Lead levels in human milk and children's health risk: A systematic review

Reviews on Environmental Health

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 243-253

  Koyashiki, Gina Ayumi Kobayashi ^a   Paoliello, Monica Maria Bastos ^a   Tchounwou, Paul B ^b  

^a STATE UNIVERSITY OF LONDRINA   (Brazil)

^b Jackson State University   (United States)

Author keywords

Children; Exposure biomarker; Health risk assessment; Human milk; Lead

Indexed keywords

EID: 78149453593     PISSN: 00487554     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1515/REVEH.2010.25.3.243     Document Type: Review

References (35)

1. Schnaas L, Rothenberg SJ, Flores MF, Martinez S, Hernandez C, Osorio E, Velasco SR, and Perroni E. Reduced intellectual development in children with prenatal lead exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114:791-799.
2. Canfield RL, Henderson CR, Cory-Slechta DA, Cox C, Jusko, TA, Lanphear BP. Intellectual impairment in children with blood lead concentrations below 10 microgram per deciliter. N. Engl. J Med. 2003; 348(16): 1517-1526.
3. Lanphear BP, Homung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, Canfield RL, Dietrich KN, Bomschein R, Greene T, Rothenberg SJ, Needleman HL, Schnaas L, Wasserman G, Graziano J, and Roberts R. Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 13:894-899.
4. Gulson BL, Mizon KJ, Korsch MJ, Palmer JM, Donnelly JB. Mobilization of lead from human bone tissue during pregnancy and lactation - a summary of long-term research. Sci. Total Environ. 2003; 303:79-104.
5. Gulson BL, Jameson CW, Mahaffey KR, Mizon K, Patison N, Law AJ, Korsch MJ, Salter M. Relationships of lead in breast milk to lead in blood, urine, and diet of the infant and mother. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106:667-674.
6. Tong S, Schirnding YE, Prapamontol T. Environmental lead exposure: a public health problem of global dimensions. Bull World Health Organ. 2000; 78(9): 1068-1077.
7. Oskarsson A, Hallen IP, Sundberg J, Grawe KP. Risk assessment in relation to neonatal metal exposure. Analyst. 1998; 123:19-23.
8. Goyer RA. Transplacental transport of lead. Environ Health Perspect 1990; 89:101-105.
9. Rossipal E, Krachler M, Li F, Micetic-Turk D. Investigation of the transport of trace elements across barriers in humans: studies of placental and mammary transfer. Acta Paedriatr 2000; 89:1190-5.
10. Bellinger D. Teratogen update: lead and pregnancy. (Part A) Birth Defects Res. A. Clin. Mol. Teratol. 2005; 73(6):409-420.
11. Hu H, Tellez-Rojo MM, Bellinger D. Fetal lead exposure at each stage of pregnancy as a predictor of infant mental development. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114:1730-1735.
12. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Toxicological profile for lead. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. Atlanta, USA, 2007. Available at: http://www.atsdr. cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp 13 .html. Accessed 18 April 2008.
13. Ettinger AS, Téllez-Rojo MM, Amarasiriwardena C, Peterson KE, Schwartz J, Aro A, Hu H, Hernández-Avila M. Influence of maternal bone lead burden and calcium intake on levels of lead in breast milk over the course of lactation. Am. J Epidemiol. 2006; 163:48-56.
14. Ettinger AS, Téllez-Rojo MM, Amarasiriwardena C, Bellinger D, Peterson K, Schwartz J, Hu H, and Hernández-Avila M. Effect of breast milk lead on infant blood lead levels at 1 month of age. Environ Health Perspect 2004; 112(14): 1381-85.
15. Hertz-Picciotto I, Schramm M, Watt-Morse M, Chantala K, Anderson J, Osterloh J. Patterns and determinants of blood lead during pregnancy. Am J Epidemiol 2000;52(9):829-37.
16. Rothenberg SJ, Khan F, Manalo M, Jiang J, Cuellar R, Reyes S, et al. Matemal bone lead contribution to blood lead during and after pregnancy. Environ Res 2000;82(1):81-90.
17. Abadin HG, Hibbs BF, Pohl H.R. Breast-feeding exposure of infants to cadmium, lead and mercury: a public health viewpoint. Toxicol. Ind. Health 1997; 13:495-517.
18. World Health Organization. Minor and trace elements in breast milk. Geneva, 1989.
19. Dorea, JG. Mercury and lead during breastfeeding. Br. J Nutr. 2004; 92:21-40.
20. Leotsinidis M, Alexopoulos A, Kostopoulou-Farri E. Toxic and essential trace elements in human milk from Greek lactating women: association with dietary habits and other factors. Chemosphere 2005; 61:238-247.
21. Koyashiki GAK, Paoliello MMB, Matsuo T, Oliveira MMB, Mezzaroba L, Carvalho MF, Sakuma AM, Turini C, Oliveira Vannuchi MTO, Barbosa CSD. Lead levels in milk and blood from donors to the breast milk Bank in southern Brazil. Environ. Res. 2010; 110(3):265-271.
22. Chien L, Yeh C, Lee H, Chao H, Shieh M, Han B. Effect of the mother's consumption of traditional Chinese herbs on estimated infant daily intake of lead from breast milk. Sci. Total Environ. 2006; 354:120-126.
23. K'irel B, Akbit MA, Bulut H. Blood lead levels of matemal-cord pairs, children and adults who live in a central urban area in Turkey. Turk. J Pediat. 2005;47:125-131.
24. Ursinyova M and Masanova V. Cadmium, lead and mercury in human milk from Slovakia. Food Addit. Contam. 2005; 22(6):579-589.
25. Anastacio AS, Silveira CL, Miekeley N, Donangelo CM. Distribution of lead in human milk fractions: relationship with essential minerals and maternal blood lead. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 2004; 102:27-37.
26. Hanning, RM, Sandhu R, MacMillan A, Moss L, Tsuji LJS, Nieboer E. Impact on blood Pb levels of maternal and early infant feeding practices of First Nation Cree in the Mushkegowuk Territory of Northern Ontario, Canada. J Environ. Monit. 2003;5:241-5.
27. Sowers M, Scholl TO, Hall G, Jannausch M, Kemp F, Li X, Bogden J Lead in breast milk and maternal bone turnover. Am. J Obstet. Gynecol. 2002; 187:770-776.
28. Gundacker C, Pietschnig B, Wittmann KJ, Lischka A, Salzer H, Hohenauer L, Schuster E. Lead and mercury in breast milk. Pediatrics 2002; 110:873-8.
29. Turan S, Saygi S, Kiliç Z, Acar O. Determination of heavy metal contents in human colostrum samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. J Trop. Pediatr 2001;47:81-5.
30. Li P, Sheng Y, Wang Q, Gu L, Wang Y. Transfer of lead via placenta and breast milk in human. Biomed. Environ. Sci. 2000; 13:85-89.
31. Needham LA and Wang RY. Analytic considerations for measuring environmental chemicals in breast milk. Environ Health Perspect 2002;110:317-324.
32. Koyashiki GAK. Lead levels in milk and blood from donors to the breast milk Bank in Southern Brazil. 2008; (Dissertation) Master Degree in Public Health at State University of Londrina, Londrina-Brazil.
33. Lakind JS, Berlin CM, Naiman DQ. Infant exposure to chemicals in breast milk in The United States: what we need to leam from a breast milk monitoring program. Environ Health Perspect 2001; 109:75-88.
34. Barr DB, Wang RY, Needham LL. Biologic Monitoring of exposure to environmental chemicals throughout the life stages: requirements and issues for consideration for the National Children's Study. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113:1083-1091.
35. Gulson BK. Lead in breast milk. Fact sheet for medical professionals, http://www.lead.org.au/Ianv6n2/update014.html; Updated 10 Feb 2010