The movius line controversy: The state of the debate

World Archaeology

Volumn 42, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 521-544

  Lycett, Stephen J ^a   Bae, Christopher J ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF KENT   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII   (United States)

Author keywords

Acheulean; East asia; Handaxes; Movius line; Southeast asia

Indexed keywords

ACHEULEAN; ARCHAEOLOGY; PALEOLITHIC; TECHNOLOGY;

SOUTHEAST ASIA;

EID: 78149390743     PISSN: 00438243     EISSN: 14701375     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/00438243.2010.517667     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. Aldenderfer, M. and Zhang, Y. 2004. The prehistory of the Tibetan plateau to the seventh century A.D.: perspectives and research from China and the west since 1950. Journal of World Prehistory, 18: 1-55.
2. Archer, W. and Braun, D. R. 2010. Variability in bifacial technology at Elandsfontein, Western cape, South Africa: a geometric morphometric approach. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37: 201-9.
3. Asfaw, B., Beyene, Y., Suwa, G., Walter, R. C., White, T. D., WoldeGabriel, G. and Yemane, T. 1992. The earliest Acheulean from Konso-Gardula. Nature, 360: 732-5.
4. Bae, K. D. 1988. The significance of the Chongokni stone industry in the tradition of Paleolithic culture in East Asia. PhD dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.
5. Bae, K. D. 1994. Paleolithic tradition of East Asia: Chongoknian, presence of few bifaces in Paleolithic stone industries. In Paleolithic Culture of East Asia (ed. K. D. Bae). Seoul: National Research Institute of Cultural Properties, pp. 193-211.
6. Bae, K. D. 2010. Origin and patterns of the Upper Paleolithic industries in the Korean Peninsula and movement of modern humans in East Asia. Quaternary International, 211: 103-12.
7. Baskaran, M., Marathe, A. R., Rajaguru, S. N. and Somayajulu, B. L. K. 1986. Geochronology of Palaeolithic cultures in the Hiran Valley, Saurashtra, India. Journal of Archaeological Science, 13: 505-14.
8. Bentley, R. A., Hahn, M. W. and Shennan, S. 2004. Random drift and culture change. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 271: 1443-50.
9. Bocquet-Appel, J. P., Demars, P. Y., Noiret, L. and Dobrowsky, D. 2005. Estimates of Upper Palaeolithic meta-population size in Europe from archaeological data. Journal of Archaeological Science, 32: 1656-68.
10. Boriskovskii, P. I. 1968. Vietnam in primeval times. Soviet Anthropology and Archaeology, 7: 14-32.
11. Boyd, R. and Richerson, P. J. 1985. Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
12. Brantingham, P. J., Olsen, J. W., Rech, J. A. and Krivoshapkin, A. I. 2000. Raw material quality and prepared core technologies in Northeast Asia. Journal of Archaeological Science, 27: 255-71.
13. Brantingham, P. J., Krivoshapkin, A. I., Li, J. Z. and Ya, T. 2001. The initial Upper Paleolithic in Northeast Asia. Current Anthropology, 42: 735-47.
14. Bricker, H. M. 2007. Hallam Leonard Movius, JR. 1907-1987: A Biographical Memoir. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences.
15. Brumm, A., Moore, M. W., van den Bergh, G. D., Kurniawan, I., Morwood, M. J. and Aziz, F. 2010. Stone technology at the Middle Pleistocene site of Mata Menge, Flores, Indonesia. Journal of Archaeological Science, 37: 451-73.
16. Buchanan, B. and Collard, M. 2008. Phenetics, cladistics, and the search for the Alaskan ancestors of the Paleoindians: a reassessment of relationships among the Clovis, Nenana, and Denali archaeological complexes. Journal of Archaeological Science, 36: 1683-94.
17. Buchanan, B., Collard, M. and Edinborough, K. 2008. Paleoindian demography and the extraterrestrial impact hypothesis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 105: 11651-4.
18. Bystriakova, N., Kapos, V., Lysenko, I. and Stapleton, C. M. A. 2003. Distribution and conservation status of forest bamboo biodiversity in the Asia-Pacific Region. Biodiversity and Conservation, 12: 1833-41.
19. Cartmill, M. and Smith, F. H. 2009. The Human Lineage. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.
20. Caspari, R. 2003. From types to populations: a century of race, physical anthropology and the American Anthropological Association. American Anthropologist, 105: 65-76.
21. Cavalli-Sforza, L. L. and Feldman, M. W. 1981. Cultural Transmission and Evolution: A Quantitative Approach. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
22. Cela-Conde, C. and Ayala, F. J. 2007. Human Evolution: Trails from the Past. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
23. Chauhan, P. R. 2009. The Lower Palaeolithic of the Indian subcontinent. Evolutionary Anthropology, 18: 62-78.
24. Chauhan, P. R. 2010. Comment on 'Lower and Early Middle Pleistocene Acheulian in the Indian Sub-Continent' by Gaillard et al. 2009. Quaternary International, 223: 248-59.
25. Clark, G. 1969. World Prehistory: A New Outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
26. Clark, J. D. 1994. The Acheulian industrial complex in Africa and elsewhere. In Integrative Paths to the Past (eds R. S. Corruccini and R. L. Ciochon). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp. 451-69.
27. Coon, C. S. 1965. The Living Races of Man. London: Cape.
28. Corvinus, G. 2004. Homo erectus in East and Southeast Asia, and the questions of the age of the species and its association with stone artifacts, with special reference to handaxe-like tools. Quaternary International, 117: 141-51.
29. Dennell, R. W. 2003. Dispersal and colonisation, long and short chronologies: how continuous is the Early Pleistocene record for hominids outside East Africa? Journal of Human Evolution, 45: 421-40.
30. Dennell, R. W. 2007. 'Resource-rich, stone-poor': early hominin land use in large river systems of northern India and Pakistan. In The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia (eds M. D. Petraglia and B. Allchin). New York: Springer, pp. 41-68.
31. Dennell, R. W. 2009. The Palaeolithic Settlement of Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32. Derevianko, A. P. 2008. The bifacial technique in China. Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia, 33: 2-32.
33. Durham, W. H. 1992. Applications of evolutionary culture theory. Annual Review of Anthropology, 21: 331-55.
34. Eerkens, J. W. and Bettinger, R. L. 2001. Techniques for assessing standardization in artifact assemblages: can we scale variability? American Antiquity, 66: 493-504.
35. Eerkens, J. W. and Lipo, C. P. 2005. Cultural transmission, copying errors, and the generation of variation in material culture and the archaeological record. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 24: 316-34.
36. Eerkens, J. W. and Lipo, C. P. 2007. Cultural transmission theory and the archaeological record: context to understanding variation and temporal changes in material culture. Journal of Archaeological Research, 15: 239-74.
37. Field, J. S. and Lahr, M. M. 2006. Assessment of the southern dispersal: GIS-based analyses of potential routes at Oxygen Isotopic Stage 4. Journal of World Prehistory, 19: 1-45.
38. Gamble, C. and Marshall, G. 2001. The shape of handaxes, the structure of the Acheulian world. In A Very Remote Period Indeed: Papers on the Palaeolithic Presented to Derek Roe (eds S. Milliken and J. Cook). Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 19-27.
39. Gao, X. and Norton, C. J. 2002. A critique of the Chinese 'Middle Palaeolithic'. Antiquity, 76: 397-412.
40. Gibbon, R. J., Granger, D. E., Kuman, K. and Partridge, T. C. 2009. Early Acheulean technology in the Rietputs Formation, South Africa, dated with cosmogenic nuclides. Journal of Human Evolution, 56: 152-160.
41. Gkiasta, M., Russell, T., Shennan, S. and Steele, J. 2003. Neolithic transition in Europe: the radiocarbon record revisited. Antiquity, 77: 45-62.
42. Gowlett, J. A. J. 1996. Mental abilities of early Homo: elements of constraint and choice in rule systems. In Modelling the Early Human Mind (eds P. Mellars and K. Gibson). Cambridge: McDonald Institute, pp. 191-215.
43. Gowlett, J. A. J. 2006. The elements of design form in Acheulian bifaces: modes, modalities, rules and language. In Axe Age: Acheulian Tool-Making from Quarry to Discard (eds N. Goren-Inbar and G. Sharon). London: Equinox, pp. 203-221.
44. Grove, M. 2009. The archaeology of group size. Proceedings of the British Academy, 158: 395-416.
45. Hamilton, M. J. and Buchanan, B. 2009. The accumulation of stochastic copying errors causes drift in culturally transmitted technologies: quantifying Clovis evolutionary dynamics. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 28: 55-69.
46. Han, D. and Xu, C. 1985. Pleistocene mammalian faunas of China. In Palaeoanthropology and Palaeolithic Archaeology in the People's Republic of China (eds Wu Rukang and J. W. Olsen). Orlando, FL: Academic Press, pp. 267-89.
47. Harrison, T. 1978. Present status and problems for Paleolithic studies in Borneo and Admacent Islands. In Early Paleolithic in South and East Asia (ed. F. Ikawa-Smith). The Hague: Mouton, pp. 37-57.
48. Henrich, J. 2004. Demography and cultural evolution: how adaptive cultural processes can produce maladaptive losses - the Tasmanian case. American Antiquity, 69: 197-214.
49. Hou, Y., Potts, R., Baoyin, Y., Zhengtang, G., Deino, A., Wei, W., Clark, J., Guangmao, X. and Weiwen, H. 2000. Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean-like stone technology of the Bose Basin, South China. Science, 287: 1622-6.
50. Hyodo, M., Watanabe, N., Sunata, W., Susanto, E. F. and Wahyono, H. 1993. Magneto stratigraphy of hominid fossil bearing formations in Sangiran and Mojokerto, Java. Anthropological Science, 101: 157-186.
51. Hyodo, M., Nakaya, H., Urabe, A., Saegusa, H., Yin Jiyun, X. S. and Xuepin, J. 2002. Paleomagnetic dates of hominid remains from Yuanmou, China, and other Asian sites. Journal of Human Evolution, 42: 27-41.
52. Ikawa-Smith, F. 1978. Introduction. In Early Palaeolithic in South and East Asia (ed. F. IkawaSmith). The Hague: Mouton, pp. 1-10.
53. Jablonski, N. G., Whitfort, M. J., Roberts-Smith, N. and Xu, Q. Q. 2000. The influence of life history and diet on the distribution of catarrhine primates during the Pleistocene in eastern Asia. Journal of Human Evolution, 39: 131-157.
54. James, H. V. A. and Petraglia, M. D. 2005. Modern human origins and the evolution of behaviour in the later Pleistocene record of south Asia. Current Anthropology, 46: S3-S27.
55. Jayaswal, V. 1978. Palaeohistory of India: A Study of the Prepared Core Technique. Delhi: Agam Kala Prakashan.
56. Johnson, C. R. and McBrearty, S. 2010. 500,000 year old blades from the Kapthurin Formation, Kenya. Journal of Human Evolution, 58: 193-200.
57. Keates, S. G. 2002. The Movius Line: fact or fiction? Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association, 22: 17-24.
58. Klein, R. G. 2009. The Human Career: Human Biological and Cultural Origins. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
59. Korisettar, R. 2007. Toward developing a basin model for Paleolithic settlement of the Indian subcontinent. In The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia (eds M. D. Petraglia and B. Allchin). New York: Springer, pp. 69-96.
60. Lande, R., Steiner, E. and Saether, B.-E. 2003. Stochastic Population Dynamics in Ecology and Conservation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
61. Leng, J. and Shannon, C. L. 2000. Rethinking early Paleolithic typologies in China and India. Journal of East Asian Archaeology, 2: 9-35.
62. Liu, T. S. 1985. Loess and the Environment. Beijing: China Ocean Press.
63. Lycett, S. J. 2007. Why is there a lack of Mode 3 Levallois technologies in East Asia? A phylogenetic test of the Movius-Schick hypothesis. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 26: 541-75.
64. Lycett, S. J. 2008. Acheulean variation and selection: does handaxe symmetry fit neutral expectations? Journal of Archaeological Science, 35: 2640-8.
65. Lycett, S. J. 2009a. Understanding ancient hominin dispersals using artefactual data: a phylogeographic analysis of Acheulean handaxes. PLoS ONE, 4(e7404): 1-6.
66. Lycett, S. J. 2009b. Are Victoria West cores 'proto-Levallois'? A phylogenetic assessment. Journal of Human Evolution, 56: 175-91.
67. Lycett, S. J. and Gowlett, J. A. J. 2008. On questions surrounding the Acheulean 'tradition'. World Archaeology, 40: 295-315.
68. Lycett, S. J. and Norton, C. J. 2010. A demographic model for Palaeolithic technological evolution: the case of East Asia and the Movius Line. Quaternary International, 211: 55-65.
69. Lycett, S. J. and von Cramon-Taubadel, N. 2008. Acheulean variability and hominin dispersals: a model-bound approach. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35: 553-562.
70. Lycett, S. J., von Cramon-Taubadel, N. and Foley, R. A. 2006. A crossbeam co-ordinate caliper for the morphometric analysis of lithic nuclei: a description, test and empirical examples of application. Journal of Archaeological Science, 33: 847-861.
71. Madsen, D. B., Li, J. Z., Brantingham, P. J., Gao, X., Elston, R. G. and Bettinger, R. L. 2001. Dating Shuidonggou and the Upper Palaeolithic blade industry in North China. Antiquity, 75: 706-716.
72. Marwick, B. 2008. What attributes are important for the measurement of assemblage reduction intensity? Results from an experimental stone artefact assemblage with relevance to the Hoabinhian of mainland Southeast Asia. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35: 1189-200.
73. McPherron, S. P. 2006. What typology can tell us about Acheulian handaxe production. In Axe Age: Acheulian Tool-Making from Quarry to Discard (eds N. Goren-Inbar and G. Sharon). London: Equinox, pp. 267-85.
74. Mesoudi, A. 2007. Biological and cultural evolution: similar but different. Biological Theory, 2: 119-23.
75. Mishra, S., Gaillard, C., Hertler, C., Moigne, A. M. and Simanjuntak, T. 2010. India and Java: contrasting records, intimate connections. Quaternary International, 223: 265-70.
76. Misra, V. N. 1989. Stone Age India: an ecological perspective. Man and Environment, 14: 17-64.
77. Mithen, S. 1994. Technology and society during the Middle Pleistocene: hominid group size, social learning and industrial variability. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 4: 3-32.
78. Mithen, S. 1999. Imitation and cultural change: a view from the Stone Age, with specific reference to the manufacture of handaxes. In Mammalian Social Learning: Comparative and Ecological Perspectives (eds H. O. Box and K. R. Gibson). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 389-99.
79. Movius, H. L. 1944. Early Man and Pleistocene Stratigraphy in Southern and Eastern Asia. Harvard University, Peabody Museum papers 19(3). Cambridge: Peabody Museum.
80. Movius, H. L. 1948. The Lower Palaeolithic cultures of Southern and Eastern Asia. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 38: 329-426.
81. Movius, H. L. 1956. New Palaeolithic sites, near Ting-Ts'un in the Fen River, Shansi province, North China. Quarteraria, 3: 13-26.
82. Movius, H. 1969. Lower Paleolithic archaeology in southern Asia and the Far East. In Early Man in the Far East, Studies in Physical Anthropology No. 1 (ed. W. W. Howells). New York: Humanities Press, pp. 17-82.
83. Musser, G. G. and Carleton, M. D. 2005. Order Muridae. In Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, 3rd edn (eds D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, pp. 894-1531.
84. Neiman, F. D. 1995. Stylistic variation in evolutionary perspective: inferences from decorative diversity and interassemblage distance in Illinois Woodland ceramic assemblages. American Antiquity, 60: 7-36.
85. Norton, C. J. 2000. The current state of Korean paleoanthropology. Journal of Human Evolution, 38: 803-825.
86. Norton, C. J. and Bae, K. D. 2009. The Movius Line sensu lato (Norton et al., 2006) further assessed and defined. Journal of Human Evolution, 57: 331-4.
87. Norton, C. J. and Gao, X. 2008. Zhoukoudian Upper Cave revisited: a taphonomic perspective. Current Anthropology, 49: 732-745.
88. Norton, C. J. and Jin, J. J. H. 2009. The evolution of modern human behavior in East Asia: current perspectives. Evolutionary Anthropology, 18: 247-260.
89. Norton, C. J. and Lycett, S. J. 2010. The Movius Line. In Yearbook of Science and Technology. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 248-250.
90. Norton, C. J., Bae, K., Harris, J. W. K. and Lee, H. 2006. Middle Pleistocene handaxes from the Korean Peninsula. Journal of Human Evolution, 51: 527-536.
91. Norton, C. J., Gao, X. and Feng, X. W. 2009. The criteria defining the East Asian Middle Paleolithic reexamined. In Sourcebook of Paleolithic Transitions: Methods, Theories, and Interpretations (eds M. Camps and P. R. Chauhan). Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 245-254.
92. Norton, C. J., Jin, C. Z., Wang, Y. and Zhang, Y. Q. 2010. Rethinking the Palearctic-Oriental biogeographic boundary in Quaternary China. In Asian Paleoanthropology: From Africa to China and Beyond (eds C. J. Norton and D. Braun). Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 81-100.
93. Odell, G. 1983. Comment on 'Observations on the Lower Palaeolithic of Northeast Asia'. Current Anthropology, 24: 195.
94. Ohrnberger, D. 1999. The Bamboos of the World. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
95. Paddayya, K. 1984. India. In Neue Forschungen Zur-Altsteinzeit (ed. O. Bar-Yosef). Munich: Verlag C. H. Beck, pp. 345-403.
96. Paddayya, K. 2001. The Acheulian culture project of the Hunsgi and Baichbal Valleys, peninsular India. In Human Roots: Africa and Asia in the Middle Pleistocene (eds L. Barham and K. Robson-Brown). Bristol: Western Academic and Specialist Press, pp. 235-258.
97. Petraglia, M. D. 1998. The Lower Palaeolithic of India and its bearing on the Asian record. In Early Human Behaviour in Global Context: The Rise and Diversity of the Lower Palaeolithic Record (eds M. D. Petraglia and R. Korisettar). London: Routledge, pp. 343-390.
98. Petraglia, M. D. 2006. The Indian Acheulian in global perspective. In Axe Age: Acheulian Tool-Making from Quarry to Discard (eds N. Goren-Inbar and G. Sharon). London: Equinox, pp. 389-414.
99. Petraglia, M. D. and Shipton, C. 2009. Large cutting tool variation west and east of the Movius Line. Journal of Human Evolution, 57: 326-330.
100. Pope, G. G. 1989. Bamboo and human evolution. Natural History, 10: 48-57.
101. Pope, G. G. and Keates, S. G. 1994. The evolution of human cognition and cultural capacity: a view from the Far East. In Integrative Paths to the Past (eds R. S. Corruccini and R. L. Ciochon). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp. 531-67.
102. Rajaguru, S. N. 1985. On the problems of Acheulian chronology in western and southern India. In Recent Advances in Indo-Pacific Prehistory. Delhi and Oxford: IBH Publishing, pp. 13-18.
103. Reynolds, T. E. G. 1993. Problems in the Stone Age of South-east Asia. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 59: 1-16.
104. Reynolds, T. E. G. 2007. Problems in the Stone Age of South-east Asia revisited. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 73: 39-58.
105. Rogers, D. S., Feldman, M. W. and Ehrlich, P. R. 2009. Inferring population histories using cultural data. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 276: 3835-3843.
106. Schaller, G. B., Hu, J., Pan, W. and Zhu, J. 1985. The Giant Pandas of Wolong. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
107. Schick, K. D. 1994. The Movius line reconsidered. In Integrative Paths to the Past (eds R. S. Corruccini and R. L. Ciochon). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, pp. 569-96.
108. Schick, K. 1998. A comparative perspective on Paleolithic cultural patterns. In Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia (eds T. Akazawa, K. Aoki and O. Bar-Yosef). New York: Plenum, pp. 449-60.
109. Schick, K. D. and Dong, Z. 1993. Early Paleolithic of China and Eastern Asia. Evolutionary Anthropology, 2: 22-35.
110. Schick, K. D. and Toth, N. 1993. Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Human Technology. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
111. Sharon, G. 2007. Acheulian Large Flake Industries: Technology, Chronology, and Significance. Oxford: BAR International Series.
112. Shennan, S. 2000. Population, culture history, and the dynamics of culture change. Current Anthropology, 41: 811-35.
113. Shennan, S. 2001. Demography and cultural innovation: a model and its implications for the emergence of modern human culture. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 11: 5-16.
114. Shennan, S. 2006. From cultural history to cultural evolution: an archaeological perspective on social information transmission. In Social Information Transmission and Human Biology (eds J. C. K. Wells, S. Strickland and K. Laland). New York: Taylor & Francis, pp. 173-89.
115. Simanjuntak, T., Semah, F. and Gaillard, C. 2010. The Palaeolithic in Indonesia: nature and chronology. Quaternary International, 223: 418-21.
116. Steele, T. E. and Klein, R. G. 2006. Mollusk and tortoise size as proxies for Stone Age population density in South Africa: implications for the evolution of human cultural capacity. Munibe (Antropologia-Arkeologia), 57: 221-37.
117. Stout, D. 2002. Skill and cognition in stone tool production. Current Anthropology, 43: 693-722.
118. Stout, D. 2005. The social and cultural context of stone knapping skill acquisition. In Stone Knapping: The Necessary Conditions for a Uniquely Hominin Behaviour (eds V. Roux and B. Bril). Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, pp. 331-40.
119. Stringer, C. 1990. The Asian connection: where did we evolve? New Scientist, 1743: 33-7.
120. Swisher, I. C. C., Curtis, G. H., Jacob, T., Getty, A. G., Suprijo, A. and Widiasmoro 1994. Age of the earliest known hominids in Java, Indonesia. Science, 263: 1118-21.
121. Taylor, A. H. and Qin, Z. S. 1987. The dynamics of temperate bamboo forests and panda conservation in China. In The Bamboos (ed. G. P. Chapman). San Diego, CA: Academic Press, pp. 189-203.
122. Teilhard de Chardin, P. 1941. Early Man in China. Pékin Institute de Géo-Biologie, 7: 1-99.
123. Vaughan, C. D. 2001. A million years of style and function: regional and temporal variation in Acheulean handaxes. In Style and Function: Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Archaeology (eds T. D. Hurt and G. F. M. Rakita). Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, pp. 141-63.
124. Wang, S. 2005. Perspectives on Hominid Behaviour and Settlement Patterns: A Study of the Lower Palaeolithic Sites in the Luonan Basin, China. Oxford: BAR International Series.
125. Wang, H., Ambrose, S. H., Liu, C.-L and Follmer, L. R. 1997. Paleosol stable isotope evidence for early hominid occupation of East Asian temperate environments. Quaternary Research, 48: 228-38.
126. Wang, W., Mo, J. Y. and Huang, Z. T. 2008. Recent discovery of handaxes associated with tektites in the Nanbanshan locality of the Damei site, Bose basin, Guangxi, South China. Chinese Science Bulletin, 53: 878-83.
127. Watanabe, H. 1985. The chopper-chopping tool complex of eastern Asia: an ethnoarchaeological examination. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 4: 1-18.
128. West, J. A. and Louys, J. 2007. Differentiating bamboo from stone tool cut marks in the zooarchaeological record with a discussion on the use of bamboo knives. Journal of Archaeological Science, 34: 512-18.
129. Xie, G. and Bodin, E. 2007. Les industries paleolithiques du bassin de Bose (Chine du Sud) (Paleolithic industries of the Bose Basin (South China). L' Anthopologie, 111: 182-206.
130. Xie, Y., Mackinnon, J. and Li, D. 2004. Study on biogeographical divisions of China. Biodiversity Conservation, 13: 1391-417.
131. Yi, S. and Clark, G. A. 1983. Observations on the Lower Palaeolithic of Northeast Asia. Current Anthropology, 24: 181-202.
132. Yin, Q. Z. and Guo, Z. T. 2006. Mid-Pleistocene vermiculated red soils in southern China as an indication of unusually strengthened East Asian monsoon. Chinese Science Bulletin, 51: 213-20.
133. Yoo, Y. 2007. Long-term changes in the organization of lithic technology: a case study from the Imjin-Hantan River Area, Korea. PhD dissertation, McGill University, Montreal.
134. Zhu, R. X., Potts, R., Xie, F., Hoffman, K. A., Deng, C. L., Shi, C. D., Pan, Y. X., Wang, H. Q., Shi, G. H. and Wu, N. Q. 2004. New evidence on the earliest human presence at high latitudes in northeast Asia. Nature, 431: 559-62.
135. Zhu, R. X., Potts, R., Pan, Y. X., Yao, H. T., Lu, L. Q., Zhao, X., Gao, X., Chen, L. W., Gao, F. and Deng, C. L. 2008. Early evidence of the genus Homo in East Asia. Journal of Human Evolution, 55: 1075-85.