Witnessed violence and youth behavior problems: A multi-informant study

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 443-450

  Lewis, Terri ^a   Kotch, Jonathan ^a   Thompson, Richard ^b   Litrownik, Alan J ^c   English, Diana J ^d   Proctor, Laura J ^c   Runyan, Desmond K ^a   Dubowitz, Howard ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

^b Juvenile Protective Association   (United States)

^c SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Child witnesses; Children; Community violence; Family violence; LONGSCAN; Parents

Indexed keywords

ANALYTIC METHOD; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CAREGIVER; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; DEPRESSION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PRESCHOOL CHILD; VIOLENCE;

CAREGIVERS; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; SEX FACTORS; UNITED STATES; VIOLENCE;

EID: 77958512012     PISSN: 00029432     EISSN: 19390025     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01047.x     Document Type: Article

References (49)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1991a). Manual for the Youth Self-Report and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont Department of Psychiatry.
2. Achenbach, T. M. (1991b). Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 and 1991 profile. Burlington: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
3. Appel, A. E., & Holden, G. W. (1998). The co-occurrence of spouse and physical child abuse: A review and appraisal. Journal of Family Psychology, 12, 578-599.
4. Bair-Merritt, M. H., Blackstone, M., & Feudtner, C. (2006). Physical health outcomes of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence: A systematic review. Pediatrics, 117, E278-E290.
5. Barnett, D., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (1993). Defining child maltreatment: The interface between policy and research. In D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Advances in applied developmental psychology: Child abuse, child development, and social policy (pp. 7-14). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
6. Berg-Nielsen, T. S., Vika, A., & Dahl, A. A. (2003). When adolescents disagree with their mothers: CBCL-YSR discrepancies related to maternal depression and adolescent self-esteem. Child: Care, Health & Development, 29, 207-213.
7. Bird, H. R., Gould, M. S., & Staghezza, B. (1992). Aggregating data from multiple informants in child psychiatry epidemiological research. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 78-85.
8. Buckner, J. C., Beardslee, W. R., & Bassuk, E. L. (2004). Exposure to violence and low-income children's mental health: Direct, moderated, and mediated relations. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 74, 413-423.
9. Ceballo, R., Dahl, T. A., Aretakis, M. T., & Ramirez, C. (2001). Inner-city children's exposure to community violence: How much do parents know? Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 927-940.
10. Coddington, R. D. (1972). The significance of life events as etiologic factors in the diseases of children-II. A study of a normal population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 16, 205-213.
11. De Los Reyes, A., & Kazdin, A. E. (2005). Informant discrepancies in the assessment of childhood psychopathology: A critical review, theoretical framework, and recommendations for further study. Psychological Bulletin, 131, 483-509.
12. DeVoe, E. R., & Smith, E. L. (2003). Don't take my kids: Barriers to service delivery for battered mothers and their young children. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 3, 277-294.
13. Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50-76.
14. Edleson, J. (1999). The overlap between child maltreatment and woman battering. Violence Against Women, 5, 134-152.
15. English, D. J., & The LONGSCAN Investigators. (1997). Modified Maltreatment Classification System (MMCS). Unpublished manual. Retrieved January 1, 2010, from
16. Evans, S. E., Davies, C., & DiLillo, D. (2008). Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggressive and Violent Behavior, 13, 131-140.
17. Everson, M. D., Smith, J. B., Hussey, J. M., English, D., Litrownik, A. J., Dubowitz, H., & Runyan, D. (2008). Concordance between adolescent reports of childhood abuse and Child Protective Service determinations in an at-risk sample of young adolescents. Child Maltreatment, 13, 14-26.
18. Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14, 245-258.
19. Ferdinand, R. F., Van Der Ende, J., & Verhulst, F. C. (2006). Prognostic value of parent-adolescent disagreement in a referred sample. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15, 156-162.
20. Fergusson, D. M., & Horwood, L. J. (1998). Exposure to interparental violence in childhood and psychosocial adjustment in young adulthood. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 339-357.
21. Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. (2005). The victimization of children and youth: A comprehensive, national survey. Child Maltreatment, 10, 5-25.
22. Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., Turner, H., & Hamby, S. (2009). Violence, abuse, and crime exposure in a national sample of children and youth. Pediatrics, 124, 1-14.
23. Goldwasser, M., & Fitzmaurice, G. M. (2001). Multivariate linear regression analysis of childhood psychopathology using multiple informant data. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 10, 1-10.
24. Guerra, N. G., Huesmann, L. R., & Spindler, A. (2003). Community violence exposure, social cognition, and aggression among urban elementary school children. Child Development, 74, 1561-1576.
25. Hanson, R. F., Self-Brown, S., Fricker-Elhai, A. E., Kilpatrick, D. G., Saunders, B. E., & Resnick, H. S. (2006). The relations between family environment and violence exposure among youth: Findings from the National Survey of Adolescents. Child Maltreatment, 11, 3-15.
26. Hill, H., & Jones, L. P. (1997). Children's and parents' perceptions of children's exposure to violence in urban neighborhoods. Journal of the National Medical Association, 89(4), 270-276.
27. Horton, N. J., & Fitzmaurice, G. M. (2004). Regression analysis of multiple source and multiple informant data from complex survey samples. Statistics in Medicine, 23, 2911-2933.
28. Hurt, H., Malmud, E., Brodsky, N. L., & Giannetta, J. (2001). Exposure to violence - Psychological and academic correlates in child witnesses. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 155, 1351-1356.
29. Hussey, J. M., Marshall, J. M., English, D. J., Knight, E. D., Lau, A. S., Dubowitz, H., & Kotch, J. B. (2005). Defining maltreatment according to substantiation: Distinction without a difference? Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 479-492.
30. Johnson, R. M., Kotch, J. B., Catellier, D. J., Winsor, J. R., Dufort, V., Hunter, W., & Amaya-Jackson, L. (2002). Adverse behavioral and emotional outcomes from child abuse and witnessed violence. Child Maltreatment, 7, 179-187.
31. Knight, E. D., Smith, J. S., Martin, L. M., & Lewis, T., & The LONGSCAN Investigators. (2008). Self-report of physical maltreatment and assault; self-report of psychological maltreatment; self-report of sexual abuse and assault. In Measures for assessment of functioning and outcomes in longitudinal research on child abuse: Vol. 3. Early adolescence (ages 12-14). Retrieved January 1, 2010, from
32. Kohl, P. L., Jonson-Reid, M., & Drake, B. (2009). Time to leave substantiation behind: Findings from a national probability study. Child Maltreatment, 14, 17-26.
33. Kuo, M., Mohler, B., Raudenbush, S. L., & Earls, F. J. (2000). Assessing exposure to violence using multiple informants: Application of hierarchical linear model. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 1049-1056.
34. Litrownik, A. J., Newton, R., Hunter, W. M., English, D., & Everson, M. D. (2003). Exposure to family violence in young at-risk children: A longitudinal look at the effects of victimization and witnessed physical and psychological aggression. Journal of Family Violence, 18, 59-73.
35. LONGSCAN. (1992). Child's life events. In W. M. Hunter, C. E. Cox, S. Teagl, R. M. Johnson, R. Mathew, E. D. Knight, .... J. B. Smith (Eds.), Measures for assessment of functioning and outcomes in longitudinal research on child abuse. Vol. 2. Middle childhood. Retrieved January 1, 2010, from
36. LONGSCAN. (1998). History of witnessed violence. In E.D. Knight, J.S. Smith, L.M. Martin, T. Lewis, & the LONGSCAN Investigators (Eds.), Measures for assessment of functioning and outcomes in longitudinal research on child abuse. Vol. 3. Early adolescence (ages 12-14). Retrieved January 1, 2010, from
37. Mahoney, A., Donnelly, W. O., Boxer, P., & Lewis, T. (2003). Marital and severe parent-to-adolescent physical aggression in clinic-referred families: Mother and adolescent reports on co-occurrence and links to child behavior problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 17, 3-19.
38. Maschi, T. (2006). Unraveling the link between trauma and male delinquency: The cumulative versus differential risk perspectives. Social Work, 51, 59-70.
39. McDonald, R., Jouriles, E. N., Ramisetty-Mikler, S., Caetano, R., & Green, C. E. (2006). Estimating the number of American children living in partner-violent families. Journal of Family Psychology, 20, 137-142.
40. Miller, L. S., Wasserman, G. A., Neugebauer, R., Gorman-Smith, D., & Kamboukos, D. (1999). Witnessed community violence and antisocial behavior in high-risk, urban boys. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28, 2-11.
41. O'Leary, K., Smith Slep, A. M., & O'Leary, S. (2000). Co-occurrence of partner and parent aggression: Research and treatment implications. Behavior Therapy, 31, 631-648.
42. Patchin, J. W., Huebner, B. M., McCluskey, J. D., Varano, S. P., & Bynum, T. S. (2006). Exposure to community violence and childhood delinquency. Crime and Delinquency, 52, 307-332.
43. Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Maltreatment, 1, 385-401.
44. Richters, J. E., & Martinez, P. (1990). Things I've seen and heard: An interview for young children about exposure to violence. Unpublished manuscript.
45. Rubio-Stipec, M., Fitzmaurice, G., Murphy, J., & Walker, A. (2003). The use of multiple informants in identifying the risk factors of depressive and disruptive disorders: Are they interchangeable? Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 51-58.
46. Runyan, D. K., Curtis, P., Hunter, W., Black, M. M., Kotch, J. B., Bangdiwala, S., .... Landsverk J. (1998). LONGSCAN: A consortium for longitudinal studies of maltreatment and the life course of children. Aggression & Violent Behavior: A Review Journal, 3, 275-285.
47. Star, R., Dubowitz, H., Harrington, D., & Feigelman, S. (1999). Behavior problems of teens in kinship care: Cross-informant reports. In M. Scannapieco & R. L. Hegar (Eds.), Kinship foster care: Policy practice and research. (pp. 193-207). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
48. Thompson, R., Briggs, E., English, D. J., Dubowitz, H., Lee, L.-C., Brody, K., Everson, M. D., & Hunter, W. M. (2005). Suicidal ideation among maltreated and at-risk 8-year-olds: Findings from the LONGSCAN studies. Child Maltreatment, 10, 26-36.
49. Zinzow, H. M., Ruggiero, K. J., Resnick, H., Hanson, R., Smith, D., Saunders, B., & Kilpatrick, D. (2009). Prevalence and mental health correlates of witnessed parental and community violence in a national sample of adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50, 441-450.