Current Controversies in Treatment and Prevention of Diabetic Ketoacidosis

Advances in Pediatrics

Volumn 57, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 247-267

  Rewers, Arleta ^a  

^a University of Colorado Denver and Children s Hospital Colorado   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

INSULIN;

ADOLESCENT; BLOOD ANALYSIS; CHILD; DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS; FEMALE; FLUID THERAPY; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MALE; METHODOLOGY; MONITORING; MORTALITY; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PH; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

ADOLESCENT; BLOOD CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; BLOOD GLUCOSE; CHILD; COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS; FEMALE; FLUID THERAPY; HUMANS; HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION; INSULIN; MALE; MONITORING, PHYSIOLOGIC; PROGNOSIS; RISK ASSESSMENT; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SURVIVAL RATE; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 78149386283     PISSN: 00653101     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/j.yapd.2010.09.001     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. Wolfsdorf J., Glaser N., Sperling M.A. Diabetic ketoacidosis in infants, children, and adolescents: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2006, 29(5):1150-1159.
2. Kitabchi A.E., Umpierrez G.E., Murphy M.B., Kreisberg R.A. Hyperglycemic crises in adult patients with diabetes: a consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2006, 29(12):2739-2748.
3. Dunger D.B., Sperling M.A., Acerini C.L., Bohn D.J., Daneman D., Danne T.P., et al. ESPE/LWPES consensus statement on diabetic ketoacidosis in children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child 2004, 89(2):188-194.
4. Laffel L.M., Wentzell K., Loughlin C., Tovar A., Moltz K., Brink S. Sick day management using blood 3-hydroxybutyrate (3-OHB) compared with urine ketone monitoring reduces hospital visits in young people with T1DM: a randomized clinical trial. Diabet Med 2006, 23(3):278-284.
5. Rewers A., McFann K., Chase H.P. Bedside monitoring of blood beta-hydroxybutyrate levels in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Diabetes Technol Ther 2006, 8(6):671-676.
6. Rewers A., Klingensmith G., Davis C., Petitti D.B., Pihoker C., Rodriguez B., et al. Presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in youth: the Search for Diabetes in Youth Study. Pediatrics 2008, 121(5):e1258-e1266.
7. Levy-Marchal C., Patterson C.C., Green A. Geographical variation of presentation at diagnosis of type I diabetes in children: the EURODIAB study. European and Diabetes. Diabetologia 2001, 44(Suppl 3):B75-B80.
8. Abdul-Rasoul M., Habib H., Al-Khouly M. " The honeymoon phase" in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: frequency, duration, and influential factors. Pediatr Diabetes 2006, 7(2):101-107.
9. Rewers A., Chase P., Bothner J., Hamman R., Klingensmith G. Medical care patterns at the onset of type I diabetes in Colorado children, 1978-2001. Diabetes 2003, 52(Suppl 1):A62.
10. Hekkala A., Knip M., Veijola R. Ketoacidosis at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes in children in northern Finland: temporal changes over 20 years. Diabetes Care 2007, 30(4):861-866.
11. Rewers A., Chase H.P., Mackenzie T., Walravens P., Roback M., Rewers M., et al. Predictors of acute complications in children with type 1 diabetes. JAMA 2002, 287(19):2511-2518.
12. Pinkey J.H., Bingley P.J., Sawtell P.A., Dunger D.B., Gale E.A. Presentation and progress of childhood diabetes mellitus: a prospective population-based study. The Bart's-Oxford Study Group. Diabetologia 1994, 37(1):70-74.
13. Likitmaskul S., Santiprabhob J., Sawathiparnich P., Numbenjapon N., Chaichanwatanakul K. Clinical pictures of type 2 diabetes in Thai children and adolescents is highly related to features of metabolic syndrome. J Med Assoc Thai 2005, 88(Suppl 8):S169-S175.
14. Levy-Marchal C., Papoz L., de B.C., Doutreix J., Froment V., Voirin J., et al. Clinical and laboratory features of type 1 diabetic children at the time of diagnosis. Diabet Med 1992, 9(3):279-284.
15. Rewers A., Klingensmith G., Davis C., Petitti D., Pihoker C., Rodriguez B., et al. Diabetes ketoacidosis at onset of diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in Youth Study [abstract]. Diabetes 2007, 54(Suppl 1):A63-A64.
16. Komulainen J., Kulmala P., Savola K., Lounamaa R., Ilonen J., Reijonen H., et al. Clinical, autoimmune, and genetic characteristics of very young children with type 1 diabetes. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group. Diabetes Care 1999, 22(12):1950-1955.
17. Mallare J.T., Cordice C.C., Ryan B.A., Carey D.E., Kreitzer P.M., Frank G.R. Identifying risk factors for the development of diabetic ketoacidosis in new onset type 1 diabetes mellitus. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2003, 42(7):591-597.
18. Levine B.S., Anderson B.J., Butler D.A., Antisdel J.E., Brackett J., Laffel L.M. Predictors of glycemic control and short-term adverse outcomes in youth with type 1 diabetes. J Pediatr 2001, 139(2):197-203.
19. Edge J.A., Ford-Adams M.E., Dunger D.B. Causes of death in children with insulin dependent diabetes 1990-96. Arch Dis Child 1999, 81(4):318-323.
20. Edge J.A., Hawkins M.M., Winter D.L., Dunger D.B. The risk and outcome of cerebral oedema developing during diabetic ketoacidosis. Arch Dis Child 2001, 85(1):16-22.
21. Glaser N., Barnett P., McCaslin I., Nelson D., Trainor J., Louie J., et al. Risk factors for cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. The Pediatric Emergency Medicine Collaborative Research Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics. N Engl J Med 2001, 344(4):264-269.
22. Mahoney C.P., Vlcek B.W., DelAguila M. Risk factors for developing brain herniation during diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Neurol 1999, 21(4):721-727.
23. Glaser N.S., Wootton-Gorges S.L., Buonocore M.H., Marcin J.P., Rewers A., Strain J., et al. Frequency of sub-clinical cerebral edema in children with diabetic ketoacidosis. Pediatr Diabetes 2006, 7(2):75-80.
24. Javor K.A., Kotsanos J.G., McDonald R.C., Baron A.D., Kesterson J.G., Tierney W.M. Diabetic ketoacidosis charges relative to medical charges of adult patients with type I diabetes. Diabetes Care 1997, 20(3):349-354.
25. Kim S. Burden of hospitalizations primarily due to uncontrolled diabetes: implications of inadequate primary health care in the United States. Diabetes Care 2007, 30(5):1281-1282.
26. Kitabchi A.E., Umpierrez G.E., Murphy M.B., Barrett E.J., Kreisberg R.A., Malone J.I., et al. Management of hyperglycemic crises in patients with diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001, 24(1):131-153.
27. Maldonado M.R., Chong E.R., Oehl M.A., Balasubramanyam A. Economic impact of diabetic ketoacidosis in a multiethnic indigent population: analysis of costs based on the precipitating cause. Diabetes Care 2003, 26(4):1265-1269.
28. Byrne H.A., Tieszen K.L., Hollis S., Dornan T.L., New J.P. Evaluation of an electrochemical sensor for measuring blood ketones. Diabetes Care 2000, 23(4):500-503.
29. Wallace T.M., Meston N.M., Gardner S.G., Matthews D.R. The hospital and home use of a 30-second hand-held blood ketone meter: guidelines for clinical practice. Diabet Med 2001, 18(8):640-645.
30. Guerci B., Benichou M., Floriot M., Bohme P., Fougnot S., Franck P., et al. Accuracy of an electrochemical sensor for measuring capillary blood ketones by fingerstick samples during metabolic deterioration after continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion interruption in type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2003, 26(4):1137-1141.
31. Hoffman W.H., O'Neill P., Khoury C., Bernstein S.S. Service and education for the insulin-dependent child. Diabetes Care 1978, 1(5):285-288.
32. Drozda D.J., Dawson V.A., Long D.J., Freson L.S., Sperling M.A. Assessment of the effect of a comprehensive diabetes management program on hospital admission rates of children with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Educ 1990, 16(5):389-393.
33. Grey M., Boland E.A., Davidson M., Li J., Tamborlane W.V. Coping skills training for youth with diabetes mellitus has long-lasting effects on metabolic control and quality of life. J Pediatr 2000, 137(1):107-113.
34. Svoren B.M., Butler D., Levine B.S., Anderson B.J., Laffel L.M. Reducing acute adverse outcomes in youths with type 1 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 2003, 112(4):914-922.
35. Bui H., To T., Stein R., Fung K., Daneman D. Is diabetic ketoacidosis at disease onset a result of missed diagnosis?. J Pediatr 2010, 156(3):472-527.
36. Barker J.M., Goehrig S.H., Barriga K., Hoffman M., Slover R., Eisenbarth G.S., et al. Clinical characteristics of children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes through intensive screening and follow-up. Diabetes Care 2004, 27(6):1399-1404.
37. Diabetes Prevention Trial-Type 1 Diabetes Study Group Effects of insulin in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2002, 346(22):1685-1691.
38. Vanelli M., Chiari G., Ghizzoni L., Costi G., Giacalone T., Chiarelli F. Effectiveness of a prevention program for diabetic ketoacidosis in children. An 8-year study in schools and private practices. Diabetes Care 1999, 22(1):7-9.
39. Vanelli M., Chiari G., Lacava S., Iovane B. Campaign for diabetic ketoacidosis prevention still effective 8 years later. Diabetes Care 2007, 30(4):e12.
40. Felner E.I., White P.C. Improving management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Pediatrics 2001, 108(3):735-740.
41. Adrogue H.J., Barrero J., Eknoyan G. Salutary effects of modest fluid replacement in the treatment of adults with diabetic ketoacidosis. Use in patients without extreme volume deficit. JAMA 1989, 262(15):2108-2113.
42. Burghen G.A., Etteldorf J.N., Fisher J.N., Kitabchi A.Q. Comparison of high-dose and low-dose insulin by continuous intravenous infusion in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Diabetes Care 1980, 3(1):15-20.
43. Kitabchi A.E. Low-dose insulin therapy in diabetic ketoacidosis: fact or fiction?. Diabetes Metab Rev 1989, 5(4):337-363.
44. Adrogue H.J., Lederer E.D., Suki W.N., Eknoyan G. Determinants of plasma potassium levels in diabetic ketoacidosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1986, 65(3):163-172.
45. Bektas F., Eray O., Sari R., Akbas H. Point of care blood ketone testing of diabetic patients in the emergency department. Endocr Res 2004, 30(3):395-402.
46. Ham M.R., Okada P., White P.C. Bedside ketone determination in diabetic children with hyperglycemia and ketosis in the acute care setting. Pediatr Diabetes 2004, 5(1):39-43.
47. Naunheim R., Jang T.J., Banet G., Richmond A., McGill J. Point-of-care test identifies diabetic ketoacidosis at triage. Acad Emerg Med 2006, 13(6):683-685.
48. Harris S., Ng R., Syed H., Hillson R. Near patient blood ketone measurements and their utility in predicting diabetic ketoacidosis. Diabet Med 2005, 22(2):221-224.
49. Prisco F., Picardi A., Iafusco D., Lorini R., Minicucci L., Martinucci M.E., et al. Blood ketone bodies in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes (a multicenter study). Pediatr Diabetes 2006, 7(4):223-228.
50. Noyes K.J., Crofton P., Bath L.E., Holmes A., Stark L., Oxley C.D., et al. Hydroxybutyrate near-patient testing to evaluate a new end-point for intravenous insulin therapy in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. Pediatr Diabetes 2007, 8(3):150-156.
51. Vanelli M., Chiari G., Capuano C., Iovane B., Bernardini A., Giacalone T. The direct measurement of 3-beta-hydroxy butyrate enhances the management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children and reduces time and costs of treatment. Diabetes Nutr Metab 2003, 16(5-6):312-316.
52. Muir A.B., Quisling R.G., Yang M.C., Rosenbloom A.L. Cerebral edema in childhood diabetic ketoacidosis: natural history, radiographic findings, and early identification. Diabetes Care 2004, 27(7):1541-1546.
53. Curtis J.R., Bohn D., Daneman D. Use of hypertonic saline in the treatment of cerebral edema in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Pediatr Diabetes 2001, 2(4):191-194.
54. Wallace T.M., Matthews D.R. Recent advances in the monitoring and management of diabetic ketoacidosis. QJM 2004, 97(12):773-780.
55. Neu A., Willasch A., Ehehalt S., Hub R., Ranke M.B. Ketoacidosis at onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus in children-frequency and clinical presentation. Pediatr Diabetes 2003, 4(2):77-81.
56. Alvi N.S., Davies P., Kirk J.M., Shaw N.J. Diabetic ketoacidosis in Asian children. Arch Dis Child 2001, 85(1):60-61.
57. Roche E.F., Menon A., Gill D., Hoey H. Clinical presentation of type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2005, 6(2):75-78.
58. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus: Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. J Pediatr 1994, 125(2):177-188.
59. Nordfeldt S., Ludvigsson J. Adverse events in intensively treated children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Acta Paediatr 1999, 88(11):1184-1193.
60. Smith C.P., Firth D., Bennett S., Howard C., Chisholm P. Ketoacidosis occurring in newly diagnosed and established diabetic children. Acta Paediatr 1998, 87(5):537-541.
61. Thomsett M., Shield G., Batch J., Cotterill A. How well are we doing? Metabolic control in patients with diabetes. J Paediatr Child Health 1999, 35(5):479-482.