wong H.R. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate, a green tea derived polyphenol, inhibits IL-1 beta-dependent proinflammatory signal transduction in cultured respiratory epithelial cells. J. Nutr. 2004, 134:1039-1044.
212. Wilson M.R., Close T.W., Trosko J.E. Cell population dynamics (apoptosis, mitosis, and cell-cell communication) during disruption of homeostasis. Exp. Cell Res. 2000, 254:257-268.
213. Workman T. Inhibiting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway for cancer treatment. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 2004, 32:393-396.
214. Wu S.H., Ng L.T., Chen C.H., Lin D.L., Wang S.S., Lin C.C. Antihepatoma activity of Physalis angulata and Physalis peruviana extracts and their effects on apoptosis in human Hep G2 cells. Life Sci. 2004, 74:2061-2073.
215. Wu T. Cyclooxygenase-2 and prostaglandin signaling in cholangiocarcinoma. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 2005, 1755:135-150.
216. Xiao D., Choi D.E., Johnson D.E., Vogel V., Johnson C.S., Trump D.L., Lee Y., Singh S.V. Diallyl trisulfide-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells is mediated by activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular-signal regulated kinase mediated phosphorylation of Bcl-2. Oncogene 2004, 23:5594-5606.
217. Xiao D., Singh S.V. Diallyl trisulfide, a garlic-derived organosulfide, causes G2/M arrest in PC-3 human prostate cancer cells by promoting proteasome-mediated degradation of cdc25C phosphatase. Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res. 2003, 44S:425.
218. Yadav P.N., Liu Z., Rafi M.M. A diarylheptanoid from lesser galangal (Alpinia officinarum) inhibits proinflammatory mediators via inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase, p44/42, and transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 2003, 305:925-931.
219. Yamasaki H., Naus C.C.G. Role of connexin genes in growth control. Carcinogenesis 1996, 17:1199-1213.
220. Yang F., De Villiers W.J., McClain C.J., Varilek G.W. Green tea polyphenols block endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factor-production and lethality in a murine model. J. Nutr. 1998, 128:2334-2340.
221. Ye F., Wu J., Dunn T., Yi J., Tong X., Zhang D. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 activity in head and neck cancer cells by genistein. Cancer Lett. 2004, 211:39-46.
222. Yu X., Kensler T. Nrf 2 as a target for cancer chemoprevention. Mutat. Res. 2005, 591:93-102.
223. Zhang Y. Cancer-preventive isothiocyanates: measurement of human exposure and mechanism of action. Mutat. Res. 2004, 555:173-190.