Secondary trauma symptoms in clinicians: A critical review of the construct, specificity, and implications for trauma-focused treatment

Clinical Psychology Review

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 2011, Pages 25-36

  Elwood, Lisa S ^a,b   Mott, Juliette ^b,c   Lohr, Jeffrey M ^a   Galovski, Tara E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARKANSAS   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI ST LOUIS   (United States)

^c DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center   (United States)

Author keywords

Compassion fatigue; PTSD; Secondary trauma; Vicarious traumatization

Indexed keywords

BURNOUT; DISEASE SEVERITY; FATIGUE; HEALTH PRACTITIONER; HUMAN; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SECONDARY TRAUMATIC STRESS; SOCIAL WORKER;

HUMANS; PHYSICIANS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 78049507262     PISSN: 02727358     EISSN: 18737811     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.09.004     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. Adams R.E., Boscarino J.A., Figley C.R. Compassion fatigue and psychological distress among social workers: A validation study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 2006, 76:103-108.
2. Adams R.E., Figley C.R., Boscarino J.A. The Compassion Fatigue Scale: Its use with social workers following urban disaster. Research on Social Work Practice 2008, 238-250.
3. Adams S.A., Riggs S.A. An exploratory study of vicarious trauma among therapist trainees. Training and Education in Professional Psychology 2008, 2:26-34.
4. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 2000, American Psychological Association, American Psychological Association, Washington D.C., Text revision. Fourth ed.
5. Betts Adams K., Matto H.C., Harrington D. The Traumatic Stress Institute Belief Scale as a measure of vicarious trauma in a national sample of clinical social workers. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Human Sciences 2001, 82:363-371.
6. Birck A. Secondary traumatization and burnout in professionals working with torture survivors. Traumatology 2002, 7:85-90.
7. Bober T., Regehr C. Strategies for reducing secondary or vicarious trauma: Do they work?. Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention 2006, 6:1-9.
8. Boscarino J.A., Figley C.R., Adams R.E. Compassion fatigue following the September 11 terrorist attacks: A study of secondary trauma among New York City social workers. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 2004, 6:57-66.
9. Bride B.E. Prevalence of secondary traumatic stress among social workers. Social Work 2007, 52:63-70.
10. Bride B.E., Jones J.L., MacMaster S.A. Correlates of secondary traumatic stress in child protective services workers. Journal of Evidence Based Social Work 2007, 4:69-80.
11. Bride B.E., Radey M., Figley C.R. Measuring compassion fatigue. Clinical Social Work Journal 2007, 35:155-163.
12. Bride B.E., Robinson M.R., Yegidis B., Figley C.R. Development and validation of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Research on Social Work Practice 2004, 14(1):27-35.
13. Bride B.E., Smith-Hatcher S., Humble M.N. Trauma training, trauma practices, and secondary traumatic stress among substance abuse counselors. Traumatology 2009, 15:95-105.
14. Buchanan M., Anderson J.O., Uhlemann M.R., Horwitz E. Secondary traumatic stress: An investigation of Canadian mental health workers. Traumatology 2006, 12:272-281.
15. Collins S., Long A. Too tired to care? The psychological effects of working with trauma. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 2003, 10:17-27.
16. Conrad D., Kellar-Guenther Y. Compassion fatigue, burnout, and compassion satisfaction among Colorado child protection workers. Child Abuse & Neglect 2006, 30:1071-1080.
17. Creamer T.L., Liddle B.J. Secondary traumatic stress among disaster mental health workers responding to the September 11 attacks. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2005, 89-96.
18. Cunningham M. Impact of trauma work on social work clinicians: Empirical findings. Social Work 2003, 48:451-459.
19. Deighton R.M., Gurris N., Traue H. Factors affecting burnout and compassion fatigue in therapists treating torture survivors: Is the therapist's attitude to working through trauma relevant?. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2007, 20:63-75.
20. Dunkley J., Whelan T.A. Vicarious traumatisation in telephone counselors: Internal and external influences. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling 2006, 34:451-469.
21. Ennis L., Horne S. Predicting psychological distress in sex offender therapists. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment 2003, 15:149-157.
22. Eriksson C.B., Vande Kemp H., Gorsuch R., Hoke S., Foy D.W. Trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms in international relief and development personnel. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2001, 14:205-212.
23. Figely C.R., Stamm B.H. Psychometric review of the compassion fatigue self test. Measurement of stress, trauma, and adaptation 1996, 127-130. Sidran Press, Lutherville, MD. B.H. Stamm (Ed.).
24. Figley C.R. Compassion fatigue: Toward a new understanding of the costs of caring. Secondary traumatic stress: Self care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators 1995, 3-28. The Sidran Press, Baltimore, MD. B.H. Stamm (Ed.).
25. Figley C.R. Compassion fatigue: Psychotherapists' chronic lack of self care. Journal of Clinical Psychology 2002, 58:1433-1441.
26. Foa E.B., Rothbaum B.O., Riggs D.S., Murdock T.B. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1991, 59:715-723.
27. Follette V.M., Polusny M.M., Milbeck K. Mental health and law enforcement professionals: Trauma history, psychological symptoms, and impact of providing services to child sexual abuse survivors. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 1994, 25:275-282.
28. Ghahramanlou M., Brodbeck C. Predictors of secondary trauma in sexual assault trauma counselors. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 2000, 2:229-240.
29. Hargrave P.A., Scott K.M., McDowall J. To resolve or not to resolve: Past trauma and secondary traumatic stress in volunteer crisis workers. Journal of Trauma Practice 2006, 5:37-55.
30. Horowitz M., Wilner N., Alvarez W. Impact of Event Scale: A measure of subjective distress. Psychosomatic Medicine 1979, 41:209-218.
31. Jacobson J.M. Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout: Reactions among employee assistance professionals providing workplace crisis intervention and disaster management services. The Journal of Workplace Behavioral Health 2006, 21:133-152.
32. Jenkins S.R., Baird S. Secondary traumatic stress and vicarious trauma: A validational study. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2002, 15:423-432.
33. Johnson C.N.E., Hunter M. Vicarious traumatization in counselors working in the New South Wales Sexual Assault Service: An exploratory study. Work & Stress 1997, 11:319-328.
34. Joseph S. Psychometric evaluation of Horowitz's Impact of Event Scale: A review. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2000, 13:101-113.
35. Jung Y.E., Song J.M., Chong J., Seo H.J., Chae J.H. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and mental health in women who escaped prostitution and helping activists in shelters. Yonsei Medical Journal 2008, 49:372-382.
36. Kadambi M.A., Truscott D. Vicarious trauma among therapists working with sexual violence, cancer, and general practice. Canadian Journal of Counselling 2004, 38:260-276.
37. Kassam-Adams N. The risks of treating sexual trauma: Stress and secondary trauma in psychotherapists. Secondary traumatic stress: Self-care issues for clinicians, researchers, and educators 1995, 37-48. The Sidran Press, Baltimore, MD. B.H. Stamm (Ed.).
38. Knight C. Therapists' affective reactions to working with adult survivors of chil sexual abuse: An exploratory study. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 1997, 6:17-41.
39. Linley P.A., Joseph S., Loumidis K. Trauma work, sense of coherence, and positive and negative changes in therapists. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2005, 74:185-188.
40. Maslach C. Burnout: The cost of caring 1982, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
41. Maslach C., Leiter M.P. The truth about burnout 1997, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
42. McCann I.L., Pearlman L.A. Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1990, 3:131-149.
43. McLean S., Wade T.D., Encel J.S. The contribution of therapist beliefs to psychological distress in therapists: An investigation of vicarious traumatization, burnout, and symptoms of avoidance and intrusion. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 2003, 31:417-428.
44. Munroe J.F. Ethical issues associated with secondary trauma in therapists. Secondary traumatic stress 1999, 211-229. Sidran Press, Letherville, Maryland. Second edition. B.H. Stamm (Ed.).
45. Najjar N., Davis L.W., Beck-Coon K., Doebbeling C.C. Compassion fatigue: A review of research to date and relevance to cancer providers. Journal of Health Psychology 2009, 14:267-277.
46. Nelson-Gardell D., Harris D. Childhood abuse history, secondary traumatic stress, and child welfare workers. Child Welfare 2003, 82:5-26.
47. Ortlepp K., Friedman M. Prevalence and correlates of secondary traumatic stress in workplace lay trauma counselors. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2002, 15:213-222.
48. Pearlman L.A. The Trauma Attachment Belief Scale manual 2003, Western Psychological Services. Inc., Los Angeles, CA.
49. Pearlman L.A., Mac Ian P.S. Vicarious traumatization: An empirical study of the effects of trauma work on trauma therapists. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 1995, 26:558-565.
50. Pearlman L.A., Saakvitne K.W. Treating therapists with vicarious traumatization and secondary traumatic stress disorders. Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized 1995, 150-177. Brunner/Mazel, New York, NY. C.R. Figley (Ed.).
51. Perron B.E., Hiltz B.S. Burnout and secondary trauma among forensic interviewers of abused children. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 2006, 23:216-234.
52. Racanelli C. Attachment and compassion fatigue among American and Israeli mental health clinicians working with traumatized victims of terrorism. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 2005, 7:115-124.
53. Resick P.A., Schnicke M.K. Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 1992, 60:748-756.
54. Rothbaum B.O., Foa E.B., Riggs D.S., Murdock T., Walsh W. A prospective examination of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress 1992, 5:455-475.
55. Rudolph J.M., Stamm B.H. Maximizing human capital: Moderating secondary traumatic stress through administrative and policy action. Secondary traumatic stress 1999, 277-290. Sidran Press, Letherville, Maryland. Second edition. B.H. Stamm (Ed.).
56. Sabin-Farrell R., Turpin G. Vicarious traumatization: Implications for the mental health of workers?. Clinical Psychology Review 2003, 23:32-36.
57. Salston M., Figley C.R. Secondary traumatic stress effects of working with survivors of criminal victimization. Journal of Traumatic Stress 2003, 16:167-174.
58. Schauben L.J., Frazier P.A. Vicarious trauma: The effects on female counselors of working with sexual violence survivors. Psychology of Women Quarterly 1995, 19:49-64.
59. Sexton L. Vicarious traumatisation of counselors and effects on their workplaces. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling 1999, 27:393-403.
60. Shah S.A., Garland E., Katz C. Secondary traumatic stress: Prevalence in humanitarian aid workers in India. Trauamtology 2007, 13:59-70.
61. Sprang G., Clark J.J., Whitt-Woosley A. Compassion fatigue, compassion satisfaction, and burnout: Factors impacting a professional's quality of life. Journal of Loss and Trauma 2007, 12:259-280.
62. Stamm B.H. Measuring compassion satisfaction as well as fatigue: Developmental history of the compassion satisfaction and fatigue test. Treating Compassion Fatigue 2002, 107-119. Brunner-Routledge, New York, NY. C.R. Figley (Ed.).
63. Stamm B.H. Professional Quality of Life: Compassion satisfaction and fatigue version 5 (ProQOL) 2009, http://www.isu.edu/~bhstamm.
64. Steed L., Bicknell J. Trauma and the therapist: The experience of working with the perpetrators of sexual abuse. Australasian Journal of Disaster and Trauma Studies 2001, Available online at http://www.massey.ac.nz/~trauma/issues/steed.htm.
65. Tyson J. Compassion fatigue in the treatment of combat-related trauma during wartime. Clinical Social Work Journal 2007, 35:183-192.
66. VanDeusen K.M., Way I. Vicarious trauma: An exploratory study of the impact of providing sexual abuse treatment on clinician's trust and intimacy. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 2006, 15:69-85.
67. Way I., VanDeusen K., Cottrell T. Vicarious trauma: predictors of clinicians' disrupted cognitions about self-esteem and self-intimacy. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 2007, 16:81-98.
68. Way I., VanDeusen K.M., Martin G., Applegate B., Jandle D. Vicarious trauma: A comparison of clinicians who treat survivors of sexual abuse and sexual offenders. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2004, 19:49-71.
69. Wee D., Myers D. Compassion satisfaction, compassion fatigue, and critical incident stress management. International Journal of Emergency Mental Health 2003, 5:33-37.
70. Weiss D.S., Marmar C.R. The Impact of Event Scale-Revised. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD 1997, 399-411. The Guilford Press, New York, NY. J.P. Wilson, T.M. Keane (Eds.).