Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on muscle carnosine concentrations and exercise performance

Amino Acids

Volumn 39, Issue 2, 2010, Pages 321-333

  Sale, Craig ^a   Saunders, Bryan ^a   Harris, Roger C ^b  

^a NOTTINGHAM TRENT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Beta alanine; Carnosine; Exercise performance and capacity; Muscle buffering

Indexed keywords

BETA ALANINE; CARNOSINE; CREATINE; PLACEBO; BUFFER;

CLINICAL TRIAL; CYCLING; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG MUSCLE LEVEL; ENDURANCE; EXERCISE; FLUSHING; HUMAN; ISOKINETIC EXERCISE; ISOMETRIC EXERCISE; MUSCLE TRAINING; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; NONHUMAN; PARESTHESIA; PH; PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN CROSS LINKING; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKELETAL MUSCLE; TREATMENT RESPONSE; ANIMAL; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; FEMALE; MALE; METABOLISM; PHYSIOLOGY;

ANIMALS; BETA-ALANINE; BUFFERS; CARNOSINE; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; EXERCISE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; PHYSICAL CONDITIONING, ANIMAL;

VERTEBRATA;

EID: 78149333413     PISSN: 09394451     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00726-009-0443-4     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Abe H (2000) Role of histidine-related compounds as intracellular proton buffering constituents in vertebrate muscle. Biochemistry 65:757-765
2. Asatoor AM, Baudoh JK, Lant AF, Milne MD, Navab F (1970) Intestinal absorption of carnosine and its constituent amino acids in man. Gut 11:250-254
3. Baguet A, Reyngoudt H, Pottier A, Everaert I, Callens S, Achten E, Derave W (2009) Carnosine loading and washout in human skeletal muscles. J Appl Physiol 106:837-842
4. Baguet A, Koppo K, Pottier A, Derave W (in press) β-alanine supplementation reduces acidosis but not oxygen uptake response during high-intensity cycling exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol
5. Bakardjiev A (1997) Biosynthesis of carnosine in primary cultures of rat olfactory bulb. Neurosci Lett 227:115-118
6. Bakardjiev A, Bauer WJ (1994) Transport of β-alanine and biosynthesis of carnosine by skeletal muscle cells in primary culture. Eur J Biochem 225:617-623
7. Bate-Smith EC (1938) The buffering of muscle in rigour: protein, phosphate and carnosine. J Physiol 92:336-343
8. Batrukova MA, Rubtsov AM (1997) Histidine-containing dipeptides as endogenous regulators of the activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-release channels. Biochim Biophys Acta 1324:142-150
9. Bishop D, Edge J, Goodman C (2004) Muscle buffer capacity and aerobic fitness are associated with repeated-sprint ability in women. Eur J Appl Physiol 92:540-547
10. Bogdanis GC, Nevill ME, Boobis LH, Lakomy HKA, Nevill AM (1995) Recovery of power output and muscle metabolites following 30s of maximal sprint cycling in man. J Physiol 482:467-480
11. Bogdanis GC, Nevill ME, Lakomy HKA, Boobis LH (1998) Power output and muscle metabolism during and following recovery from 10 and 20s of maximal sprint exercise in humans. Acta Physiol Scand 163:261-272
12. Boldyrev AA (1993) Does carnosine possess direct antioxidant activity? Int J Biochem 25:1101-1107
13. Boldyrev AA, Dupin AM, Bunin AY, Babizhaev MA, Severin SE (1987) The antioxidative properties of carnosine, a natural histidine containing dipeptide. Biochem Int 15:1105-1113
14. Bonfanti L, Peretto P, de Marchis S, Fasolo A (1999) Carnosine related dipeptides in the mammalian brain. Prog Neurobiol 59:333-353
15. Bueding E, Goldfarb W (1941) The effect of sodium fluoride and sodium iodoacetate on glycolysis in human blood. J Biol Chem 141:539-544
16. Chan WKM, Decker EA, Chow CK, Bossonneault GA (1994) Effect of dietary carnosine on plasma and tissue antioxidant concentrations and on lipid oxidation in rat skeletal muscle. Lipids 29:461-466
17. Crozier RA, Ajit SK, Kaftan EJ, Pausch MH (2007) MrgD activation inhibits KCNQ/M-currents and contributes to enhanced neuronal excitability. J Neurosci 27:4492-4496
18. Davey CL (1960) The effects of carnosine and anserine on glycolytic reactions in skeletal muscle. Arch Biochem Biophys 98:296-302
19. de Vries HA (1968) Method for evaluation of muscle fatigue and endurance from electromyographic fatigue curves. Am J Phys Med 47:125-135
20. de Vries HA, Tichy MW, Housh TJ, Smyth KD, Tichy AM, Housh DJ (1987) A method for estimating physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWCFT). Ergonomics 30:1195-1204
21. Derave W, Ozdemir MS, Harris RC, Pottier A, Reyngoudt H, Koppo K, Wise JA, Achten E (2007) β-alanine supplementation augments muscle carnosine content and attenuates fatigue during repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in trained sprinters. J Appl Physiol 103:1736-1743
22. Dunnett M, Harris RC (1992) Determination of carnosine and other biogenic imidazoles in equine plasma by isocratic reversedphase ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 579:45-53
23. Dunnett M, Harris RC (1997) High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of imidazole dipeptides, histidine, 1-methylhistidine and 3-methylhistidine in equine and camel muscle and individual muscle fibres. J Chromatogr B Biomed Appl 688:47-55
24. Dunnett M, Harris RC (1999) Influence of oral β-alanine and L-histidine supplementation on the carnosine content of the gluteus medius. Equine Vet J 30:499-504
25. Dutka TL, Lamb GD (2004) Effect of carnosine on excitation contraction coupling in mechanically-skinned rat skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 25:203-213
26. Gulewitsch WS, Amiradzhibi S (1900) Uber der carnosin, eine neue organische base des fleischextrakten. Ber Dtsch Chem Ges 33:1902-1903
27. Hama T, Tamaki N, Miyamoto F, Kita M, Tsunemori F (1976) Intestinal absorption of β-alanine, anserine and carnosine in rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 22:147-157
28. Harris RC, Marlin DJ, Dunnett M, Snow DH, Hultman E (1990) Muscle buffering capacity and dipeptide content in the thoroughbred horse, greyhound dog and man. Comp Biochem Physiol 97 A: 249-251
29. Harris RC, Soderlund K, Hultman E (1992) Elevation of creatine in resting and exercised muscle of normal subjects by creatine supplementation. Clin Sci 83:367-374
30. Harris RC, Dunnett M, Greenhaff PL (1998) Carnosine and taurine contents in individual fibres of human vastus lateralis muscle. J Sports Sci 16:639-643
31. Harris RC, Tallon MJ, Dunnett M, Boobis LH, Coakley J, Kim HJ, Fallowfield JL, Hill CA, Sale C, Wise JA (2006a) The absorption of orally supplied β-alanine and its effect on muscle carnosine synthesis in human vastus lateralis. Amino Acids 30:279-289
32. Harris RC, Ponte J, Hill CA, Sale C, Jones GA, Kim HJ, Wise JA, Kraemer WJ (2006b) Effect of 14 days β-alanine supplementation on isometric strength of the knee extensors. Med Sci Sports Exerc 38: S125-S126
33. Hill CA (2007) β-Alanine supplementation and high-intensity exercise. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Southampton
34. Hill CA, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Harris BD, Sale C, Boobis LH, Kim CK, Wise JA (2007) Influence of β-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity. Amino Acids 32:225-233
35. Hipkiss AR, Carmichael PL, Zimmermann B (1993) Metabolism of crystallin fragments in cell-free extracts of bovine lens: effects of ageing and oxygen free-radicals. Acta Biol Hung 42:243-263
36. Hipkiss AR, Michaelis J, Syrris P (1995) Non-enzymatic glycosylation of the dipeptide L-carnosine, a potential anti-protein-crosslinking agent. FEBS Lett 28:81-85
37. Hipkiss AR, Brownson C, Carrier MJ (2001) Carnosine, the antiageing, anti-oxidant dipeptide, may react with protein carbonyl groups. Mech Ageing Dev 15:1431-1445
38. Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Ross R, Kang J, Stout JR, Wise JA (2008) Short duration β-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players. Nutr Res 28:31-35
39. Horinishi H, Grillo M, Margolis FL (1978) Purification and characterization of carnosine synthetase from mouse olfactory bulbs. J Neurochem 31:909-919
40. Kendrick IP, Harris RC, Kim HJ, Kim CK, Dang VH, Lam TQ, Bui TT, Smith M, Wise JA (2008) The effects of 10 weeks of resistance training combined with beta-alanine supplementation on whole body strength, force production, muscular endurance and body composition. Amino Acids 34:547-554
41. Kendrick IP, Kim HJ, Harris RC, Kim CK, Dang VH, Lam TQ, Bui TT, Wise JA (2009) The effect of 4 weeks β-alanine supplementation and isokinetic training on carnosine concentrations in type I and II human skeletal muscle fibres. Eur J Appl Physiol 106:131-138
42. Krimberg R (1906) Zur Kenntnis der Extraktivstoffe der muskelin. IV. Mutterlung. Uberdas vorkommen des carnosins, carnitins und methylguanidins im fleisch. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 48:412
43. Krimberg R (1908) Zur Kenntnis der Extraktivstoffe der muskelin. X. Mitteilung. Uber die identitat des novsains mit dem carnitin. Hoppe Seylers Z Physiol Chem 55:466
44. Lamont C, Miller DJ (1992) Calcium sensitizing action of carnosine and other endogenous imidazoles in chemically skinned striated muscle. J Physiol 454:421-434
45. Lenney JF, Peppers SC, Kucera-Orallo CM, George RP (1985) Characterization of human tissue carnosinase. Biochem J 228:653-660
46. Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Dunnett M, Harris RC, Willian PL (1992) Carnosine and anserine concentrations in the quadricepts femoris muscle of healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 64:47-50
47. Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Willan PLT (1994) Effects of isokinetic training of the knee extensors on high-intensity exercise performance and skeletal muscle buffering. Eur J Appl Physiol 68:356-361
48. Mannion AF, Jakeman PM, Willan PL (1995) Skeletal muscle buffer value, fibre type distribution and high intensity exercise performance in man. Exp Physiol 80:89-101
49. Maynard ML, Bossonneault GA, Chow CK, Bruckner GA (2001) High levels of dietary carnosine are associated with increased concentrations of carnosine and histidine in rat soleus muscle. J Nutr 131:287-290
50. Miyamoto Y, Nakamura H, Hoshi T, Ganapathy V, Leibach FH (1990) Uphill transport of β-alanine in intestinal brush-border membrane vesicles. Am J Physiol 259: G372-G379
51. Mori M, Gahwiler BH, Gerber U (2002) Beta-alanine and taurine as endogenous agonists at glycine receptors in rat hippocampus in vitro. J Physiol 15:191-200
52. Moritani T, Takaishi T, Matsumoto T (1993) Determination of maximal power output at neuromuscular fatigue threshold. J Appl Physiol 74:1729-1734
53. Ng RH, Marshall FD (1978) Regional and subcellular distribution of homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase in the central nervous system of rats. J Neurochem 30:187-190
54. Otani H, Okumura A, Nagai K, Okumura N (2008) Colocalization of a carnosine-splitting enzyme, tissue carnosinase (CN2)/cytosolic non-specific dipeptidase 2 (CNDP2), with histidine decarboxylase in the tuberomammillary nucleus of the hypothalamus. Neurosci Lett 445:166-169
55. Parkhouse WS, McKenzie DC, Hochachka PW, Ovalle WK (1985) Buffering capacity of deproteinized human vastus lateralis muscle. J Appl Physiol 58:14-17
56. Penafiel R, Ruzafa C, Monserrat F, Cremades A (2004) Genderrelated differences in carnosine, anserine and lysine content of murine skeletal muscle. Amino Acids 26:53-58
57. Perry TL, Hansen S, Tischler B, Bunting R, Berry K (1967) Carnosinemia: a new metabolic disorder associated with neurologic disease and mental defect. N Engl J Med 277:1219-1226
58. Ramamoorthy S, Leibach FH, Mahesh VB, Han H, Yang-Feng T, Blakely RD, Ganapathy V (1994) Functional characterization and chromosomal localization of a cloned taurine transporter from human placenta. Biochem J 300:893-900
59. Rawson ES, Persky AM, Price TB, Clarkson PM (2004) Effects of repeated creatine supplementation on muscle, plasma and urine creatine levels. J Strength Cond Res 18:162-167
60. Rubtsov AM (2001) Molecular mechanisms of regulation of the activity of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca-release channels (ryanodine receptors), muscle fatigue, and Severin's phenomenon. Biochemistry 66:1132-1143
61. Sassoe-Pognetto MM, Cantino D, Panzanelli P, Verdun di Cantogno L, Giustetto M, Margolis FL, De Biasi S, Fasolo A (1993) Presynaptic colocalization of carnosine and glutamate in olfactory neurones. Neuroreport 5:7-10
62. Severin SE, Kirzon MV, Kaftanova TM (1953) Effect of carnosine and anserine on action of isolated frog muscles. Dokl Akad Nauk SSSR 91:691-701
63. Sewell DA, Harris RC, Dunnett M (1991) Carnosine accounts for most of the variation in physico-chemical buffering in equine muscle. Equine Exerc Physiol 3:276-280
64. Sewell DA, Harris RC, Marlin DJ, Dunnett M (1992) Estimation of the carnosine content of different fibre types in the middle gluteal muscle of the thoroughbred horse. J Physiol 455:447-453
65. Skaper SD, Das S, Marshall FD (1973) Some properties of a homocarnosine-carnosine synthetase isolated from rat brain. J Neurochem 21:1429-1445
66. Smith AE, Moon JR, Kendall KL, Graef JL, Lockwood CM, Walter AA, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR (2009a) The effects of betaalanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on neuromuscular fatigue and muscle function. Eur J Appl Physiol 105:357-363
67. Smith AE, Walter AA, Graef JL, Kendall KL, Moon JR, Lockwood CM, Fakuda DH, Beck TW, Cramer JT, Stout JR (2009b) Effects of β-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 6:5
68. Stout JR, Cramer JT, Mielke M, O'Kroy J, Torok DJ, Zoeller RF (2006) Effects of twenty-eight days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on the physical working capacity at neuromuscular fatigue threshold. J Strength Cond Res 20:928-931
69. Stout JR, Cramer JT, Zoeller RF, Torok D, Costa P, Hoffman JR, Harris RC, O'Kroy J (2007) Effects of β-alanine supplementation on the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and ventilatory threshold in women. Amino Acids 32:381-386 (Pubitemid 46559588)
70. Stout JR, Graves BS, Smith AE, Hartman MJ, Cramer JT, Beck TW, Harris RC (2008) The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on neuromuscular fatigue in elderly (55-92 years): a double-blind randomized study. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 5:21-26
71. Suzuki Y, Ito O, Mukai N, Takahashi H, Takamatsu K (2002) High levels of skeletal muscle carnosine contributes to the latter half of exercise performance during maximal cycle ergometer sprinting. Jpn J Physiol 52:199-205
72. Suzuki Y, Ito O, Takahashi H, Takamatsu K (2004) The effect of sprint training on skeletal muscle carnosine in humans. Int J Sport Health Sci 2:105-110
73. Syrotuik DG, Bell GJ (2004) Acute creatine monohydrate supplementation: a descriptive physiological profile of responder vs nonresponders. J Strength Cond Res 18:610-617
74. Tallon MJ, Harris RC, Boobis LH, Fallowfield JL, Wise JA (2005) The carnosine content of vastus lateralis is elevated in resistance trained bodybuilders. J Strength Cond Res 19:725-729
75. Tamaki N, Tsunemori F, Wakabayashi M, Hama T (1977) Effect of histidine-free and-excess diets on anserine and carnosine contents in rat gastrocnemius muscle. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 23:331-340
76. Tamaki N, Ikeda T, Fujimoto S, Mizutani N (1985) Carnosine as a histidine source: transport and hydrolysis of exogenous carnosine by rat intestine. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 31:607-618
77. a value of the imidiazole ring. Biopolymers 15:393-401
78. Tokutomi N, Kaneda M, Akaike N (1989) What confers specificity on glycine for its receptor site? Br J Pharmacol 97:353-360
79. van Thienen R, van Proeyen K, vanden Eynde B, Puype J, Lefere T, Hespel P (2009) β-alanine improves sprint performance in endurance cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41:898-903
80. Wang DS, Zhu HL, Li JS (2003) Beta-alanine acts on glycine receptors in the rat sacral dorsal commissural neurons. Int J Neurosci 113:293-305
81. Zoeller RF, Stout JR, O'Kroy J, Torok D, Mielke M (2007) Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and creatine monohydrate supplementation on aerobic power, ventilatory and lactate thresholds and time to exhaustion. Amino Acids 33:505-510