Seasonal and demographic factors influencing gastrointestinal parasitism in ungulates of etosha national park

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 1108-1119

  Turner, Wendy C ^a   Getz, Wayne M ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Antidorcas marsupialis; Connochaetes taurinus; Eimeria; Equus quagga; Oryx gazella; Parasite intensity; Parasite prevalence; Strongylida

Indexed keywords

ANTIDORCAS; ANTIDORCAS MARSUPIALIS; CONNOCHAETES TAURINUS; EIMERIA; EQUUS BURCHELLII; EQUUS QUAGGA; EQUUS SUBG. HIPPOTIGRIS; NEMATODA; ORYX GAZELLA; STRONGYLIDA; STRONGYLOIDEA; STRONGYLOIDES; UNGULATA;

EID: 78149275914     PISSN: 00903558     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7589/0090-3558-46.4.1108     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. ALTIZER, S., A. DOBSON, P. HOSSEINI, P. HUDSON, M. PASCUAL, AND P. ROHANI. 2006. Seasonality and the dynamics of infectious diseases. Ecology Letters 9: 467-484.
2. ANDERSON, R. C. 2000. Nematode parasites of vertebrates: Their development and transmission. 2nd Edition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, Oxon, UK, 650 pp.
3. ATWELL, C. A. M. 1980. Age determination of the blue wildebeest Connochaetes taurinus in Zululand. South African Journal of Zoology 15: 121-130.
4. AUER, C. 1997. Chemical quality of water at waterholes in the Etosha National Park. Madoqua 20: 121-128.
5. BALIC, A., V. M. BOWLES, AND E. N. T. MEEDSEN. 2000. The immunobiology of gastrointestinal nematode infections in ruminants. Advances in Parasitology 45: 181-241.
6. BANKS, D. J. D., R. SINCH, I. A. BARCER, B. PRATAP, AND L. F. LE JAMBRE. 1990. Development and survival of infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis on pasture in a tropical environment. International Journal for Parasitology 20: 155-160.
7. BERRY, H. H. 1980. Behavioral and eco-physiological studies on blue wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) at the Etosha National Park. PhD Thesis, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa, 611 pp.
8. BOOMKER, J., I. G. HORAK, AND V. DE Vos. 1986. The helminth parasites of various artiodactyles from some South African nature reserves. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 53: 93-102.
9. -, -, R. WATERMEYER, AND D. G. BOOYSE. 2000. Parasites of South African wildlife. XVI. Helminths of some antelope species from the Eastern and Western Cape Provinces. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 67: 31-41.
10. BOWMAN, D. D. 2003. Georgis' parasitology for veterinarians. 8th Edition. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
11. CATTADORI, I. M., B. BOAG, O. N. BJØRNSTAD, S. J. CORNELL, AND P. J. HUDSON. 2005. Peak shift and epidemiology in a seasonal host-nematode system. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 272: 1163-1169.
12. CHIEJINA, S. N., B. B. FAKAE, AND P. I. EZE. 1989. Development and survival of free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats on pasture in the Nigerian derived savanna. Veterinary Research Communications 13: 103-112.
13. CODRON, D., J. CODRON, J. A. LEE-THORP, M. SPONHEIMER, D. DE RUITER, J. SEALY, R. GRANT, AND N. FOURIE. 2007. Diets of savanna ungulates from stable carbon isotope composition of faeces. Journal of Zoology 273: 21-29. (Pubitemid 47300726)
14. CORNELL, S. J., O. N. BJØRNSTAD, I. M. CATTADORI, B. BOAG, AND P. J. HUDSON. 2008. Seasonality, cohort-dependence and the development of immunity in a natural host-nematode system. Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 275: 511-518.
15. DE VILLIERS, I. L., R. LIVERSIDGE, AND R. K. REINECKE. 1985. Arthropods and helminths in springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) at Benfontein, Kimberley. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 52: 1-11.
16. DIECKMANN, R. C. 1980. The ecology and breeding biology of the gemsbok Oryx gazella gazella (Linnaeus, 1758) in Hester Malan Nature Reserve. MSc Thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 162 pp.
17. DU PLESSIS, W. P. 2001. Effective rainfall defined using measurements of grass growth in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. Journal of Arid Environments 48: 397-117.
18. EZENWA, V. O. 2003. The effects of time of day on the prevalence of coccidian oocysts in antelope faecal samples. African Journal of Ecology 41: 192-193.
19. -. 2004. Host social behavior and parasitic infection: A multifactorial approach. Behavioral Ecology 15: 446-154.
20. FAYER, R. 1980. Epidemiology of protozoan infections: Coccidia. Veterinary Parasitology 6: 75-103.
21. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION. 2005. The Royal Veterinary College/Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations: Guide to Veterinary Diagnostic Parasitology, http://www.fao. org/ag/againfo/resourees/ documents/Parasitology/ Indes/Indexhtm. Accessed June 2005.
22. GASAWAY, W. C., K. T. GASAWAY, AND H. H. BERRY. 1996. Persistent low densities of plains ungulates in Etosha National Park, Namibia: Testing the food-regulating hypothesis. Canadian Journal of Zoology 74: 1556-1572.
23. HAYES, K. S., A. J. BANCROFT, AND R. K. GRENCIS. 2004. Immune-mediated regulation of chronic intestinal nematode infection. Immunological Reviews 201: 75-88.
24. HIPONDOKA, M. H. T., D. BUSCHE, J. KEMPF, AND H. JOUSSE. 2006. Fossil evidence for perennial lake conditions during the Holocene at Etosha Pan, Namibia. South African Journal of Science 101: 1-3.
25. HORAK, I. G., V. DE Vos, AND M. R. BROWN. 1983. Parasites of domestic and wild animals in South Africa. XVI. Helminth and arthropod parasites of blue and black wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus and Connochaetes gnou). Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 50: 243-255.
26. -, D. G. A. MELTZER, AND V. DE Vos. 1982. Helminth and arthropod parasites of springbok, Antidorcas marsupialis, in the Transvaal and Western Cape Province. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 49: 7-10.
27. HUNTLEY, B. J. 1982. Southern African savannas. In Ecology of tropical savannas, B. J. Huntley and B. H. Walker (eds.). Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp. 101-119.
28. JACQUIET, P., F. COLAS, J. CABARET, M. L. DIA, D. CNEIKH, AND A. THIAM. 1995. Dry areas: An example of seasonal evolution of helminth infection of sheep and goats in southern Mauritania. Veterinary Parasitology 56: 137-148.
29. KRECEK, R. C., R. K. REINECKE, AND F. S. MALAN. 1987. Studies on the parasites of zebras. V. Nematodes of the Burchells and Hartmann's mountain zebras from the Etosha National Park, South West Africa/Namibia. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research 54: 71-78.
30. LE Roux, C. J. G., J. O. GRUNOW, J. W. MORRIS, G. J. BREDENKAMP, AND J. C. SCHEEPERS. 1988. A classification of the vegetation of the Etosha National Park. South African Journal of Botany 54: 1-10.
31. MAIZELS, R. M., A. BALIC, N. GOMEZ-ESCOBAR, M. NAIR, M. D. TAYLOR, AND J. E. ALLEN. 2004. Helminth parasites: Masters of regulation. Immunological Reviews 201: 89-116.
32. MARGOLIS, L., G. W. ESCH, J. C. HOLMES, A. M. KURIS, AND G. A. SCHAD. 1982. The use of ecological terms in parasitology (report of an ad hoc committee of the American Society of Parasitologists). Journal of Parasitology 68: 131-133.
33. MARTIN, L. B., Z. M. WEIL, AND R. J. NELSON. 2008. Seasonal changes in vertebrate immune activity: Mediation by physiological trade-offs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences 363: 321-339.
34. MATTHEE, S., R. C. KRECEK, AND M. A, MCGEOCH. 2004. A comparison of the intestinal helminth communities of Equidae in Southern Africa. Journal of Parasitology 90: 1263-1273.
35. NIELSEN, M. K., R. M. KAPLAN, S. M. THAMSBORG, J. MONRAD, AND S. N. OLSEN. 2007. Climatic influences on development and survival of freeliving stages of equine strongyles: Implications for worm control strategies and managing anthelmintic resistance. Veterinary Journal 174: 23-32.
36. O'CONNOR, L. J., S. W. WALKDEN-BROWN, AND L. P. KAHN. 2006. Ecology of the free-living stages of major trichostrongylid parasites of sheep. Veterinary Parasitology 142: 1-15.
37. POULIN, R. 1996. Sexual inequalities in helminth infections: A cost of being a male? American Naturalist 147: 287-295.
38. R DEVELOPMENT CORE TEAM. 2008. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, http:// www.R-project.org. Accessed June 2008.
39. RAUTENBACH, I. L. 1971. Ageing criteria in the springbok Antidorcas marsupialis (Zimmer- mann, 1780) (Artiodactyla: Bovidae). Annals of the Transvaal Museum 27: 83-131.
40. ROUND, M. C. 1968. Checklist of the helminth parasites of African mammals of the orders Carnivora, Tubulidentata, Proboscidea, Hyracoidea, Artiodactyla and Perrisodaetyla. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Bucks, England, UK, 252 pp.
41. ROWE, A., K. MCMASTER, D. EMERY, AND N. SANGSTER. 2008. Haemonchus contortus infection in sheep: Parasite fecundity correlates with worm size and host lymphocyte counts. Veterinary Parasitology 153: 285-293.
42. SEIVWRIGHT, L. J., S. M. REDPATH, F. MOUGEOT, L. WATT, AND P. J. HUDSON. 2004. Faecal egg counts provide a reliable measure of Trichostrongylus tenuis intensities in free-living red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus. Journal of Hehninthology 78: 69-76.
43. SINCLAIR, A. R. E., S. A. R. MDUMA, AND P. ARCESE. 2000. What determines phenology and synchrony of ungulate breeding in Serengeti? Ecology 81: 2100-2111.
44. SMUTS, G. L. 1975. Pre- and postnatal growth phenomena of Burchell's zebra Equus burchelli antiquorum. Koedoe 18: 69-102.
45. -. 1976. Population characteristics of Burchell's zebra (Equus burchelli antiquorum, H. Smith, 1841) in the Kruger National Park. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 6: 99-112.
46. SPONHEIMER, M., J. A. LEE-THORP, D. J. DERUITER, J. M. SMITH, N. J. VAN DER MERWE, K. REED, C. C. GRANT, L. K. AYLIFFE, T F. ROBINSON, C. HEIDELBERGER, AND W. MARCUS. 2003. Diets of southern African Bovidae: Stable isotope evidence. Journal of Mammalogy 84: 471-479. (Pubitemid 36689356)
47. STEAR, M. J., S. C. BISHOP, J. L. DUNCAN, Q. A. MCKELLAR, AND M. MURRAY. 1995. The repeatability of fecal egg counts, peripheral eosinophil counts, and plasma pepsinogen concentrations during deliberate infections with Ostertagia circumcincta. International Journal for Parasitology 25: 375-380.
48. STROMBERG, B. E. 1997. Environmental factors influencing transmission. Veterinary Parasitology 72: 247-256.
49. TURNER, W. C. 2009. The ecology of orally ingested parasites in ungulates of Etosha National Park PhD Thesis, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, 142 pp.
50. -, C. A. CIZAUSKAS, AND W. M. GETZ. 2010. Variation in faecal water content may confound estimates of gastro-intestinal parasite intensity in wild African herbivores. Journal of Helminthology 84: 99-105.
51. VILLANÚA, D., L. PÉREZ-RODRÍGUEZ, G. GORTÁZAR, U. HÖFLE, AND J. VIN̄UELA. 2006. Avoiding bias in parasite excretion estimates: The effect of sampling time and type of faeces. Parasitology 133: 251-259.
52. WILSON, K., O. N. BJØRNSTAD, A. P. DOHSON, S. MERLER, G. POGLAYEN, S. E. RANDOLPH, A. F. READ, AND A. SKORPING. 2001. Heterogeneities in macroparasite infections: Patterns and processes. In The ecology of wildlife diseases, P. J. Hudson, A. Rizzoli, B. T. Grenfell, H. Heesterbeek and A. P. Dobson (eds.). Oxford University Press, New York New York pp. 6-44.
53. WOOLHOUSE, M. E. J. 1992. A theoretical framework for the immunoepidemiology of helminth infection. Parasite Immunology 14: 563-578.
54. YUN, C. H., H. S. LILLEHOJ, AND E. P. LILLEHOJ. 2000. Intestinal immune responses to coccidiosis. Developmental and Comparative Immunology 24: 303-324.
55. ZAFFARONI, E., M. T. MANFREDI, C. CITTERIO, M. SALA, G. PICCOLO, AND P. LANFRANCHI. 2000. Host specificity of abomasal nematodes in free ranging alpine nuninants. Veterinary Parasitology 90: 221-230.
56. ZUK, M., AND K. A. MCKEAN. 1996. Sex differences in parasite infections: Patterns and processes. International Journal for Parasitology 26: 1009-1023.