Human adaptation to the control of fire

Evolutionary Anthropology

Volumn 19, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 187-199

  Wrangham, Richard ^a   Carmody, Rachel ^a  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anatomy; Behavior; Cognition; Cooking; Life history

Indexed keywords

EID: 78049382896     PISSN: 10601538     EISSN: 15206505     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/evan.20275     Document Type: Article

References (95)

1. Darwin C. 1989. The descent of man and selection in relation to sex (Second Edition). New York, NY: D. Appleton and Company.
2. Brace CL. 1995. The stages of human evolution. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
3. Burton FD. 2009. Fire: the spark that ignited human evolution. Albuquerque NM: University of New Mexico Press.
4. Stephens DW, Krebs JR. 1986. Foraging theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
5. Ellison P. 2001. On fertile ground. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
6. Emery Thompson M, Wrangham RW. 2008. Diet and reproductive function in wild female chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) at Kibale National Park, Uganda. Am J Phys Anthropol 135: 171-181.
7. Altmann SA. 1998. Foraging for survival: yearling baboons in Africa. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
8. Lévi-Strauss C. 1970. The raw and the cooked: introduction to a science of mythology, I. New York, NY: Harper Row.
9. Wrangham R. 2009. Catching fire: how cooking made us human. New York, NY: Basic Books.
10. Koebnick C, Strassner C, Hoffmann I, Leitzmann C. 1999. Consequences of a long-term raw food diet on body weight and menstruation: results of a questionnaire survey. Ann Nutr Metab 43: 69-79.
11. Carmody RN, Wrangham RW. 2009. The energetic significance of cooking. J Hum Evol 57: 379-391.
12. Mason VC. 1984. Metabolism of nitrogenous compounds in the large gut. P Nutr Soc 43: 45-53.
13. McNeil NI. 1988. Nutritional implications of human and mammalian large intestinal function. World Rev Nutr Diet 56: 1-42.
14. Livesey G. 1995. The impact of complex carbohydrates on energy balance. Eur J Clin Nutr 49: S89-S96.
15. Silvester KR, Englyst HN, Cummings JH. 1995. Ileal recovery of starch from whole diets containing resistant starch measured in vitro and fermentation of ileal effluent. Am J Clin Nutr 62: 403-411.
16. Oka K, Sakuarae A, Fujise T, Yoshimatsu H, Sakata T, Nakata M. 2003. Food texture differences affect energy metabolism in rats. J Dent Res 82: 491-494.
17. McGee H. 2004. On food and cooking: the science and lore of the kitchen. New York: Scribner.
18. Boback SM, Cox CL, Ott BD, Carmody R, Wrangham RW, Secor SM. 2007. Cooking and grinding reduces the cost of meat digestion. Comp Biochem Physiol A 148: 651-656.
19. Aiello LC, Wheeler P. 1995. The expensive tissue hypothesis: the brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution. Curr Anthropol 36: 199-221.
20. Lucas P. 2004. Dental functional morphology: how teeth work. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
21. Lucas PW, Ang KY, Sui Z, Agrawal KR, Prinz JF, Dominy NJ. 2006. A brief review of the recent evolution of the human mouth in physiological and nutritional contexts. Physiol Behav 89: 36-38.
22. James SR. 1989. Hominid use of fire in the Lower and Middle Pleistocene: a review of the evidence. Curr Anthropol 30: 1-26.
23. Preece RC, Gowlett JAJ, Parfitt SA, Bridgland DR, Lewis SG. 2006. Humans in the Hoxnian: habitat, context and fire use at Beeches Pit, West Stow, Suffolk, UK. J Quaternary Sci 21: 485-496.
24. Thieme H. 2005. The Lower Paleolithic art of hunting. In: Gamble CS, Parr M, editors. The hominid individual in context: archaeological investigations of Lower and Middle Paleolithic landscapes, locales and artefacts. London: Routledge. p 115-132.
25. Goren-Inbar N, Alperson N, Kislev ME, Simchoni O, Melamed Y, Ben-Nun A, Werker E. 2004. Evidence of hominin control of fire at Gesher Benot Ya'aqov, Israel. Science 304: 725-727.
26. Sergant J, Crombé P, Perdaen Y. 2006. The "invisible" hearths: a contribution to the discernment of Mesolithic non-structured surface hearths. J Archaeol Sci 33: 999-1007.
27. Boback SM. 2006. A morphometric comparison of island and mainland boas (Boa constrictor) in Belize. Copeia 2006: 261-267.
28. Grant PR, Grant BR. 2002. Unpredictable evolution in a 30-year study of Darwin's finches. Science 296: 707-711.
29. Gould SJ. 2002. The structure of evolutionary theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
30. Bersaglieri T, Sabeti PC, Patterson N, Vanderploeg T, Schaffner SF, Drake JA, Rhodes M, Reich DE, Hirschhorn JN. 2004. Genetic signatures of strong recent positive selection at the lactase gene. Am J Hum Genet 74: 1111-1120.
31. Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Ranciaro A, Voight BF, Babbitt CC, Silverman JS, Powell K, Mortensen HM, Hirbo JB, Osman M. 2007. Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe. Nat Genet 39: 31-40.
32. Perry GH, Dominy NJ, Claw KG, Lee AS, Fiegler H, Redon R, Werner J, Villanea FA, Mountain JL, Misra R. 2007. Diet and the evolution of human amylase gene copy number variation. Nat Genet 39: 1256-1260.
33. Lieberman DE, McBratney BM, Krovitz G. 2002. The evolution and development of cranial form in Homo sapiens. Prac Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 1134-1139.
34. Lieberman DE, Krovitz GE, Yates FW, Devlin M, Claire MS. 2004. Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face. J Hum Evol 46: 655-677.
35. McHenry HM, Coffing K. 2000. Australopithecus to Homo: transformations in body and mind. Annu Rev Anthropol 29: 125-146.
36. Wood B, Aiello LC. 1998. Taxonomic and functional implications of mandibular scaling in early hominins. Am J Phys Anthropol 105: 523-538.
37. Jellema LM, Latimer BM, Walker A. 1993. The rib cage. In: Walker A, Leakey R, editors. The Nariokotome Homo erectus skeleton. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p 294-325.
38. Aiello LC, Wells JCK. 2002. Energetics and the evolution of the genus Homo. Annu Rev Anthropol 31: 323-338.
39. Bramble DM, Lieberman DE. 2004. Endurance running and the evolution of Homo. Nature 432: 345-352.
40. Aiello LC, Key C. 2002. Energetic consequences of being a Homo erectus female. Am J Hum Biol 14: 551-565.
41. Haeusler M, McHenry HM. 2004. Body proportions of Homo habilis reviewed. J Hum Evol 46: 433-465.
42. Jungers WL. 1988. Relative joint size and hominoid locomotor adaptations with implications for the evolution of hominid bipedalism. J Hum Evol 17: 247-265.
43. Walker A, Shipman P. 1996. The wisdom of the bones: in search of human origins. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf.
44. Wood BA, Collard M. 1999. The human genus. Science 284: 65-71.
45. Werdelin L, Lewis ME. 2005. Plio-Pleistocene carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns. Zool J Linnaeus Soc 144: 121-144.
46. Sabater Pi J, Veà JJ, Serrallonga J. 1997. Did the first hominids build nests? Curr Anthropol 38: 914-916.
47. Anderson JR. 2000. Sleep-related behavioural adaptations in free-ranging anthropoid primates. Sleep Med Rev 4: 355-373.
48. Medawar PB. 1952. An unsolved problem of biology. London: H. K. Lewis.
49. Williams GC. 1957. Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence. Evolution 11: 398-411.
50. Austad SN. 1993. Retarded senescence in an insular population of Virginia opossums (Didelphis virginiana). J Zool (Lond) 229: 695-708.
51. Harvey PH, Zammuto RM. 1985. Patterns of mortality and age at first reproduction in natural populations of mammals. Nature 315: 319-320.
52. Promislow DEL, Harvey PH. 1990. Living fast and dying young: a comparative analysis of life-history variation among mammals. J Zool (Lond) 220: 417-437.
53. Luckinbill LS, Clare M. 1985. Selection for life span in Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity 55: 9-18.
54. Ricklefs RE. 1998. Evolutionary theories of aging: confirmation of a fundamental prediction, with implications for the genetic basis and evolution of life span. Am Nat 152: 24-44.
55. Rose M, Charlesworth B. 1981. Genetics of life history in Drosophila melanogaster, II. exploratory selection experiments. Genetics 97: 187-196.
56. Charnov EL, Berrigan D. 1993. Why do female primates have such long lifespans and so few babies? or life in the slow lane. Evol Anthropol 1: 191-194.
57. Dean CM, Smith BH. 2009. Growth and development of the Nariokotome youth, KNM-WT 15000. In: Grine FE, Fleagle JG, Leakey RE, editors. The first humans: origin and early evolution of the genus Homo. New York, NY: Springer. p 101-120.
58. Kaplan HS, Hill K, Lancaster JB, Hurtado AM. 2000. A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence and longevity. Evol Anthropol 9: 156-183.
59. Robson SL, Wood B. 2008. Hominin life history: reconstruction and evolution. J Anat 212: 394-425.
60. Hawkes K, O'Connell JF, Blurton Jones NG, Alvarez H, Charnov EL. 1998. Grandmothering, menopause and the evolution of human life history strategies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95: 1336-1339.
61. Kramer KL. 2005. Children's help and the pace of reproduction: cooperative breeding in humans. Evol Anthropol 14: 224-237.
62. Robson SL, van Schaik C, Hawkes K. 2006. The derived features of human life history. In: Paine RL, Hawkes K, editors. The evolution of human life history. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research Press. p 17-44.
63. Shattuck MR, Williams SA. 2010. Arboreality has allowed for the evolution of increased longevity in mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107: 4635-4639.
64. Stewart OC. 1958. Fire as the first great force employed by man. In: Thomas WL, editor. Man's role in changing the face of the earth. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p 115-133.
65. Demas GE. 2004. The energetics of immunity: a neuroendocrine link between energy balance and immune function. Horm Behav 45: 173-180.
66. Nagao M. 1992. The effects of aging on mastication. Nutr Rev 50: 434-437.
67. Tzakis MG, Österberg T, Carlsson GE. 1994. A study of some masticatory functions in 90-year old subjects. Gerodontology 11: 25-29.
68. Newton JP, Yemm R, Abel RW, Menhinick S. 1993. Changes in human jaw muscles with age and dental state. Gerodontology 10: 16-22.
69. Nakanishi N, Fukuda H, Takatorige T, Tatara K. 2005. Relationship between self-assessed masticatory disability and 9-year mortality in a cohort of community-residing elderly people. J Am Geriatr Soc 53: 54-58.
70. Semba RD, Blaum CS, Bartali B, Xue QL, Ricks MO, Guralnik JM, Fried LP. 2006. Denture use, malnutrition, frailty, and mortality among older women living in the community. J Nutr Health Aging 10: 161-167.
71. Black RE, Lopez de Romaña G, Brown KH, Bravo N, Grados Bazalar O, Creed Kanashiro H. 1989. Incidence and etiology of infantile diarrhea and major routes of transmission in Huascar, Peru. Am J Epidemiol 129: 785-799.
72. Rowland MGM, Barrell RAE, Whitehead RG. 1978. The weanling's dilemma: bacterial contamination in traditional Gambian weaning foods. Lancet 1: 136-138.
73. Brown KH, Bégin F. 1993. Malnutrition among weanlings of developing countries: still a problem begging for solutions. J Pediatr Gastr Nutr 17: 132-138.
74. Ellison PT. 2003. Energetics and reproductive effort. Am J Hum Biol 15: 342-351.
75. Ford K, Huffman SL, Chowdhury AKMA, Becker S, Allen H, Menken J. 1989. Birth-interval dynamics in rural Bangladesh and maternal weight. Demography 26: 425-437.
76. Huffman SL, Ford KT, Allen HA, Streble P. 1987. Nutrition and fertility in Bangladesh: breastfeeding and post partum amenorrhoea. Popul Stud 41: 447-462.
77. O'Connell JF, Hawkes K, Blurton Jones NG. 1999. Grandmothering and the evolution of Homo erectus. J Hum Evol 36: 461-485.
78. Martin RD, Chivers DJ, MacLarnon AM, Hladik CM. 1985. Gastrointestinal allometry in primates and other mammals. In: Jungers WL, editor. Size and scaling in primate biology. New York, NY: Plenum Press. p 61-89.
79. Milton K, Demment MW. 1988. Chimpanzees fed high and low fiber diets and comparison with human data. J Nutr 118: 1082-1088.
80. Stedman HH, Kozyak BW, Nelson A, Thesier DM, Su LT, Low DW, Bridges CR, Shrager JB, Minugh-Purvis N, Mitchell MA. 2004. Myosin gene mutation correlates with anatomical changes in the human lineage. Nature 428: 415-418.
81. Barton RA. 1992. Allometry of food intake in free-ranging anthropoid primates. Folia Primatol 58: 56-59.
82. Leonard WR, Robertson ML. 1997. Comparative primate energetics and hominid evolution. Am J Phys Anthropol 102: 265-281.
83. Isler K, van Schaik CP. 2006. Costs of encephalization: the energy trade-off hypothesis tested on birds. J Hum Evol 51: 228-243.
84. Pagel M, Bodmer W. 2003. A naked ape would have fewer parasites. Proc R Soc London 270: S117-S119.
85. Wheeler P. 1992. The influence of the loss of functional body hair on hominid energy and water budgets. J Hum Evol 23: 379-388.
86. Rantala MJ. 2007. Evolution of nakedness in Homo sapiens. J Zool (London) 273: 1-7.
87. Kuzawa CW. 1998. Adipose tissue in human infancy and childhood: an evolutionary perspective. Yearbook Phys Anthropol 41: 177-209.
88. Shipman P, Walker A. 1989. The costs of becoming a predator. J Hum Evol 18: 373-392.
89. Marlowe FW. 2005. Hunter-gatherers and human evolution. Evol Anthropol 14: 54-67.
90. Wobber V, Hare B, Wrangham R. 2008. Great apes prefer cooked food. J Hum Evol 55: 340-348.
91. Potts R. 1998. Environmental hypotheses of hominin evolution. Yearbook Phys Anthropol 41: 93-138.
92. Harvey PH, Martin RD, Clutton-Brock TH. 1987. Life histories in comparative perspective. In: Smuts BB, Cheney DL, Seyfarth RM, Wrangham RW, Struhsaker TT, editors. Primate societies. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. p 181-196.
93. Charnov EL. 1991. Evolution of life history variation among female mammals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 1134-1137.
94. Charnov EL, Berrigan D. 1990. Dimensionless numbers and life history evolution: age of maturity versus the adult lifespan. Evol Ecol 4: 273-275.
95. Wrangham RW, Jones JH, Laden G, Pilbeam D, Conklin-Brittain NL. 1999. The rawand the stolen: cooking and the ecology of human origins. Curr Anthropol 40: 567-594.