Explaining the number of preferential votes for women in an open-list PR system: An investigation of the 2003 federal elections in Flanders (Belgium)

Acta Politica

Volumn 45, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 468-490

  Wauters, Bram ^a   Weekers, Karolien ^b   Maddens, Bart ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY COLLEGE GHENT   (Belgium)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LEUVEN   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Belgium; campaign expenses; elections; media; political parties; women

Indexed keywords

EID: 78149341328     PISSN: 00016810     EISSN: 17411416     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1057/ap.2010.6     Document Type: Article

References (43)

1. Abramowitz, A.I. (1991) Incumbency, campaign spending, and the decline of competition in U.S. house elections. Journal of Politics 53(1): 34-56.
2. Altheide, D. and Snow, R. (1979) Media Logic. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
3. Ballmer-Cao, T.-H. and Tremblay, M. (2008) Modes de scrutiny, partis politiques et élection des femmes: une introduction. Swiss Political Science Review 14(4): 609-633.
4. Celis, K. and Meier, P. (2006) De macht van het geslacht. Leuven, Belgium: Acco.
5. Dahlerup, D. (2007) Electoral gender quotas, between equality of opportunity and equality of result. Representation 43(2): 73-92.
6. Dolan, K. (2006) Women candidates in American politics, what we know, what we want to know. Paper presented at the Midwest Political Science Association Conference; 20-23 April, Chicago, USA.
7. Fréchette, G., Maniquet, F. and Morelli, M. (2008) Incumbents' interests and gender quotas. American Journal of Political Science 52(4): 891-907.
8. Frederick, B. (2007) Political parties, self perceived qualifications and political ambition, examining the role of sex in the candidate emergence process for open U.S. house seats. Paper presented atthe 2007 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA); 30 August - 2 September, Chicago, USA.
9. Geys, B. and Heyndels, B. (2003) Influence of cognitive sophistication on ballot layout effects. Acta Politica 38(4): 295-311.
10. Gidengil, E. and Everitt, J. (2003) Taking tough, gender and reported speech in campaign news coverage. Political Communication 20(3): 209-232.
11. Goldenberg, E.N. and Traugott, M.W. (1987) Mass media in U.S. congressional elections. Legislative Studies Quarterly 12(3): 317-339.
12. Gulati, G.J., Just, M.R. and Crigler, A.N. (2004) News coverage of political campaigns. In: L. Lee Kaid (ed.) Handbook of Political Communication Research. London: Routledge, pp. 237-256.
13. Havick, J. (1997) Determinants of national media attention. Journal of Communication 47(2): 97-111.
14. Hogan, R. (2001) Campaign spending by men and women candidates for the State Legislatures. Paper presented at the 2001 Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA); 28 August - 2 September, San Francisco USA.
15. Jacobson, G. (2004) The Politics of Congressional Elections. New York: Pearson.
16. Johnston, R. and Pattie, C. (2008) How much does a vote cost? Incumbency and the impact of campaign spending at English general elections. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 18(2): 129-152.
17. Kahn, K.F. (1994) The distorted mirror, press coverage of women candidates for statewide office. The Journal of Politics 56(1): 154-173.
18. Kahn, K.F. and Goldenberg, E.N. (1991) The media, obstacle or ally of feminists? Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 515: 104-113.
19. Krook, M.L. (2007) Candidate gender quotas, a framework for analysis. European Journal of Political Research 46(3): 367-394.
20. Lawless, J.L. and Fox, R. (2005) It Takes a Candidate: Why More Women Do Not Run for Political Office. New York: Cambridge University Press.
21. Leijenaar, M. (2004) Een vrouwvriendelijk kiessysteem. In: P. Meier and K. Celis (eds.) Vrouwen vertegenwoordigd, Wetstraat gekraakt? Representativiteit feministisch bekeken. Brussel, Belgium: VUBPress, pp. 49-80.
22. Maddens, B., Wauters, B., Noppe, J. and Fiers, S. (2006a) Effects of campaign spending in an open list PR-system. The 2003 legislative elections in Flanders/Belgium. West European Politics 29(1): 161-168.
23. Maddens, B., Weekers, K. and Noppe, J. (2006b) Onderzoeksnota. De verkiezingsuitgaven van de Vlaamse kandidaten bij de verkiezingen van 18 mei 2003 en 13 juni 2004. Res Publica 48(4): 472-492.
24. Matland, R.E. (1994) Putting Scandinavian equality to the test: An experimental evaluation of gender stereotyping of political candidates in a sample of Norwegian voters. British Journal of Political Science 24(2): 273-292.
25. Matland, R.E. (2005) Enhancing womens political participation, legislative recruitment and electoral systems. In: J. Ballington and A. Karam (eds.) Women in Parliament, Beyond Numbers. Stockholm, Sweden: IDEA, pp. 93-111.
26. Matland, R.E. and Montgomery, K.A. (eds.) (2003) Women's Access to Political Power in Post-Communist Eastern Europe. New York: Oxford University Press.
27. Mazzoleni, G. (1987) Media logic and party logic in campaign coverage: The Italian general election of 1983. European Journal of Communication 2(1): 81-103.
28. Meier, P. (2004) The mutual contagion effect of legal and party quotas. A Belgian perspective. Party Politics 10(5): 583-600.
29. Murray, R., Krook, M.L. and Opello, K. (2009) Elite bias, not voter bias: Gender quotas and candidate performance in France. Paper presented at the first European Conference on Politics and Gender; 21-23 January, Belfast.
30. Norris, P. (1996) Legislative recruitment. In: L. LeDuc, R. Niemi and P. Norris (eds.) Comparing Democracies. Elections and Voting in Global Perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 184-215.
31. Norris, P. (2004) Electoral Engineering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
32. Palda, F. and Palda, K. (1998) The impact of campaign expenditures on political competition in the French legislative elections of 1993. Public Choice 94(1-2): 157-174.
33. Phillips, A. (1995) The Politics of Presence. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
34. Samuels, D. (2001) Incumbents and challengers on a level playing field: Assessing the impact of campaign finance in Brazil. Journal of Politics 63(2): 569-584.
35. Schmidt, G.D. (2003) Unanticipated successes: Lessons from Perus experiences with gender quotas in Majoritarian closed list and open list PR systems. Paper presented at the international IDEA workshop The Implementation of Quotas, Latin American Experiences; 23-24 February 2003, Lima, Peru.
36. Schmidt, G.D. (2009) The election of women in list PR systems: Testing the conventional wisdom. Electoral Studies 28(2): 190-203.
37. Smith, K.B. (1997) When alls fair, signs of parity in media coverage of female candidates. Political Communication 14(1): 71-82.
38. Tremblay, M. (ed.) (2008) Women and Legislative Representation: Electoral Systems, Political Parties, and Sex Quotas. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave.
39. Uhlaner, C. and Scholzman, K. (1986) Candidate gender and congressional campaign receipts. The Journal of Politics 48(1): 30-50.
40. Van Aelst, P., Maddens, B., Noppe, J. and Fiers, S. (2008) Politicians in the news, media or party logic? Media attention and electoral success in the Belgian election campaign of 2003. European Journal of Communication 23(2): 193-210.
41. Wauters, B. (2003) Het gebruik van voorkeurstemmen bij de federale parlementsverkiezingen van 18 mei 2003. Res Publica 45(2-3): 401-428.
42. Welkenhuysen-Gybels, J. and Loosveldt, G. (2002) Regressieanalyse: een introductie in de multivariabelen analyse. Leuven, Belgium: Acco.
43. Weekers, K. and Maddens, B. (2007) Explaining the evolution of the party funding regime in Belgium. Paper presented at the 57th Political Studies Association Annual Conference; 11-13 April, Bath, UK.