Waiting for life to begin: The plight of asylum seekers caught by Australia's Indonesian solution

International Journal of Refugee Law

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 558-592

  Taylor, Savitri ^a   Rafferty Brown, Brynna ^a  

^a LA TROBE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ASYLUM SEEKER; IMMIGRATION POLICY; INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION; MIGRATION DETERMINANT; POPULATION MIGRATION; REFUGEE;

AUSTRALIA; INDONESIA;

EID: 78149393476     PISSN: 09538186     EISSN: 14643715     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/ijrl/eeq034     Document Type: Article

References (229)

1. The five 'waves' are described in P. Mares, 'The Fifth Ripple: Australia's Place in the Global Refugee Crisis', Inside Story, 12 Nov. 2009, (last accessed 10 July 2010). The title of the article draws attention to the fact that what Australians consider a wave would in most other parts of the world be considered a ripple.
2. Prior to July 2009, the nomenclature actually used was 'suspected illegal entry vessel'
3. Although, at the time of writing, recognition rates for Afghans and Sri Lankans were coming down
4. Interview with senior Australian Federal Police official, 14 July 2008
5. AusAID, Indonesia, (last accessed 20 June 2010).
6. World Bank, World Bank List of Economies, July 2010, (last accessed 4 July 2010).
7. July 2010 estimate in CIA, The World Fact Book: Indonesia, (last accessed 20 June 2010).
8. This is the end-2009 estimate from the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Indonesia Country Page, (last accessed 20 June 2010).
9. Australia has a land area of 7.6 million square kilometres, compared with Indonesia's land area of 1.9 million square kilometres.
10. IOM Indonesia, 'Fact Sheet/Irregular Migration/2010/1', 2010
11. UNHCR, 'Response to Questions Taken on Notice at Senate Legal and Constitutional References Committee Inquiry into the Administration and Operation of the Migration Act 1958', 26 Oct. 2005, para. 2.2, (last accessed 12 Mar. 2010).
12. IOM Indonesia, above n. 10.
13. IOM, 'IOM's Experience with Immigration Detention and Alternatives to Detention', paper presented at the Sub-Regional Roundtable on Alternatives to Detention of Asylum Seekers, Seoul, 26-27 Apr. 2010, 7.
14. IOM Indonesia, above n. 10.
15. Between 29 Sept. and 18 Oct. 2009 inclusive, 40 boats carrying 1,900 passengers arrived in Australia: Department of Immigration, 'Answer to Question 49 Taken on Notice at Additional Budget Estimates Hearing: 9 February 2010', (last accessed 10 July 2010).
16. During the same period, Indonesian officials prevented 'over 1998 foreign nationals from potentially travelling to Australia': Australian Federal Police, 'Answer to Question 120 Taken on Notice at Supplementary Budget Estimates Hearing: 19 October 2009', (last accessed 10 July 2010).
17. Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia 1945 (as amended) art 28C(1) provides: 'Every person has...the right to education'. In Decision Number 012/PUU-III/2005, the Constitutional Court of Indonesia noted this provision and contrasted it with Art. 31 which provides: '(1) Each citizen has the right to education. (2) Each citizen is obliged to follow elementary education and the government has the duty to fund this'.
18. Although not necessary for the purposes of deciding the case at hand, the Court observed that the meaning of the provisions was that the state itself was required to respect a non-citizen's right to education and also to protect a non-citizen from third party interference with that right but had no obligation to fulfil that right
19. Foreign nationals need the permission of the Minister of Manpower in order to undertake paid work in Indonesia: Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Labour Affairs, art. 42(1).
20. As a general rule, neither asylum seekers nor recognised refugees are given permission to work
21. The anecdotal evidence abounds
22. However, the Australian government does not keep statistics on how many of the irregular maritime arrivals to Australia have already been recognized as refugees: Department of Immigration, 'Answer to Question 29 Taken on Notice at Additional Budget Estimates Hearing: 9 February 2010', (last accessed 13 July).
23. UNHCR, '2007 UNHCR Statistical Yearbook', Dec. 2008, Statistical Annex, Table 1.
24. UNHCR, '2009 Global Trends: Refugees, Asylum-seekers, Returnees, Internally Displaced and Stateless Persons', June 2010, Statistical Annex, Table 1
25. This data is taken from UNHCR Indonesia, 'Active Caseload Breakdown as of 31 December 2009' (copy on file with authors). It is not known why four more asylum seekers are included in this data set than are included in the more recently prepared '2009 Global Trends' statistics.
26. The other asylum seekers and refugees came from Algeria (1), Burundi (1), Cameroon (2), China (4), Cote d'Ivoire (4), Democratic Republic of Congo (11), Egypt (2), Guinea (15), Lebanon (1), Liberia (1), Kuwait (6), Pakistan (9), Palestine (1), Sierra Leone (3), Syria (3), Tunisia (1) and Western Sahara (1)
27. In referencing these interviews, pseudonyms have been used for the interviewees and, in some cases, non-essential details of their stories have been changed in order to further protect their identity
28. UNHCR Indonesia, 'Active Caseload Breakdown as of 1 July 2008' (copy on file with authors)
29. Opened for signature 28 July 1951, 189 UNTS 137 (entered into force for Australia and generally, 22 Apr. 1954).
30. Opened for signature 31 Jan. 1967, 606 UNTS 267 (entered into force generally, 4 Oct. 1967, and for Australia, 13 Dec. 1973).
31. Refugee Convention, Art. lA(2), as modified by its Protocol, Art. 1(2), and subject to the exclusion clauses in Refugee Convention Arts. 1D, 1E and 1F.
32. Opened for signature 10 Dec. 1984, 1486 UNTS 85 (entered into force generally, 26 June 1987, for Australia, 7 Sept. 1989, and for Indonesia, 27 Nov. 1998).
33. Opened for signature 19 Dec. 1966, 999 UNTS 171 (entered into force generally, 23 Mar. 1976, for Australia, 13 Nov. 1980, and for Indonesia, 23 May 2006).
34. Compare, J. Hathaway, The Rights of Refugees under International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005), 363-7.
35. N. Coleman, 'Non-refoulement Revised: Renewed Review of the Status of the Principle of Non-refoulement as Customary International Law' (2003) 5 European Journal of Migration and Law 23-68, who both question the correctness of the orthodox position.
36. See, S. Taylor, 'Offshore Barriers to Asylum Seeker Movement: The Exercise of Power without Responsibility?' in J. McAdam (ed.), Forced Migration, Human Rights and Security (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2008), 93-127 at 106-18, for a full discussion of the principle.
37. S. Fitzpatrick, 'Boatpeople Diplomacy Thrown Overboard', The Australian, 18 Nov. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010)
38. Commonwealth, Official Committee Hansard: Additional Estimates, Senate Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade Legislation Committee (SFADTLC), 11 Feb. 2010, 58 (Mr Woolcott, DFAT).
39. On 24 June 2010, Mr Rudd was replaced as leader of the Australian Labor Party by his deputy, Julia Gillard, who then also replaced him as Prime Minister of Australia in accordance with Westminster convention
40. G. Thompson, 'Rudd Did Request Asylum Help: Indonesia', ABC News Online, 13 Oct. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
41. A. Probyn and N. Butterly, 'Indonesia Wants Deal to Stop Asylum Seekers', The West Australian, 14 Oct. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
42. 'Asylum Seekers Declare Hunger Strike', ABC News Online, 15 Oct. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
43. M. Grattan and L. Murdoch, 'Murky Waters', The Age (Melbourne), 24 Oct. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
44. Y. Narushima and L. Murdoch, '16 More Refugees on Way from Oceanic Viking', The Age (Melbourne), 30 Dec. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
45. M. McKenna, 'Disease and Monsoon Strike Tamil Sit-In', The Australian, 23 Nov. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
46. 'Tamil Refugee on Merak Boat Dies', The Australian, 26 Dec. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
47. Commonwealth, Official Committee Hansard: Additional Estimates, Senate Legal and Constitutional Affairs Legislation Committee (SLCLC), 9 Feb. 2010, 90 (Ms Keski-Nummi, Department of Immigration).
48. P. Maley and L. Vasek, 'Jakarta may use force to end Merak stand-off', The Australian, 29 Dec. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
49. R. Callinan, 'Tamils Ponder Escape as Deadline Approaches', The Australian, 14 Apr. 2010, (last accessed 16 Apr. 2010).
50. T. Allard, 'Merak Stand-Off Close to Ending as 122 Head into Detention', Sydney Morning Herald, 20 Apr. 2010, (last accessed 13 July 2010).
51. N. Butterly, 'Oceanic Viking asylum seekers arrive today', The West Australian, 30 Dec. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
52. Brendan O'Connor, Minister for Home Affairs, quoted in S. McLeod, 'Australia Prepared to Help Resettle Merak Asylum Seekers', ABC News Online, 30 Dec. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
53. Commonwealth, Official Committee Hansard: Additional Estimates: SLCLC, 8 Feb. 2010, 122 (Mr Carmody, Australian Customs).
54. SLCLC, 9 Feb. 2010, 91-2 (Senator Chris Evans, Minister for Immigration); SFADTLC, 11 Feb. 2010, 59 (Mr Woolcott).
55. S. Everingham et al., 'East Timor "Not Ready" for Asylum Centre', ABC Online News, 6 July 2010, (last accessed 10 July 2010).
56. Commonwealth, Official Committee Hansard: Supplementary Budget Estimates, SFADTLC, 22 Oct. 2009, 13 (Mr Woolcott, DFAT).
57. Commonwealth, Official Committee Hansard: Supplementary Budget Estimates, SLCLC, 19 Oct. 2009, 161 (Mr Carmody).
58. Commonwealth, Official Hansard, House of Representatives, 20 Oct. 2009, 10318 (Ms Gillard, Deputy Prime Minister).
59. Commonwealth, Official Hansard, House of Representatives, 22 Oct. 2009, 10749 (Mr Stephen Smith, Minister for Foreign Affairs).
60. See, Taylor, above n. 33, for a full discussion of the law.
61. Commonwealth, Official Committee Hansard: Supplementary Budget Estimates, SLCLC, 19 Oct. 2009, 164 (Senator Hanson-Young).
62. The Australian Foreign Minister and an Indonesian spokesman quoted in P. Maley and S. Fitzpatrick, '"Humanitarian" Boatpeople Deal Breaks Deadlock', The Australian, 21 Oct. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
63. T. Allard with M. Grattan AAP, 'Sri Lankan asylum seekers "refuse to leave boat"', The Age (Melbourne), 28 Oct. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
64. T. Allard and M. Grattan, 'Your Problem: Jakarta', The Age (Melbourne), 30 Oct. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
65. S. Fitzpatrick, 'Crisis Talks Called over "Indonesian Solution"', The Australian, 3 Nov. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
66. S. Fitzpatrick and M. Dodd with P. Maley, 'Get Off Boat and You'll Go to Australia', The Australian, 12 Nov. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
67. P. Maley, 'Philippines Solution to Sri Lankan Asylum-Seeker Crisis', The Australian, 11 Nov. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
68. The facility in question was established pursuant to a Memorandum of Agreement between the Philippines government, UNHCR and IOM: 'Government, IOM, UNHCR Sign Refugee Transit Agreement', IOM Press Briefing Notes, 28 Aug. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
69. Its purpose is to provide up to six months accommodation for 'individual refugees in urgent need of evacuation from their first asylum countries pending resettlement in a third country': UNHCR, 'Refugees in Danger Will Find Temporary Sanctuary in the Philippines', News Stories, 31 Aug. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
70. Pursuant to the Migration Act 1958 (Cth), Christmas Island, Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and any other places designated by regulation, are defined to be 'excised offshore places'
71. A person, who becomes an 'unlawful non-citizen', by entering Australia at an 'excised offshore place', is an 'offshore entry person'
72. An offshore entry person cannot make an application for an Australian visa without Ministerial permission. Offshore entry persons are taken to Christmas Island to have their protection claims determined there pursuant to non-statutory procedures. A person who is found to be entitled to Australia's protection under international law is usually given Ministerial permission to make an application for a protection visa.
73. Thirty-seven individuals among them had previously been recognized as refugees by UNHCR in Indonesia: M. Dodd, 'Health Concerns for Tamil Asylum-Seekers', The Australian, 2 Nov. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
74. Note signed by Mr Jim O'Callaghan, Minister-Counsellor for Immigration at the Australian Embassy in Jakarta, quoted in Commonwealth, Official Hansard, Senate, 3 Feb. 2010, 333 (Senator Carr).
75. Letter to the Senate from the Minister for Immigration quoted in Commonwealth, Official Hansard, Senate, 3 Feb. 2010, 332 (Senator Carr).
76. Commonwealth, Official Committee Hansard: Additional Estimates, SLCLC, 9 Feb. 2010, 79 (Senator Chris Evans).
77. P. Maley and N. Perpitch, '"Special Team" to Assess Oceanic Viking Sri Lankan Asylum-Seekers', The Australian, 24 Nov. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
78. P. Maley and D. Guest, '78 Sri Lankans Rescued from Oceanic Viking Granted Refugee Status', The Australian, 16 Dec. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
79. P. Maley, 'Oceanic Viking Tamils Finally Reach Destination', The Australian, 21 Dec. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
80. P. Maley, 'Viking Tamils Given Special Treatment, Indonesian and Canadian Officials Say', The Australian, 19 Dec. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010); Maley, above n. 71.
81. Narushima and Murdoch, above n. 39.
82. The facility in question was established pursuant to a Tri-Partite Agreement between the Romanian government, UNHCR and IOM: 'Emergency Transit Centre opens in Romania', IOM Press Briefing Notes, 12 Mar. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
83. Its purpose is to provide up to six months accommodation for 'refugees in urgent need of evacuation from their first asylum countries' pending resettlement in a third country: UNHCR, 'Emergency Transit Centre in Romania Sets Precedent for Other Countries', News Stories, 13 Mar. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
84. Maley, above n. 72 and n. 71.
85. Butterly, above n. 47.
86. B. Nicholson, 'NZ About-Face on Accepting Viking Tamil Refugees', The Australian, 20 Jan. 2010, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
87. An unspecified number of the Sri Lankan refugees were still living in the Romanian transit centre at the end of May 2010: Claudia Liute, 'UNHCR chief visits emergency transit centre in Romania', UNHCR News Stories, 28 May 2010, (last accessed 15 July 2010).
88. Maley, above n. 72;
89. P. Maley, 'Tony Abbott Pledges to Turn Asylum Boats Back', The Australian, 31 Dec. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
90. Maley, 'Tony Abbott Pledges'
91. Nicholson, above n. 74.
92. Commonwealth, Official Committee Hansard: Additional Estimate, SLCLC, 8 Feb. 2010, 65-8 (Mr Irvine, ASIO).
93. Commonwealth, Official Hansard, House of Representatives, 16 Mar. 2010, 2648.
94. Statement made on the basis of the Indonesian field research conducted by the authors and their colleagues
95. Interviews: Raihan (Iraqi woman), 29 Sept. 2009; Zahra (Iraqi woman), 13 May 2009; Abdul Razak (Iraqi man), 30 Sept. 2009; Maryam (Iraqi woman), 23 Oct. 2009; Thahn (Vietnamese man), 1 Sept. 2009; Abdulla (Pakistani man), 26 Apr. 2009; Laila (Iraqi woman), 29 July 2009; Aziza (Iraqi woman), 7 Aug. 2009; Fatima (Afghan woman), 26 Apr. 2009; Ismail (Afghan man), 24 July 2009; Ranariddh (Cambodian man), 22 July 2009; Fawaz (Iraqi man), 24 July 2009; Hasina (Iraqi woman), 7 Aug. 2009; Redwan (Iraqi man), 17 Oct. 2009; Safwan (Iraqi man), 19 Oct. 2009; Zainuddin (Iraqi man), 1 Oct. 2009; Kamal (Sri Lankan man), 6 May 2009.
96. Interviews: Jaleel (Afghan man), 22 July 2009; Mahmud (Somali man), 27 Apr. 2009.
97. Interviews: Aung-Hla (Burmese man), 13 May 2009; Raihan, Thahn, and Redwan, above n. 83.
98. Abdo, above n. 85; Fatima, above n. 83.
99. Raihan, above n. 83.
100. Redwan, above n. 83.
101. Ismail, above n. 83.
102. Statement issued by the group quoted in T. Allard and A. Jackson, 'Jakarta Relents on Sri Lankans', The Age (Melbourne), 19 Nov. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
103. 'Imigran Sri Lanka di Tanjungpinang Berstatus Pengungsi' (Sri Lankan Immigrants in Tanjungpinang are Refugees), Jurnal Nasional, 18 Nov. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
104. Deplu Siapkan Opsi Soal Pengungsi Sri Lanka
105. Commonwealth, Official Committee Hansard: Additional Estimates, SLCLC, 9 Feb. 2010, 98 (Mr Metcalfe).
106. Email from Peter Mares, journalist, to authors, 25 Nov. 2009, passing on statistics provided by UNHCR Indonesia.
107. However, such cases are rare: interview with Miryam Nainggolam, Chair, Managing Board, Pulih Foundation, 26 Aug. 2009.
108. Above n. 96.
109. Statement made on the basis of the Indonesian fieldwork conducted by the authors and their colleagues
110. UNHCR, 'Handbook on Voluntary Repatriation: International Protection' (Geneva: UNHCR, 1996), para. 2.3
111. Interview with Husni Tamrin, Head of Immigration Detention, Directorate General of Immigration, 4 June 2009
112. Kompas, '26 Manusia Perahu Vietnam Cari Negara Baru' (26 Vietnamese Boat People Seek a New Country), Kompas, 11 Nov. 2008, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
113. Interview with immigration official, Riau Islands province, 1 July 2009
114. Commonwealth of Australia, Official Committee Hansard: Supplementary Budget Estimates, SLCLC, 20 Oct. 2009, 88 (Senator Chris Evans).
115. Interview, above n. 104.
116. Interview with Vitt (Vietnamese man), 1 July 2009
117. Similar stories of perceived pressure to repatriate exerted by IOM are contained in Jessie Taylor, Behind Australian Doors: Examining the Conditions of Detention of Asylum Seekers in Indonesia (Nov. 2009), (last accessed 12 Mar. 2010).
118. Interviews with Pamela Curr, Australian asylum seeker advocate, 7 Aug. 2008; and, Felicia Di Stefano, Australian asylum seeker advocate, 9 Oct. 2008.
119. Indonesian field notes, 2 July 2009
120. Interview with Hamid (Afghan man), 1 July 2009
121. In most cases, at least six months elapses between registration of an asylum seeker and their RSD interview, and more than a year elapses between the interview and notification of a decision
122. Interview with Karaimidarran (Sri Lankan man), 2 Oct. 2009.
123. Interviews: Farouq (Sri Lankan man), 20 Aug. 2009; Kalaiselvan, above n. 85.
124. Interview with Suryo Santoso, Head of Meulaboh Immigration Office, 26 Aug. 2009.
125. Aziza, above n. 83.
126. Interview with Ruqaiyah (Iraqi woman), 24 Oct. 2009.
127. Interview with Immigration Official, above n. 104; M. Forbes, 'The families no one wants', The Age (Melbourne), 2 Dec. 2006, 17; Felicia Di Stefano, above n. 108.
128. T. Allard, 'Afghans sent back to war zone', The Age (Melbourne), 12 Sept. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
129. UNHCR, 'Refugee Protection and Mixed Migration: The 10-Point Plan in action' (June 2009), 165
130. Department of Immigration, 'Annual Report 2008-09', 2009, 154
131. Citizenship Law 2006, Art. 9.
132. 'A Siamese among the Refugees', Tempo (Jakarta), 28 June 2005, (last accessed 9 July 2010) (subscription required).
133. The very strong implication is that this did not reflect actual and lawful acquisition of citizenship
134. Kamal Sadiq, 'When States Prefer Non-Citizens Over Citizens: Conflict Over Illegal Immigration into Malaysia' (2005) 49 International Studies Quarterly 101-22, at 113
135. Countries with weakly institutionalised citizenship have neither 'developed the administrative systems necessary to properly document nationality in the first place' nor adequately precluded the possibility of an irregular immigrant obtaining colourable citizenship through false or improperly obtained documentation: 102
136. Interviews: Ade Endang Dahlan, Acting Head, Bogor Immigration Office and Head of Intelligence Division, West Java Immigration, 21 Apr. 2009.
137. Ohan Suryana, Head of Tanjung Pinang Immigration Office, 16 July 2009
138. Mr Fuadri, Deputy Regent, West Aceh Regency, 25 Aug. 2009.
139. Eddy Sofiyan, Head of Information Technology and Communication Agency, North Sumatra Provincial Government, 4 June 2009; Baharudin Djafar, Head of Public Relations, North Sumatra Police, 5 June 2009
140. Ade Endang Dahlan, Ohan Suryana
141. Interview, above n. 104.
142. Interviews: Riau Provincial Government official, 9 June 2009
143. Agus Rohmana, Head of Intelligence Unit, Cisarua Sub-District Police, 20 Apr. 2009.
144. Interviews: Laila, Hasina, Aziza, Maryam, Kamal, above n. 83; Nasrallah (Iraqi man), 17 Oct. 2009; Khadija (Sri Lankan woman), 6 May 2009; Devanesan, above n. 85.
145. Evidence of Mr Aziz (Iraqi asylum seeker), The Queen v. Keis Abd Rahim Asfoor, Transcript of Proceedings at Perth, 7 Mar. 2006 (copy on file with authors).
146. Evidence of Mr Abu Jandi (Iraqi asylum seeker) and Mr Saadi (Iraqi asylum seeker), The Queen v. Keis Abd Rahim Asfoor, Transcript of Proceedings at Perth, 26 Feb. 2006 (copy on file with authors).
147. In this category but not specified in next two footnotes: interviews: Fatima, above n. 83; Ahmed (Iranian man), 29 July 2009; Ruqaiyah, above n. 117; Hafiz (Afghan man), 4 May 2009.
148. Interviews: Ismail, Fawaz, Thahn, above n. 83; Latif (Sri Lankan man), 26 Aug. 2009; Abu Nur (Iranian man), 29 July 2009.
149. Interview with Mai (Vietnamese woman), 20 Oct. 2009.
150. There are certain procedural requirements designed to make polygamous marriages more difficult. However, these requirements are not uniformly enforced.
151. Interview with Indonesian wife of Vietnamese asylum seeker, 27 Oct. 2009.
152. Citizenship Law 2006, Arts. 4 and 5.
153. Mahmud, above n. 84.
154. Above n. 138.
155. UNHCR, 'Refugee Protection and Mixed Migration: The 10-Point Plan in Action', June 2009, 129
156. UNHCR, 'Framework for Durable Solutions for Refugees and Persons of Concern', 2003, 23-6 (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
157. Above n. 96.
158. Interview with Zahra (mother) and Silma (daughter), 13 May 2009. The family also includes Zahra's husband and a 13-year-old daughter.
159. Laila, above n. 83; Aung-Hla, above n. 86.
160. Interviews: Abidin (Afghan man), 22 July 2009; Jaleel, above n. 84; Ismail, Fawaz, above n. 83.
161. Interviews: Mahmud, above n. 84; Mustafa (Somali man), 27 Apr. 2009.
162. nterviews: Hasina, Redwan, Raihan, Abdul Razak, Zainuddin, Kamal, Maryam, Safwan, above n. 83; Hanif (Iraqi man), 30 Sept. 2009; Khadija, Nasrallah, above n. 131; Ahlam (Iraqi woman), 23 Oct. 2009; Rania (Iraqi woman), 18 Oct. 2009; Junaid (Sri Lankan man), 27 May 2009; Ruqaiyah, above n. 117; Karaimidarran, above n. 113; Abdo, Kalaiselvan, Devanesan, above n. 85; Issa, Munir, Munawar (Somali men), 27 Apr. 2009; Li (Chinese woman), 12 Jan. 2009; Latif, above n. 135; Lingaratnam (Sri Lankan man), 14 Oct. 2009.
163. Interviews: Amina (Iraqi woman), Hussein (Kurdish man), 27 May 2009; Khin-Nyunt (Burmese man), 14 June 2009; George (Burmese man), 2 July 2009; Hafiz, above n. 134; Aziza, above n. 83; Harendra (Sri Lankan man), 6 May 2009.
164. Fawaz, Laila, above n. 83.
165. Interviews: volunteer, Church World Service Indonesia (CWS), 5 May 2009; Lukman Moeslich, Project Manager, CWS, 19 May 2009; anonymous source, 29 July 2009
166. Interviews: Hamid, above n. 111; Aziza, Redwan, above n. 83; Gunalan (Sri Lankan man), 20 Aug. 2009.
167. Nasrallah, above n. 131.
168. Interviews: Abidin, above n. 147; Khin-Nyunt, above n. 150; Hussein, above n. 150; Raihan, Abdul Razak, Zainuddin, Laila, Thahn, above n. 83; Mustafa, above n. 148; Mahmud, above n. 84; Munir, Lingaratnam, Junaid, above n. 149; Harsha (Sri Lankan man), 23 Aug. 2009; Farouq, above n. 114; Kalaiselvan, above n. 85; Karaimidarran, above n. 113; Amina, Harendra, above n. 150; Sanjeevan (Sri Lankan man), 1 July 2009.
169. Interview with Anh (Vietnamese man), 29 Sept. 2009.
170. Above n. 98.
171. The Indonesian wife of an Afghan refugee, who had two children, said they had been informed that families would be resettled immediately and complained about the fact that this had not happened in their case
172. Commonwealth, Official Committee Hansard: Supplementary Budget Estimates, SLCLC, 20 Oct. 2009, 86 (Ms Keski-Nummi).
173. Above n. 96.
174. Data taken from UNHCR Indonesia, 'Resettlement Departures as at 31 October 2009' (copy on file with authors)
175. Commonwealth, Official Committee Hansard: Budget Estimates, SLCLC, 27 May 2009, 157 (Ms Keski-Nummi)
176. Commonwealth, Official Hansard, House of Representatives, 26 Oct. 2009, 10864 (Mr Stephen Smith).
177. Department of Immigration, 'Fact Sheet 20: Migration Program Planning Levels', 11 Aug. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
178. Karaimidarran, above n. 113.
179. Nasrallah, above n. 131.
180. Zainuddin, Redwan, above n. 83.
181. Department of Immigration, 'Fact Sheet 29: Overview of Family Stream Migration', 24 Sept. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
182. Ranariddh, above n. 83.
183. Ismail, above n. 83.
184. Thahn, above n. 83.
185. Interviews: East Bintan District Police officer, 17 July 2009
186. Ohan Suryana, above n. 127; Andreane Tampubolon, Head of Restoring Family Links Sub Division, Red Cross Central Office, Jakarta.
187. Fuadri, above n. 127.
188. Katy Long, 'Extending protection? Labour migration and Durable Solutions for Refugees', UNHCR, New Issues in Refugee Research, Research Paper No. 176, Oct. 2009, 13.
189. Abudulla, Redwan, above n. 83; Harsha, above n. 156.
190. Fatima, above n. 83.
191. Munawar, above n. 149.
192. Hafiz, above n. 134.
193. Hanif, above n. 149.
194. Nasrallah, above n. 131.
195. Gunalan, above n. 154.
196. Interview with Lukman Moeslich, above n. 153.
197. Liberal Party of Australia, 'Restoring Sovereignty and Control to our Borders', News, 27 May 2010, (last accessed 13 July 2010).
198. Migration Act, s. 245F(9).
199. Senate Select Committee on a Certain Maritime Incident (SSCCMI), 'A Certain Maritime Incident', Majority Report, 2002, para. 2.74.
200. For a discussion of the international law implications of this conduct, see, S. Taylor, 'Protection Elsewhere/Nowhere' (2006) 18 IJRL 283-312 at 294-300.
201. Quoted in Y. Narushima, 'Best to Use Quiet Diplomacy: Downer', Brisbane Times, 13 Nov. 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
202. SSCCMI, above n. 186, para. 2.74.
203. Quoted in Mares, above n. 1.
204. Marty Natalegawa, Indonesian Foreign Minister, appearing on 'Rudd, SBY Agree to Tackle People-Smugglers', The World Today, 10 Mar. 2010, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
205. Interview with Gatot, Head of Detention and Deportation, Directorate General of Immigration, 7 Aug. 2009.
206. Interview with immigration official, above n. 104.
207. Interview with anonymous source, 19 June 2009
208. Quoted in Maley and Fitzpatrick, above n. 58.
209. [2008] ATS 3 (entered into force, 7 Feb. 2008)
210. Commonwealth, Official Committee Hansard: Supplementary Budget Estimates, SFADTLC, 22 Oct. 2009, 21-5 (Mr Woolcott).
211. Commonwealth, Official Hansard, House of Representatives, 10 Mar. 2010, 2141 (President Yudhoyono, address to joint sitting of federal parliament).
212. Kevin Rudd, Australian Prime Minister, appearing on 'Rudd, SBY Agree to Tackle People-Smugglers', above n. 191.
213. 'Indonesia, Australia Sign People Smuggling Deal', news.com.au, 10 Mar. 2010, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
214. Above n. 198.
215. 'Indonesia, Australia Sign People Smuggling Deal', news.com.au, 10 Mar. 2010.
216. UNHCR, 'Global Appeal 2010-2011 - Malaysia', (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
217. T. Allard with Y. Narushima, 'Huge Wave of Refugees Predicted', The Age (Melbourne), 30 June 2009, (last accessed 21 Mar. 2010).
218. General Statement to the 60th session of the UNHCR Executive Committee, delivered by Mr Peter Hughes, Deputy Secretary of the Department of Immigration and Citizenship, Geneva, 28 Sept. 2009 (copy on file with authors).
219. Commonwealth, Official Committee Hansard: Budget Estimates, SLCLC, 28 May 2009, 20 (Ms Keski-Nummi)
220. 'Korea Needs to Do More to Help Refugees', The Korea Times, 24 Mar. 2010, (last accessed 10 July 2010).
221. P. Mares, Borderline: Australia's Response to Refugees and Asylum Seekers in the Wake of the Tampa (Sydney: UNSW Press, 2002), 242-3.
222. This was the popular label for the Liberal/National government's policy of taking unauthorized arrivals to processing centres set up by Australia in Nauru and Papua New Guinea
223. For a discussion, see, S. Taylor, 'The Pacific Solution or A Pacific Nightmare: The Difference between Burden Shifting and Responsibility Sharing' (2005) 6 Asian-Pacific Law and Policy Journal 1-43.
224. The Labor government put an end to the 'Pacific Solution' when it took office
225. Prime Minister Julia Gillard, 'Moving Australia Forward', speech delivered at the Lowy Institute, Sydney 6 July 2010, (last accessed 10 July 2010).
226. By publicly raising the possibility of a 'regional processing centre' for asylum seekers in East Timor in advance of proper consultation with that country, let alone other regional countries, Prime Minister Gillard caused consternation in the region, not least in East Timor itself: S. Fitzpatrick et al., 'Timor Asylum Plan a Legal Minefield', The Australian, 7 July 2010, (last accessed 10 July 2010).
227. K. Needham, 'Key rules out raising quota', The Age (Melbourne), 7 July 2010, (last accessed 10 July 2010).
228. T. Allard, 'Gillard's Dili Solution Runs into Regional Strife', The Age (Melbourne) 8 July 2010, (last accessed 10 July 2010).
229. UNHCR, above n. 22, 7.