Acute stress disorder, depression, and tobacco use in disaster workers following 9/11

American Journal of Orthopsychiatry

Volumn 80, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 586-592

  Biggs, Quinn M ^a   Fullerton, Carol S ^a   Reeves, James J ^b   Grieger, Thomas A ^a   Reissman, Dori ^a   Ursano, Robert J ^a  

^a UNIFORMED SERVICES UNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

^b NAVAL MEDICAL CENTER SAN DIEGO   (United States)

Author keywords

Acute stress disorder; Altered time sense; Depression; Disaster workers; Functional impairment; New York City; Peritraumatic dissociation; September 11; Tobacco use; Traumatic events

Indexed keywords

ACUTE STRESS DISORDER; ADULT; AGED; ARTICLE; DEPRESSION; DISASTER; DISSOCIATIVE DISORDER; FEMALE; FIRE FIGHTER; GROUPS BY AGE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HIGH RISK POPULATION; HUMAN; JOB STRESS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; POLICE; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOTRAUMA; RACE DIFFERENCE; RESCUE PERSONNEL; RISK FACTOR; SMOKELESS TOBACCO; SMOKING;

ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING; ADULT; AGED; DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; DISASTERS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NEW YORK CITY; RESCUE WORK; RISK FACTORS; SEPTEMBER 11 TERRORIST ATTACKS; STRESS DISORDERS, TRAUMATIC, ACUTE; TOBACCO USE DISORDER; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77958492712     PISSN: 00029432     EISSN: 19390025     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2010.01063.x     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Bars, M. P., Banauch, G. I., Appel, D., Andreachi, M., Mouren, P., Kelly, K. J., & Prezant, D. J. (2006). "Tobacco free with FDNY": The New York City Fire Department World Trade Center Tobacco Cessation Study. Chest, 129, 979-987.
2. Bills, C. B., Levy, N. A., Sharma, V., Charney, D. S., Herbert, R., Moline, J., & Ketz, C. L. (2008). Mental health of workers and volunteers responding to events of 9/11: Review of the literature. Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine, 75, 115-127.
3. Brauchle, G. (2006). Incidence- and reaction-related predictors of the acute and posttraumatic stress disorder in disaster workers. Zeitschrift fur Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, 52, 52-62.
4. Breslau, N., Davis, G. C., & Schultz, L. R. (2003). Posttraumatic stress disorder and the incidence of nicotine, alcohol, and other drug disorders in persons who have experienced trauma. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 289-294.
5. Breslau, N., Peterson, E. L., Schultz, L. R., Chilcoat, H. D., & Andreski, P. (1998). Major depression and stages of smoking. A longitudinal investigation. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55, 161-166.
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2004). Mental health status of World Trade Center rescue and recovery workers and volunteers: New York City, July 2002-August 2004. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 53, 812-815.
7. Chang, C. M., Lee, L. C., Connor, K. M., Davidson, J. R., Jeffries, K., & Lai, T. J. (2003). Posttraumatic distress and coping strategies among rescue workers after an earthquake. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 391-398.
8. Feldner, M. T., Babson, K. A., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2007). Smoking, traumatic event exposure, and posttraumatic stress: A critical review of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 14-45.
9. Fullerton, C. S., Gifford, R. K., Flynn, B. W., Peterson, K. M., Ahearn, F. L., Donaldson, L. P., & Ursano, R. J. (2009). Effects of the 2002 sniper attacks on the homeless population in Washington, DC. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 3, 163-167.
10. Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., Epstein, R. S., Crowley, B., Vance, K. L., Kao, T. C., & Baum, A. (2000). Peritraumatic dissociation following motor vehicle accidents: Relationship to prior trauma and prior major depression. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 188, 267-272.
11. Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Wang, L. (2004). Acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and depression in disaster or rescue workers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1370-1376.
12. Green, B. L. (1996). Psychometric review of Trauma History Questionnaire (Self-Report). In B. H. Stamm & E. M. Varra (Eds.), Measurement of stress, trauma and adaptation (pp. 366-368). Lutherville, MD: Sidran Press.
13. Grieger, T. A., Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Reeves, J. J. (2003). Acute stress disorder, alcohol use, and perception of safety among hospital staff after the sniper attacks. Psychiatric Services, 54, 1383-1387.
14. Grieger, T. A., Staab, J. P., Cardena, E., McCarroll, J. E., Brandt, G. T., Fullerton, C. S., & Ursano, R. J. (2000). Acute stress disorder and subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder in a group of exposed disaster workers. Depression and Anxiety, 11, 183-184.
15. Gross, R., Neria, Y., Tao, X. G., Massa, J., Ashwell, L., Davis, K., & Geyh, A. (2006). Posttraumatic stress disorder and other psychological sequelae among world trade center clean up and recovery workers. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071, 495-499.
16. Herbert, R., Moline, J., Skloot, G., Metzger, K., Baron, S., Luft, B., Levin, S. M. (2006). The World Trade Center disaster and the health of workers: Five-year assessment of a unique medical screening program. Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 1853-1858.
17. Johnson, S. B., Langlieb, A. M., Teret, S. P., Gross, R., Schwab, M., Massa, J., Geyh, A. S. (2005). Rethinking first response: Effects of the clean up and recovery effort on workers at the world trade center disaster site. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 47, 386-391.
18. Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., & Metzler, T. J. (1997). The Peritraumatic Dissociative Experiences Questionnaire. In J. P. Wilson & T. M. Keane (Eds.), Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD (pp. 412-428). New York, NY: Guilford.
19. Marmar, C. R., Weiss, D. S., Metzler, T. J., Ronfeldt, H. M., & Foreman, C. (1996). Stress responses of emergency services personnel to the Loma Prieta earthquake Interstate 880 freeway collapse and control traumatic incidents. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9, 63-85.
20. McCarroll, J. E., Fullerton, C. S., Ursano, R. J., & Hermsen, J. M. (1996). Posttraumatic stress symptoms following forensic dental identification: Mt. Carmel, Waco, Texas. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 778-782.
21. McFarlane, A. C. (1988). The longitudinal course of posttraumatic morbidity. The range of outcomes and their predictors. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 176, 30-39.
22. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2002). Protecting workers at the World Trade Center site: Response from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved August 29, 2010, from
23. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. (2004). Protecting emergency responders: Vol. 3, Safety management in disaster and terrorism response. Retrieved August 29, 2010, from
24. North, C. S., Tivis, L., McMillen, J. C., Pfefferbaum, B., Cox, J., Spitznagel, E. L., Smith, E. M. (2002). Coping, functioning, and adjustment of rescue workers after the Oklahoma City bombing. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(3), 171-175.
25. North, C. S., Tivis, L., McMillen, J. C., Pfefferbaum, B., Spitznagel, E. L., Cox, J., Smith, E. M. (2002). Psychiatric disorders in rescue workers after the Oklahoma City bombing. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 857-859.
26. Perrin, M. A., DiGrande, L., Wheeler, K., Thorpe, L., Farfel, M., & Brackbill, R. (2007). Differences in PTSD prevalence and associated risk factors among World Trade Center disaster rescue and recovery workers. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1385-1394.
27. Shalev, A., Bleich, A., & Ursano, R. J. (1990). Posttraumatic stress disorder: Somatic comorbidity and effort tolerance. Psychosomatics, 31, 197-203.
28. Shalev, A. Y., Peri, T., Canetti, L., & Schreiber, S. (1996). Predictors of PTSD in injured trauma survivors: A prospective study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 219-225.
29. Slusarcick, A. L., Ursano, R. J., Fullerton, C. S., & Dinneen, M. P. (1999). Life events in health care providers before and during Persian Gulf War deployment: The USNS Comfort. Military Medicine, 164, 675-682.
30. Staab, J. P., Grieger, T. A., Fullerton, C. S., & Ursano, R. J. (1996). Acute stress disorder, subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after a series of typhoons. Anxiety, 2, 219-225.
31. Stellman, J. M., Smith, R. P., Katz, C. L., Sharma, V., Charney, D. S., Herbert, R., Southwick, S. (2008). Enduring mental health morbidity and social function impairment in world trade center rescue, recovery, and cleanup workers: The psychological dimension of an environmental health disaster. Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 1248-1253.
32. Tak, S., Driscoll, R., Bernard, B., & West, C. (2007). Depressive symptoms among firefighters and related factors after the response to Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Urban Health, 84, 153-161.
33. Tapp, L. C., Baron, S., Bernard, B., Driscoll, R., Mueller, C., & Wallingford, K. (2005). Physical and mental health symptoms among NYC transit workers seven and one-half months after the WTC attacks. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 47, 475-483.
34. Ursano, R. J., Fullerton, C. S., Kao, T. C., & Bhartiya, V. R. (1995). Longitudinal assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression after exposure to traumatic death. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 183, 36-42.
35. Ursano, R. J., Fullerton, C. S., Weisaeth, L., & Raphael, B. (2007). Individual and community responses to disaster. In R. J. Ursano, C. S. Fullerton, L. Weisaeth, & B. Raphael (Eds.). Textbook of disaster psychiatry (pp. 311-325). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
36. Van Der Velden, P. G., Kleber, R. J., & Koenen, K. C. (2008). Smoking predicts posttraumatic stress symptoms among rescue workers: A prospective study of ambulance personnel involved in the Enschede Fireworks Disaster. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 94, 267-271.
37. Vlahov, D., Galea, S., Ahern, J., Resnick, H., & Kilpatrick, D. (2004). Sustained increased consumption of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana among Manhattan residents after September 11, 2001. American Journal of Public Health, 94, 253-254.
38. Ward, C. L., Lombard, C. J., & Gwebushe, N. (2006). Critical incident exposure in South African emergency services personnel: Prevalence and associated mental health issues. Emergency Medicine Journal, 23, 226-231.
39. Ware, J. E., Kosinski, M., Dewey, J. E., & Gandek, B. (2001). How to score and interpret single-item health status measures: A manual for users of the SF-8 Health Survey. Lincoln, RI: QualityMetric Incorporated.
40. Yeh, C. B., Leckman, J. F., Wan, F. J., Shiah, I. S., & Lu, R. B. (2002). Characteristics of acute stress symptoms and nitric oxide concentration in young rescue workers in Taiwan. Psychiatry Research, 112, 59-68.
41. Zung, W. W. (1965). A Self-Rating Depression Scale. Archives of General Psychiatry, 12, 63-70.