Underappreciated opportunities for low-density lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic residual risk

Atherosclerosis

Volumn 213, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 1-7

  Rosenson, R S ^a   Davidson, Michael H ^b   Pourfarzib, Ray ^c  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

^c LIPOSCIENCE INC   (United States)

Author keywords

Cardiovascular risk; Lipid lowering treatment; Low density lipoprotein subclasses; Metabolic syndrome; Type 2 diabetes

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; APOLIPOPROTEIN B; ATORVASTATIN; BILE ACID SEQUESTRANT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; COLESEVELAM; ESTROGEN; EZETIMIBE; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GEMFIBROZIL; GLITAZONE DERIVATIVE; HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL; LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN RECEPTOR; NICOTINIC ACID; OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID; PIOGLITAZONE; PRAVASTATIN; ROSIGLITAZONE; ROSUVASTATIN;

ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CHOLESTEROL BLOOD LEVEL; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG EFFECT; ESTROGEN THERAPY; EXERCISE; HUMAN; HYPERLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; LOW FAT DIET; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

CARDIOLOGY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; CHOLESTEROL, HDL; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL-COA REDUCTASE INHIBITORS; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPIDS; LIPOPROTEINS; LIPOPROTEINS, LDL; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; PROSPECTIVE STUDIES; RISK;

EID: 77958485863     PISSN: 00219150     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.03.038     Document Type: Review

References (42)

1. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists C Efficacy of cholesterol-lowering therapy in 18,686 people with diabetes in 14 randomised trials of statins: a meta-analysis. Lancet 2008, 371:117-125.
2. Fruchart J.C., Sacks F.M., Hermans M.P., et al. (R3I) AcppbtRRRI. The Residual Risk Reduction Initiative: a call to action to reduce residual vascular risk in dyslipidaemic patients. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2008, 5:319-335.
3. Garvey W.T., Kwon S., Zheng D., et al. Effects of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes on lipoprotein subclass particle size and concentration determined by nuclear magnetic resonance. Diabetes 2003, 52:453-462.
4. Festa A., Williams K., Hanley A.J., et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance lipoprotein abnormalities in prediabetic subjects in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Circulation 2005, 111:3465-3472.
5. Reaven G. All obese individuals are not created equal: insulin resistance is the major determinant of cardiovascular disease in overweight/obese individuals. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2005, 2:105-112.
6. Grundy S.M., Cleeman J.I., Merz C.N., et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004, 110:227-239.
7. Jeyarajah E.J., Cromwell W.C., Otvos J.D. Lipoprotein particle analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Clin Lab Med 2006, 26:847-870.
8. Ip S., Lichtenstein A.H., Chung M., Lau J., Balk E.M. Systematic review: association of low-density lipoprotein subfractions with cardiovascular outcomes. Ann Intern Med 2009, 150:474-484.
9. Hodge A.M., Jenkins A.J., English Dr, O'Dea K., Giles G.G. NMR-determined lipoprotein subclass profile predicts type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009, 83:132-139.
10. Kathiresan S., Otvos J.D., Sullivan L.M., et al. Increased small low-density lipoprotein particle number: a prominent feature of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2006, 113:20-29.
11. Blake G.J., Otvos J.D., Rifai N., Ridker P.M. Low-density lipoprotein particle concentration and size as determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as predictors of cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation 2002, 106:1930-1937.
12. Cromwell W.C., Otvos J.D., Keyes M.J., et al. LDL particle number and risk of future cardiovascular disease in the Framingham offspring study-implications for LDL management. J Clin Lipidol 2007, 1:583-592.
13. Mora S., Szklo M., Otvos J.D., et al. LDL particle subclasses, LDL particle size, and carotid atherosclerosis in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Atherosclerosis 2007, 192:211-217.
14. Otvos J.D., Shalaurova I., Freedman D.S., Rosenson R.S. Effects of pravastatin treatment on lipoprotein subclass profiles and particle size in the PLAC-I trial. Atherosclerosis 2002, 160:41-48.
15. Sniderman A.D. Differential response of cholesterol and particle measures of atherogenic lipoproteins to LDL-lowering therapy: implications for clinical practice. J Clin Lipidol 2008, 2:36-42.
16. Rosenson R.S., Otvos J.D., Freedman D.S. Relations of lipoprotein subclass levels and low-density lipoprotein size to progression of coronary artery disease in the pravastatin limitation of atherosclerosis in the coronary arteries (PLAC-I) trial. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90:89-94.
17. Rosenson R.S., Otvos J.D., Hsia J. Effects of rosuvastatin and atorvastatin on low-density and high-density lipoprotein particle concentrations in patients with metabolic syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, controlled study. Diabetes Care 2009, 32:1087-1091.
18. Hsia J., Otvos J.D., Rossouw J.E., et al. for the Women's Health Initiative Research G. Lipoprotein particle concentrations may explain the absence of coronary protection in the women's health initiative hormone trials. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008, 28:1666-1671.
19. Krauss R.M. Atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype and diet-gene interactions. Symposium: Nutritional and Metabolic Diversity: Understanding the basis of biologic variance in the obesity/diabetes/cardiovascular disease connection. American Society for Nutritional Science 2001, 131:340S-343S.
20. Otvos J.D., Collins D., Freedman D.S., et al. Low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein particle subclasses predict coronary events and are favorably changed by gemfibrozil therapy in the Veterans Affairs High-Density Lipoprotein Intervention Trial. Circulation 2006, 113:1556-1563.
21. Rosenson R.S., Wolff D.A., Huskin A.L., Helenowski I.B., Rademaker A.W. Fenofibrate therapy ameliorates fasting and postprandial lipoproteinemia, oxidative stress, and the inflammatory response in subjects with hypertriglyceridemia and the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care 2007, 30:1945-1951.
22. McKenney J.M., Jones P.H., Bays H.E., et al. Comparative effects on lipid levels of combination therapy with a statin and extended-release niacin or ezetimbe versus a statin alone (the COMPELL study). Atherosclerosis 2007, 192:432-437.
23. Goldberg R.B., Kendall D.M., Deeg M.A., et al. for the GSI. A comparison of lipid and glycemic effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Diabetes Care 2005, 28:1547-1554.
24. Rosenson R.S. Colesevelam HCl reduces LDL particle number and increases LDL size in hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2006, 185:327-330.
25. Rosenson R.S., Abby S.L., Jones M.R. Colesevelam HCl effects on atherogenic lipoprotein subclasses in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis 2009, 204:342-344.
26. Robins S.J., Collins D., Wittes J.T., et al. Relation of gemfibrozil treatment and lipid levels with major coronary events: VA-HIT: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001, 285:1585-1591.
27. Dormandy J.A., Charbonnel B., Eckland D.J.A., et al. Secondary prevention of macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes in the PROactive study (PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005, 366:1279-1289.
28. Mazzone T., Meyer P.M., Feinstein S.B., et al. Effect of pioglitazone compared with glimepiride on carotid intima-media thickness in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial. JAMA 2006, 296:2572-2581.
29. Nissen S.E., Nicholls S.J., Wolski K., et al. Comparison of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with type 2 diabetes: the periscope randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008, 299:1561-1573.
30. Davidson M., Meyer P.M., Haffner S., et al. Increased high-density lipoprotien cholesterol predicts the pioglitazone-mediated reduction of carotid intimamedia thickness progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation 2008, 117:2123-2130.
31. Otvos J.D., Jeyarajah E.J., Cromwell W.C. Measurement issues related to lipoprotein heterogeneity. Am J Cardiol 2002, 90(8A):22i-29i.
32. Brunzell J.D., Davidson M., Furberg C.D., et al. Lipoprotein management in patients with cardiometabolic risk: consensus statement from the American Diabetes Association and the American College of Cardiology foundation. Diabetes Care 2008, 31:811-822. (published concurrently in J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;51:1512-24).
33. Contois J.H., McConnell J.P., Sethi A.A., et al. Apolipoprotein B and cardiovascular disease risk: position statement from the AACC lipoproteins and vascular diseases division working group on best practices. Clin Chem 2009, 55:407-419.
34. Sniderman A.D., Furberg C.D., Keech A., et al. Apolipoproteins versus lipids as indices of coronary risk and as targets for statin treatment. Lancet 2003, 361:777-780.
35. Barter P.J., Ballantyne C.M., Carmena R., et al. Apo B versus cholesterol in estimating cardiovascular risk and in guiding therapy: report of the thirty-person/ten-country panel. J Intern Med 2006, 259:247-258.
36. LaRosa J.C., Grundy S.M., Waters D.D., et al. the Treating to New Targets I. Intensive lipid lowering with atorvastatin in patients with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2005, 352:1425-1435.
37. Shepherd J., Barter P., Carmena R., et al. for the Treating to New Targets I. Effect of lowering LDL cholesterol substantially below currently recommended levels in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Diabetes Care 2006, 29:1220-1226.
38. Galeano N.F., Milne R., Marcel Y.L., et al. Apoprotein B structure and receptor recognition of triglyceride-rich low density lipoprotein (LDL) is modified in small LDL but not in triglyceride-rich LDL of normal size. J Biol Chem 1994, 269:511-519.
39. Kuller L., Arnold A., Tracy R., et al. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of lipoproteins and risk of coronary heart disease in the cardiovascular health study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002, 22:1175-1180.
40. Soedamah-Muthu S., Chang Y., Otvos J., Evans R., Orchard T. Lipoprotein subclass measurements by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy improve the prediction of coronary artery disease in type 1 diabetes. A prospective report from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetologia 2003, 46:674-682.
41. El Harchaoui K., van der Steeg W.A., Stroes E.S.G., et al. Value of low-density lipoprotein particle number and size as predictors of coronary artery disease in apparently healthy men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 49:547-553.
42. Mora S., Otvos J.D., Rifai N., et al. Lipoprotein particle profiles by nuclear magnetic resonance compared with standard lipids and apolipoproteins in predicting incident cardiovascular disease in women. Circulation 2009, 119:931-939.