Isolated extramedullary relapse in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia

Current Hematologic Malignancy Reports

Volumn 5, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 185-191

  Jacobs, James E ^a   Hastings, Caroline ^a  

^a CHILDREN S HOSPITAL OAKLAND   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute lymphocytic; ALL; Children; CNS relapse; Leukemia; Outcome; Pediatric; Relapse; Testes; Testicular relapse; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ASPARAGINASE MACROGOL; CYTARABINE; DEXAMETHASONE; METHOTREXATE; PREDNISOLONE; PREDNISONE;

ACUTE LYMPHOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; CANCER INCIDENCE; CANCER REGRESSION; CANCER RELAPSE; CANCER SURVIVAL; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CHILDHOOD LEUKEMIA; DRUG MEGADOSE; HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; HUMAN; LEUKEMIA; REVIEW; TESTIS;

BONE MARROW; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM NEOPLASMS; CHILD; HUMANS; MALE; PRECURSOR CELL LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA-LYMPHOMA; PREDICTIVE VALUE OF TESTS; RECURRENCE; TESTICULAR NEOPLASMS;

EID: 77958493009     PISSN: 15588211     EISSN: 1558822X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11899-010-0063-9     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Program of Cancer Registries (NPCR): United States Cancer Statistics (USCS). Available at http://apps.nccd.cdc.gov/uscs/. Accessed June 29, 2010.
2. A Jemal R Siegel E Ward, et al. 2006 Cancer statistics, 2006 CA Cancer J Clin 56 106 130 10.3322/canjclin.56.2.106 16514137
3. VJ Land PR Thomas JM Boyett, et al. 1985 Comparison of maintenance treatment regimens for first central nervous system relapse in children with acute lymphocytic leukemia. A Pediatric Oncology Group study Cancer 56 1 81 87 1:STN:280:DyaL2M3islymtw%3D%3D 10.1002/1097-0142(19850701)56:1<81::AID- CNCR2820560114>3.0.CO;2-2 3859359 (Pubitemid 15056685)
4. PS Gaynon ME Trigg NA Heerema, et al. 2000 Children's Cancer Group trials in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: 1983-1995 Leukemia 14 12 2223 2233 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXmtVansQ%3D%3D 10.1038/sj.leu.2401939 11187913 (Pubitemid 32042263)
5. K Nguyen M Devidas SC Cheng, et al. 2008 Factors influencing survival after relapse from acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study Leukemia 22 12 2142 2150 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhsFWjtb7M 10.1038/leu.2008.251 18818707 This article summarizes the Children's Cancer Group (CCG) data from 1988 until 2002. With such a large cohort, this summary is able to highlight clear differences between groups based on duration of CR1, including both isolated CNS relapse and ITR. In addition, risk factors for relapse are identified, such as NCI risk stratification and initial response to induction chemotherapy
6. JM Chessells P Veys H Kempski, et al. 2003 Long-term follow-up of relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Br J Haematol 123 3 396 405 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04584.x 14616997 (Pubitemid 37363478)
7. B Reismuller A Attarbaschi C Peters, et al. 2009 Long-term outcome of initially homogenously treated and relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in Austria-a population-based report of the Austrian Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) Study Group Br J Haematol 144 4 559 570 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07499.x 19077160 This article summarizes the Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) data from 1981 to 1999. It includes a good discussion regarding the differences in very early versus late ITR. In addition, this article includes molecular-genetic data relating to prognosis
8. PS Gaynon 2005 Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and relapse Br J Haematol 131 5 579 587 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2005.05773.x 16351633 (Pubitemid 43903802)
9. PS Gaynon RP Qu RJ Chappell, et al. 1998 Survival after relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: impact of site and time to first relapse-the Children's Cancer Group Experience Cancer 82 7 1387 1395 1:STN:280:DyaK1c7oslyrsA%3D%3D 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19980401)82:7<1387:: AID-CNCR24>3.0.CO;2-1 9529033 (Pubitemid 28155403)
10. DR Miller S Leikin V Albo, et al. 1983 Prognostic factors and therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood: CCG-141. A report from Children's Cancer Study Group Cancer 51 1041 1049 1:STN:280:DyaL3s7gt1yhsw%3D%3D 10.1002/1097-0142(19830315)51:6<1041::AID-CNCR2820510612>3.0.CO;2-G 6336986 (Pubitemid 13158794)
11. ME Nesbit LL Robison JA Ortega, et al. 1980 Testicular relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: association with pretreatment patient characteristics and treatment. A report for Children's Cancer Study Group Cancer 45 2009 2016 10.1002/1097-0142(19800415)45:8<2009::AID-CNCR2820450805>3. 0.CO;2-A 6989482 (Pubitemid 10150413)
12. CH Pui D Pei JT Sandlund, et al. 2005 Risk of adverse events after completion of therapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia J Clin Oncol 23 31 7936 7941 10.1200/JCO.2004.01.0033 16258093 (Pubitemid 46657393)
13. CH Pui WE Evans 2006 Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia N Engl J Med 354 2 166 178 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XisFWksQ%3D%3D 10.1056/NEJMra052603 16407512 (Pubitemid 43076714)
14. JB Nachman HN Sather MG Sensel, et al. 1998 Augmented post-induction therapy for children with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia and a slow response to initial therapy N Engl J Med 338 23 1663 1671 1:STN:280: DyaK1c3msVCmsA%3D%3D 10.1056/NEJM199806043382304 9614257 (Pubitemid 28267911)
15. K Jahnukainen TT Salmi J Kristinsson, et al. 1998 The clinical indications for identical pathogenesis of isolated and non-isolated testicular relapses in acute lymphoblastic leukemia Acta Pediatr 87 638 643 1:STN:280:DyaK1czkvFCntw%3D%3D 10.1080/080352598750014049 (Pubitemid 28331050)
16. HG Einsiedel A von Stackelberg R Hartmann, et al. 2005 Long-term outcome in children with relapsed ALL by risk-stratified salvage therapy: results of trial acute lymphoblastic leukemia-relapse study of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Munster Group 87 J Clin Oncol 23 31 7942 7950 10.1200/JCO.2005.01.1031 16258094 (Pubitemid 46657394)
17. JC Barredo M Devidas SJ Lauer, et al. 2006 Isolated CNS relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with intensive systemic chemotherapy and delayed CNS radiation: a Pediatric Oncology Group study J Clin Oncol 24 19 3142 3149 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XnslKhsL8%3D 10.1200/JCO.2005.03.3373 16809737 (Pubitemid 46638952)
18. AK Ritchey BH Pollock SJ Lauer, et al. 1999 Improved survival of children with isolated CNS relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Pediatric Oncology Group study J Clin Oncol 17 12 3745 3752 1:STN:280:DC%2BD3c%2FksVymtA%3D%3D 10577846
19. D Bhojwani H Kang NP Moskowitz, et al. 2006 Biologic pathways associated with relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group study Blood 108 2 711 717 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XntFehurs%3D 10.1182/blood-2006-02-002824 16822902 (Pubitemid 44061374)
20. K Wheeler S Richards C Bailey, et al. 1998 Comparison of bone marrow transplant and chemotherapy for relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: the MRC UKALL X experience. Medical Research Council Working Party on Childhood Leukaemia Br J Haematol 101 1 94 103 1:STN:280:DyaK1c3jsFOhsA%3D%3D 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00676.x 9576189 (Pubitemid 28197782)
21. Guyton AC, Hall JE (eds): Textbook of Medical Physiology, edn 10. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company; 2000.
22. M Dym DW Fawcett 1970 The blood-testis barrier in the rat and the physiological compartmentation of the seminiferous epithelium Biol Reprod 3 3 308 26 1:STN:280:DyaE38%2Fmtlehuw%3D%3D 4108372
23. ML Brecher V Weinberg JM Boyett, et al. 1986 Intermediate dose methotrexate in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia resulting in decreased incidence of testicular relapse Cancer 58 5 1024 1028 1:STN:280: DyaL283ntFGnuw%3D%3D 10.1002/1097-0142(19860901)58:5<1024::AID- CNCR2820580507>3.0.CO;2-V 3524797
24. HE Kay 1983 Testicular infiltration in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Br J Haematol 53 4 537 542 1:STN:280:DyaL3s7ltlCktA%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1983. tb07305.x 6572531
25. N Goulden K Langlands C Steward, et al. 1994 PCR assessment of bone marrow status in 'isolated' extramedullary relapse of childhood B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Br J Haematol 87 2 282 285 1:STN:280: DyaK2M%2FjsVamsg%3D%3D 10.1111/j.1365-2141.1994.tb04910.x 7947268
26. H van den Berg NE Langeveld CH Veenhof, et al. 1997 Treatment of isolated testicular recurrence of acute lymphoblastic leukemia without radiotherapy. Report from the Dutch Late Effects Study Group Cancer 79 11 2257 2262 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0142(19970601)79:11<2257::AID-CNCR26>3.0.CO;2-U 9179075 (Pubitemid 27227393)
27. C Uderzo M Grazia Zurlo L Adamoli, et al. 1990 Treatment of isolated testicular relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: an Italian multicenter study. Associazione Italiana Ematologia ed Oncologia Pediatrica J Clin Oncol 8 4 672 677 1:STN:280:DyaK3c7ovVCluw%3D%3D 2179480
28. RD Gelber SE Sallan HJ Cohen, et al. 1993 Central nervous system treatment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Long-term follow-up of patients diagnosed between 1973 and 1985 Cancer 72 1 261 270 1:STN:280:DyaK3s3osVGrtA%3D%3D 10.1002/1097-0142(19930701)72:1<261::AID- CNCR2820720146>3.0.CO;2-O 8508416
29. FM Balis CM Lester GP Chrousos, et al. 1987 Differences in cerebrospinal fluid penetration of corticosteroids: possible relationship to the prevention of meningeal leukemia J Clin Oncol 5 2 202 207 1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXktVSqurw%3D 3806166
30. BC Bostrom MR Sensel HN Sather, et al. 2003 Dexamethasone versus prednisone and daily oral versus weekly intravenous mercaptopurine for patients with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group Blood 101 10 3809 3817 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktVGnt7k%3D 10.1182/blood-2002-08-2454 12531809 (Pubitemid 36857851)
31. VI Avramis S Sencer AP Periclou, et al. 2002 A randomized comparison of native Escherichia coli asparaginase and polyethylene glycol conjugated asparaginase for treatment of children with newly diagnosed standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a Children's Cancer Group study Blood 99 6 1986 1994 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XitF2nt7c%3D 10.1182/blood.V99.6.1986 11877270 (Pubitemid 34525479)
32. MH Woo LJ Hak MC Storm, et al. 1999 Cerebrospinal fluid asparagine concentrations after Escherichia coli asparaginase in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia J Clin Oncol 17 5 1568 1573 1:STN:280: DyaK1M3msFOitg%3D%3D 10334545
33. SL Berg FM Balis CL McCully, et al. 1993 Pharmacokinetics of PEG-L-asparaginase and plasma and cerebrospinal fluid L-asparagine concentrations in the rhesus monkey Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 32 4 310 314 1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXhsFaru7g%3D 10.1007/BF00686177 8324873
34. E Morra M Lazzarino E Brusamolino, et al. 1993 The role of systemic high-dose cytarabine in the treatment of central nervous system leukemia. Clinical results in 46 patients Cancer 72 2 439 445 1:STN:280: DyaK3szgs1Grug%3D%3D 10.1002/1097-0142(19930715)72:2<439::AID- CNCR2820720220>3.0.CO;2-4 8319175
35. E Morra M Lazzarino EP Alessandrino, et al. 1989 Central nervous system (CNS) leukemia: the role of high dose cytarabine (HDAra-C) Bone Marrow Transplant 4 Suppl 1 101 103 2713552
36. M Dordelmann A Reiter M Zimmermann, et al. 1998 Intermediate dose methotrexate is as effective as high dose methotrexate in preventing isolated testicular relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 20 5 444 450 1:STN:280:DyaK1M%2FgtlGrtw%3D%3D 10.1097/00043426-199809000- 00007 9787317 (Pubitemid 29133199)
37. CH Pui C Cheng W Leung, et al. 2003 Extended follow-up of long-term survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia N Engl J Med 349 7 640 649 10.1056/NEJMoa035091 12917300 (Pubitemid 36975996)
38. RG Steen D Spence S Wu, et al. 2001 Effect of therapeutic ionizing radiation on the human brain Ann Neurol 50 6 787 795 1:STN:280: DC%2BD38%2FjsFGntA%3D%3D 10.1002/ana.10029 11761477 (Pubitemid 33116139)
39. A Gajjar RK Mulhern RL Heideman, et al. 1994 Medulloblastoma in very young children: outcome of definitive craniospinal irradiation following incomplete response to chemotherapy J Clin Oncol 12 6 1212 1216 1:STN:280:DyaK2c3mtValug%3D%3D 8201384
40. WA Bleyer HN Sather HJ Nickerson, et al. 1991 Monthly pulses of vincristine and prednisone prevent bone marrow and testicular relapse in low-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a report of the CCG-161 Study by the Children's Cancer Study Group J Clin Oncol 9 1012 1021 1:STN:280:DyaK3M3jslertA%3D%3D 2033414
41. RG Grundy AD Leiper R Stanhope, et al. 1997 Survival and endocrine outcome after testicular relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Arch Dis Child 76 3 190 196 1:STN:280:DyaK2s3otV2nuw%3D%3D 10.1136/adc.76.3.190 9135257
42. JM Chessells 1998 Relapsed lymphoblastic leukaemia in children: a continuing challenge Br J Haematol 102 2 423 438 1:STN:280:DyaK1czlvFWhtQ%3D%3D 10.1046/j.1365-2141.1998.00776.x 9695956 (Pubitemid 28346583)
43. A Borgmann A von Stackelberg R Hartmann, et al. 2003 Unrelated donor stem cell transplantation compared with chemotherapy for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a second remission: a matched-pair analysis Blood 101 10 3835 3839 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXktVGntL4%3D 10.1182/blood.V101.10.3835 12732501 (Pubitemid 36857854)
44. UM Saarinen-Pihkala C Heilmann J Winiarski, et al. 2006 Pathways through relapses and deaths of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: role of allogeneic stem-cell transplantation in Nordic data J Clin Oncol 24 36 5750 5762 10.1200/JCO.2006.07.1225 17179109 (Pubitemid 46631318)
45. A Claviez C Eckert K Seeger, et al. 2006 Rituximab plus chemotherapy in children with relapsed or refractory CD20-positive B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia Haematologica 91 2 272 273 16461321
46. N Gokbuget D Hoelzer 2004 Treatment with monoclonal antibodies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: current knowledge and future prospects Ann Hematol 83 4 201 205 10.1007/s00277-003-0752-8 14648023 (Pubitemid 38443503)
47. R Parasole G Menna N Marra, et al. 2008 Efficacy and safety of intrathecal liposomal cytarabine for the treatment of meningeal relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: experience of two pediatric institutions Leuk Lymphoma 49 8 1553 1559 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtVOitLvL 10.1080/10428190802216749 18766969
48. S Jeha PS Gaynon BI Razzouk, et al. 2006 Phase II study of clofarabine in pediatric patients with refractory or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia J Clin Oncol 24 12 1917 1923 1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XkvVajtbg%3D 10.1200/JCO.2005.03. 8554 16622268 (Pubitemid 46638991)