Chinese farms in Zambia: From socialist to "agro-imperialist" engagement?

African and Asian Studies

Volumn 9, Issue 3, 2010, Pages 307-333

  Hairong, Yan ^a   Sautman, Barry ^b  

^a HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

^b HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

Agro capitalist "win win"; Agro imperialist; Agro socialist cooperation; Chinese; Modes of engagement; Zambian agriculture

Indexed keywords

AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS; AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION; CAPITALISM; COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY; FOOD MARKET; IMPERIALISM; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; SOCIALISM;

ZAMBIA;

EID: 78049476717     PISSN: 15692094     EISSN: 15692108     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/156921010X515987     Document Type: Article

References (106)

1. Actionaid, 2010. "Meals per Gallon: the Impact of Industrial Biofuels on People and Global Hunger," http://www.actionaid.org.uk/doc-lib/ meals-per-gallon-final.pdf.
2. Adebajo, Adekeye. 2008. "An Axis of Evil?: China, the United States and France in Africa," in Kweku Ampiah and Sanusha Naidu (eds.), Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon? Africa and China. Durban: University of Kwazulu-Natal. pp. 227-258.
3. Africa-Asia Confidential, 2010. "Kinshasa's Missing Millions," 2010. Reprinted in Pambazuka News, Feb. 18, 2010.
4. Africa Review World of Information. 2002. "Zambia Country Profile," Africa Review World of Information, Sept. 26.
5. Ai, Ping. 1999. "From Proletarian Internationalism to Mutual Development: China's Cooperation with Tanzania, 1965-95," in Goran Hyden and R. Muknadala (eds.), Agencies in Foreign Aid: Comparing China, Sweden and the United States in Tanzania. Houndsmill: Macmillan. pp. 156-201.
6. Ai, Zhouchang and Mu Tao. 1996. Zhongfei guanxi shi (History of China-Africa relations). Shanghai: Huadong shifan daxue chubanshe.
7. Bagchi, Indrani. 2009. "The New Landlords," Times of India, Sept. 26, 2009.
8. Bias, Javier, 2009. "China Rules Out Pursuit of African Farmland, Financial Times (London), Apr. 20.
9. Bräutigam, Deborah. 2008. China's African Aid- Transatlantic Challenges, Washington: International Development Program, American University.
10. Bräutigam, Deborah A. and Tang Xiaoyang. 2009. "China's Engagement in African Agriculture: 'Down to the Countryside,'" China Quarterly no. 199, pp. 686-706 (697).
11. -. 2008. Chinese Aid and African Development. New York: St. Martin's Press.
12. Business Daily. 2009. "Global Land Grab Takes Root Amid Growing Poverty," Business Daily (Nairobi), Sept. 4.
13. Cabral, Lidia and Ian Scoones. "Donor Policy Narratives: What Role for Agriculture," Future Agricultures Briefings, s.d. (2006?) www.future-agricultures.org/pdf%20files/Briefingdonor- narratives.pdf
14. Central Statistics Office. 2008. Agriculture, forestry, and fishing made up 13.2% of Zambia's 2007 GDP, at 1994 prices. "The Monthly" 66. Lusaka: Central Statistics Office, Sept.
15. Chen, Stephen. 2007. "Landless Farmers Urged to Migrate to Africa," SCMP, Sept. 19, 2007.
16. China Bystander. 2009. "Chinese Farmers Seek to Till African, South American Soil," China Bystander, Jan. 31, 2009, http://chinabystander. wordpress.com/2009/01/31/chinese-farmersseek-to-till-african-south-american- soil/.
17. Coonan, Clifford. 2008. "Hebei's Farmers Discover Fertile Opportunities in a Distant Land," Irish Times, Aug. 27.
18. Cotula, Lorenzo et al. 2009. "Land Grab or Development Opportunity? Agricultural Investment and International Land Deals in Africa". Rome: International Fund for Agricultural Development.
19. CUTS International. 2009. "A Study on the Rice Value-chain in Zambia," CUTS International, Lusaka, 2009, p. 11.
20. Daily Mail. 2009. "Chinese Create 15,000 Jobs," Daily Mail (Zambia), Dec. 26, 2009.
21. Davies, Marryn et al. 2008. "How China Delivers Development Assistance to Africa," Stellenbosch: Centre for Chinese Studies.
22. du Toit, Andries. 2004. "Forgotten by the Highway: Globalisation, Adverse Incorporation, and Chronic Poverty in a Commercial Farming Distria of South Africa," University of the Western Cape, 2004, p. 27, www.chronicpoverty.org/uploads/publication-files/WP49-duToit.pdf; McGreal, White Farmers.
23. Duncan, Alex, et al. 2003. "Zambia: Drivers of Pro-Poor Change," www.gsdrc.org/docs/open/ DOC47.pdf.
24. Earthtimes. 2009. "Zambia Opposition Condemns Reported Chinese Biofuels Project," Earthtimes, Apr. 2, 2009, www.earthtimes.org/articles/ news/262712,zambias-opposition-ondemnsreported-chinese-biofuels-projen.html.
25. Economist. 1987. "The World Turned Upside-Down," Economist, Aug. 1.
26. -. 2009. "Outsourcing's Third Wave: Buying Farmland Abroad," Economist, May 23.
27. Edmunds, Marion. 2002. "Famine in Africa: Living off the Fat of the Land," Guardian, Nov. 30.
28. Energy Tribune. 2007. "Zambia Opts for Biofuels," Energy Tribune, Apr. 06. www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid= 444.
29. EuroWeek. 2008. "Head to Head Extra: StanChart's Mike Rees on China in Africa," EuroWeek, June 27.
30. Fishburn, Alice. 2009. "The Green Revolution Chinas Shoots of Hope," Times (London), Nov. 9.
31. Foreign Direct Investment. 2009. "Middle East and Africa: Food for Thought," Foreign Direct Investment, Oct. 1.
32. Ghana Business News. 2009. "Any Lessons for Ghana in India's Jatropha Failure?" Ghana Business News, May 23,2009;
33. Paul Vallely, "Wish You Weren't Here," New Review, Aug. 9.
34. Goodspeed, Peter. 2009. "South Africa's White Farmers Hope for Congo," NP, Oct. 22.
35. Government of Zambia. 2009. "2008 Economic Report". Lusaka: Ministry of Finance and National Planning.
36. Guardian. 2009."The Food Rush: Rising Demand in China and West Sparks African Land Grab,"
37. Guardian (London), July 3 (interview with Lorenzo Cotula).
38. -. 2010. "Ethiopia, Country of the Silver Sickle, Offers Land Dirt Cheap to Farming Giants," Guardian, Jan. 15.
39. Hao, Jianguo. 2006. Interview, July 21, Dar es Salaam.
40. Huang, Yanan. 2004. "Zanbiya 'zhang' chu Zhongguo nongchang" [Chinese Farms 'Grown' in Zambia], Ban yue tan, edition for internal circulation, issue 2, http://qkzz.net/magazine/ CN11-1599/2004/02/23369.htm.
41. Husa, Martine and Stephen Muyakwa. 2008. "China in Africa: Lending, Policy Space and Governance". Oslo: Norwegian Campaign for Debt Cancellation.
42. Inter Press Service. 2009. "The Second Scramble for Africa Starts," Inter Press Service (IPS), Apr. 20 ("agrarian colonialism").
43. International Fund for Agricultural Development. 2002. "Zambia," www.ifad.org/gbdocs/ repl/3/e/zambia.pdf.
44. International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). 2009. "'Land Grabs' in Africa: can the Deals Work for Development?" IIED Briefing (Sept.).
45. IPS. 2009. China: Latest Africa Foray: Altruism or Hegemony? IPS, Nov. 9.
46. Johnken. 2008. Interview with a Chinese manager of Johnken who worked for a state farm and experienced the reform process, September 21.
47. Kugelman, Michael and Susan Levenstein. 2009. "Land Grab? The Race for the World's Farmland," Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Washington: WW Center.
48. Land News. 2009. "Between Bin Laden and Zambia: the Result of Land Privatization," Land News, July 22 heep://en.land-news.co.il/?p=64.
49. th Anniversary of the Establishment of Diplomatic Relationship Between People's Republic of China and the Republic of Zambia," Oct. 29.
50. \~Li, Li. 2008. Interview with, September 20.
51. Li, Xin. 2006. "China Digs in on a Struggling Continent," Washington Times, May 11.
52. LIDC News. 2008. "Far from Home: Chinese Farms in Africa,"
53. LIDC News, Dec. 8, www. lidc.org.uk/news-detail.php? news-id=42.
54. Lusaka Times. 2009. "China and Zambia Undertaking Feasability Study in Kawambwa on the Biofuel Projea," Lusaka Times, Mar. 14.
55. Mackenzie, Debora. 2008."Rich Countries Grab Farmland from Poorer Ones," New Scientist (NS), Dec. 6 ("Many Chinese projects bring in farmers from China').
56. Manthorpe, Jonathan. 2009."The Party's Over for Chinese in Africa," Vancouver Sun, Oct. 5.
57. Marks, Stephen. 2008. "China and the Great Global Landgrab," PN no. 412, Dec. 11.
58. -. 2009. "Another Way to Build a Foothold," PN no. 429, Apr. 23.
59. Marshall, Gordon, 1998. "Capitalism," in A Dictionary of Sociology. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 53-54.
60. McGreal, Chris. 2007. "South Africa: White Farmers, Black Land Hunger," Guardian, Jan. 20.
61. Mohammed-Mahmood, Yahia. 2010. ""Chinese Development Assistance in West Africa: the Cases of Mali and Mauritania," in Jens S. Sorensen (ed.), Challenging the Emerging Aid Paradigm: Western Currents and Asian Perspectives. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
62. Monitor. 2008. "Egypt: Country Claims Two Million Acres of Ugandan Land," Monitor (Kampala), Sept. 25.
63. Mothander, Bjorn, et al. 1989. Farm Implements for Small-Scale Farmers in Tanzania. Stockholm: Scandanavian Institute for African Studies, pp. 172-179.
64. MqVU website. 2009. "Is Baoding Cun a Hoax? Or a 'Cultural Phenomenon' "? MqVU website, Feb. 5, http://mqvu.wordpress.com/2009/02/05/ baodingvillage.
65. Mujuzi, Sarah. 2009. "Effeas of Commercial Farming on Food Security and Small-holders Livelihood Options," June 30th www.vedcouganda.org/ Presentation%20at%20Land%20 Colloquium.doc.
66. Mwambazi, James. 2009. "Zambia, Germany Sign Biodiesel Refinery Project Deal," Piatt's Oilgram News 87:137 (July 15):5.
67. National Post (NP). 2004."Farmers Expelled from Zimbabwe Thriving in Zambia," National Post (NP)(Canada), June 30.
68. New Scientist. 2009. "Palm Oil Plans Threaten DRCs Biodiversity," NS 203:2717 (July, 18).
69. New Vision. 2008. "Empower Farmers to Curb Food Crisis," New Vision (NV) (Kampala), Sept. 24.
70. Ng, Grace. 2009. "China Sealed 30 Food Deals Over the Last Few Years," Straits Times (Singapore), May 1.
71. Nongmin Ribao. 2009."Qianjing guangkuode shuang ying hezuo," Nongmin Ribao, May 20.
72. Pan-African News Agency. 1986. "Kaunda on China's Aid to Zambia," Pan-African News Agency, Aug. 15.
73. Peoples Daily Online. 2007. "Zambia Welcomes China's Investment in Agriculture: Official," People's Daily Online, 2007, June 15 http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200706/15/eng 20070615-384387.html.
74. Ramsay, Susan. 2007. "African Plum Ripe for Picking," SCMP, Nov. 25.
75. Reuters. 2009. "Interview-AU: Africa Not Benefitting from Foreign Land Deals," Reuters, Apr. 28, 2009.
76. Rice, Andrew. 2009. "Is there such a Thing as Agro-Imperialism? " New York Times Magazine, Nov. 16.
77. Rubinstein, Carl. 2009."China's Eye on African Agriculture," Asia Times, Oct. 2.
78. Sachs, Jeffrey. 2009. "Moyo's Confused Attack on Aid for Africa," Economists' View, May 29, http://economistsview.typepad.com/ economistsview/2009/05/moyos-confused-attack-onaid-for-africa.html.
79. Sandrey, Ron and Hannah Edinger. 2009. "Sino-African Agricultural Cooperation: Lessons for Africa's Agricultural Development," Trade Law Centre for Southern Africa, Working Paper no. 8, Aug.
80. Sautman, Barry and Yan Hairong. 2007. "Friends and Interests: China's Distinctive Links with Africa," African Studies Review 50:3, pp. 75-114.
81. -. 2008. "Forest for the Trees: Trade, Investment and the China-in-Africa Discourse," Pacific Affairs 81:1, pp. 9-29.
82. -. 2008. East Mountain Tiger, West Mountain Tiger: China, Africa, the West and "Colonialism," Maryland Series in Contemporary Asian Studies no. 186. Baltimore: University of Maryland School of Law.
83. Sharife, Khadija. 2010. "The South Africa-Congo Concession: Exploitation or Salvation?" African Business, Jan. 2009, in Pambazuka News (PN) 464, Jan. 7.
84. Silwamba, Chibaula. 2009. "China, The Post have a Close Relationship: Ambassador Li," Post (Lusaka), Dec. 29.
85. Spring, Anita. 2009. "Chinese Development Aid and Agribusiness Entrepreneurs in Africa," in Simon Sigué (ed.). Repositioning African Business and Development for the 21 st Century. Proceedings of the 10 th Annual International Conference, International Academy of African Business and Development, Vol. 10, pp. 23-33, http://www.iaabd.org/2009-iaabd-proceedings/ track2a.pdf.
86. The World Bank. 2007. "Zambia: Commercial Agricultural Project," a Zambian official document prepared for the World Bank gives a bit higher percentage, www-wds.worldbank.org/.
87. Times of Zambia. 2010. "Bandas China Visit Resulted in Seven Agreements," Mar. 20.
88. Tradelnvest Africa. 2009. "DRC Hands SA Farmers Access to Land," Tradelnvest Africa (Cape Town), Oct. 22.
89. UPI Energy. 2009. "UN Probes Rich States' African Land Grab," UPI Energy, Nov. 12.
90. van Rooyen, Jan. 2009. "China's Agricultural Interests in Africa," Consultancy Africa Intelligence,www.consultancyafrica.com/index. php?option=com-content&view=article&id= 83%3Achinas-agricultural- interests-in-africa&catid=63%3Afree-to-air-newsletters-archive &Itemid=55.
91. Vidal, Joh. 2010. "How Food and Water are Driving a 21st Century African Land Grab," Guardian, Mar. 7.
92. von Braun, Joachim and Ruth Meizen-Dick. 2009. " 'Land Grabbing' by Foreign Investors in Developing Countries: Risks and Opportunities," International Food Policy Research Institute Policy Brief 13 (Apr.).
93. Wang, Hui. 2001. "'Xin zi you zhu yi' de li shi gen yuan ji qi pi pan" (The historical roots of 'neo-liberalism' and its critique) Taiwan shehuiyanjiu jikan, no. 42, pp. 1-66.
94. Wu, Yuan. 2006. China and Africa. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.
95. Wu, Zhaoqi. 1993. Zhongguo he feizhou jingji hezuo de lilun yu shijian (Theory and practice of China-Africa economic cooperation). Beijing: Jingji kexue chubanshe.
96. www.grain.org/go/landgrab. 2009. "Seized! Grain Briefing Annex: the 2008 Land Grabbers for Food and Financial Security," www.grain.org/go/ landgrab.
97. Xinhua. 1980. "China and Zambia Sign Protocol on Economic and Technical Cooperation," Xinhua (XH), Apr. 12.
98. -. 1983. Chen Muhua Attended a Handing-over Ceremony in Zambia," XH, Aug. 18.
99. -. 1986. "Chinese Rice Experts Praised," XH, Dec. 4.
100. -. 2006a. "Story of Nurse-Turned Chinese Farmer in Zambia," XH, Oct. 22.
101. -. 2006b. Zambia Welcomes Chinese Agricultural Know-How," XH, March 21.
102. -. 2007. "Zhongguo qiye cujin Zanbiya jingji fazhan" (Chinese Enterprises Stimulate Zambia's Economic Development), XH, Dec. 20.
103. -. 2009. "Chinese Agribusiness Company in DR Congo to Offer Thousands of Jobs for Locals," XH, July 10.
104. Xinhuanet. 2007. "Zhongfei hezuo luntan Beijing fenghui yi zhounian" [The First Anniversary of the Beijing Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation], 3 November, http:// news.xinhuanet.com/newscenter/ 2007-11/03/content-7003916.htm.
105. Zambia 24. 2009. "Zambia has Benefited from Chinese Investment: Taima," Zambia 24, June 21, http://zambia24.com?p= 1418.
106. Zhang, Xiang. 2008. "Guangyu jiaqiang Zhong Fei nongye hezuo wenti de yanjiu" (On the study of the problem of strengthening China-Africa agricultural cooperation), in Zhou Guanghong and Jiang Zhongjin (eds.), Zou Feizhou qiu fazhan lunwenji (Collection of essays on going to Africa). Chengdu: Sichuan Renmin Chubanshe. pp. 103-106.