Ngo structural adaptation to funding requirements and prospects for democracy: The case of the European Union

Global Society

Volumn 24, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 507-527

  Salgado, Rosa Sanchez ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DEMOCRACY; EUROPEAN UNION; NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION; PARTICIPATORY APPROACH; POLICY MAKING; VOLUNTARY APPROACH;

EUROPE;

EID: 77958481194     PISSN: 13600826     EISSN: 1469798X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13600826.2010.508986     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Voluntary organisations are seen as an expression of voluntary action, understood as voluntary adhesion, voluntary work or "public interest" objectives. The terms voluntary organisation and NGO will be used as synonymous in this article. For operational definitions of voluntary organisations see J. Kendall and J. Knapp, The Voluntary Sector in the UK (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996)
2. Lester Salamon and Helmut K. Anheier, Defining the Nonprofit Sector. A Cross-national Analysis (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997).
3. Jean-Louis Laville, Alain Caillé and Philippe Chanial et al., Association, démocratie et société civile (Paris: La Decouverte, 2001).
4. Kerstin Martens, NGOs and the United Nations (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2005).
5. Robert Putnam, "Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital", Journal of Democracy, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1995), pp. 65-78.
6. Joshua Cohen and Joel Rogers, Associations and Democracy (London: Verso, 1995).
7. Jurgen Habermas, The Postnational Constellation: Political Essays (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001).
8. On the impact of social movements on international norms see Sanjeev Khagram, James V. Riker and Kathryn Sikkink, Restructuring World Politics: Transnational Social Movements, Networks and Norms (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2002)
9. Service delivery implies that voluntary organisations provide some kind of material or immaterial good to the public. Wolf Eberwein and Sabine Saurugger, "Professionalization and Participation: NGOs and Global Participatory Democracy? A Research Agenda", Paper presented at the IPSA Biannual Congress, Santiago, July 2009.
10. Ralph M. Kramer, Voluntary Agencies in the Welfare State (London: University of California Press, 1997), p. 334.
11. This argument obviously implies a broader conception of civil society/voluntary organisations than the restrictive one which considers only those groups promoting democracy.
12. Ariel C. Armony, The Dubious Link: Civic Engagement and Democratization (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004)
13. Sigrid Rossteutscher, Democracy and the Role of Associations (London: Routledge, 2005).
14. Victor A. Pestoff, A Democratic Architecture for the Welfare State (London: Routledge, 2009), p. 24.
15. Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Allen & Unwin).
16. Pestoff, op. cit., p. 203.
17. Paolo Graziano and Maarten P. Vink, Europeanization: New Research Agenda (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2007)
18. Bruno Palier and Yves Surel et al. (ed.), L'Europe en action: l'européanisation dans une perspective comparée (Paris: L'Harmattan, 2007).
19. Justin Greenwood, Interest Representation in the European Union (London: Macmillan, 2003)
20. Laura Cram, Policy-making in the EU: Conceptual Lenses and the Integration Process (London: Routledge, 1997)
21. Brian Harvey, "Lobbying in Europe: The Experience of Voluntary Organizations", in Sonia Mazey and Jeremy Richardson (eds.), Lobbying in the European Community (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 188-200
22. Doug Imig and Sidney Tarrow, "The Europeanization of Movements? A New Approach to Transnational Contention", in Donatella Della Porta, Kriesi Hanspeter and Dieter Rucht (eds.), Social Movements in a Globalising World (London: Macmillan, 1999), pp. 113-133.
23. T.A. Borzel, States and Regions in the European Union: Institutional Adaptation in Germany and Spain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
24. On the United Kingdom see Margaret Harris and Collin Rochester, Voluntary Organisations and Social Policy in Britain (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2001)
25. on the United States see Steven Rathgeb Smith and Michael Lipsky, Nonprofits for Hire: The Welfare State in the Age of Contracting (London: Harvard University Press, 1993)
26. on France see Erwan Queinnec and Jacques Ingalens, Les Organisations non gouvernementales et le management (Paris: Vuibert, 2004).
27. Eberwein and Saurugger, op. cit.
28. Jean Freyss, "La Solidarité internationale, une profession?", Revue tiers monde, No. 180 (2004), pp. 735-772.
29. Sabine Saurugger, "The Professionalisation of Interest Representation: A Legitimacy Problem for Civil Society in the EU?", in Stijn Smismans (ed.), Civil Society and Legitimate European Governance (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2006).
30. Emiliano Grossman and Sabine Saurugger, "Les Groupes d'intérêt au secours de la démocratie?",Revue française de science politique, Vol. 56, No. 2 (2006), pp. 299-321.
31. Sabine Saurugger, "The Professionalisation of Interest Representation: A Legitimacy Problem for Civil Society in the EU?", in Stijn Smismans (ed.), Civil Society and Legitimate European Governance (Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 2006)
32. Council of Ministers of the EU, ";Council Regulation No. 1257/96 of 20 June 1996 concerning humanitarian Aid", Official Journal, No. L 163 (1996).
33. Empirical data have been collected within the framework of two different projects: a PhD dissertation carried out from 2001 to 2006 and a European civil society mapping study carried out for Notre Europe in 2006.
34. Laura Cram, Policy-making in the EU: Conceptual Lenses and the Integration Process (London: Routledge, 1997)
35. The legal action was launched by the United Kingdom, Germany, Denmark and the Council of Ministers. See Judgment of the Court C-106/96, 12 May 1998.
36. This expression has been taken from Sommer: ";As Stone once put it, the voluntary agency role was to place a corn plaster on an amputation", John G. Sommer, Beyond Charity: US Voluntary Aid for Changing Third World (Washington, DC: Overseas Development Council, 1997), p. 98.
37. Frank Deppe, Michael Felder and Stefan Tidow, ";Structuring the State-The Case of European Employment Policy", in Beate Kohler-Koch (ed.), Linking EU and National Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 175-201.
38. Andy Smith, L'Europe politique au miroir du local. Les Fonds structurels et les zones rurales en France, en Espagne et au Royaume Uni (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1995).
39. Rosa Sanchez Salgado, "Les Effets des programmes européens sur les associations du secteur social: Une influence á des niveaux multiples", Pôle sud, revue de science politique de l'europe méridionale, No. 31 (2009), pp. 41-56.
40. For further details on the European Commission see New Funds, Better Rules: Overview of New Financial Rules and Funding Opportunities 2007-2013 (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008).
41. Commission coopération développement, Argent et organisations de solidarité internationale 2000- 2001 (2003), available:,http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/IMG/pdf/2001_2000.pdf.
42. CONGDE, Informe de la Coordinadora de ONG para el desarrollo- España sobre el sector de las ONG (2009), available:,http://informe2008.coordinadoraongd.org/uploads/Informe2008.pdf.
43. Paolo Attanasio, "Communauté européenne", in Ian Smillie and Henny Helmich, Organisations non gouvernementales et gouvernements: une association pour le développement (Paris: OCDE, 1993), pp. 319-338.
44. The original is in French: "répugnent a' permettre aux associations et fondations d'avoir acce's aux programmes de financement européen spécifiques dans lesquels ils ont un pouvoir de décision", in La Promotion du rôle des associations et fondations en Europe, COM (1997) 241 Final (Brussels: European Commission, 1997), p. 13.
45. Rosa Sanchez Salgado, "European Money at Work: Contracting a European Dimension", Cahiers européens, No. 26 (2008), p. 10.
46. Smith and Lipsky, op. cit.
47. Each specific voluntary organisation makes different choices, and it is beyond the scope of this paper to provide a detailed explanation of the factors affecting such choices. Max Weber, Le Savant et le politique (Paris: La Découverte, 2003).
48. Freyss, op. cit., p. 739.
49. We contacted several French social voluntary organisations by phone or e-mail and they were not willing to give us basic information about the total amount of their budget and their sources of income.
50. More details are available in Rosa Sanchez Salgado, Comment l'Europe construit la société civile (Paris: Dalloz, 2007).
51. VOICE (2004) Partners in Humanitarian Aid. The FPA Consultation as a Model of EC Partnership with NGOs, Briefing paper, available: http://60gp.ovh.net/~ngovoice/documents/VOICE_FPA_Briefing_ December_2004.pdf.
52. Svein Andersen, The Mosaic of Europeanization: An Organizational Perspective on National Re-contextualization, Working Paper No. 4/11 (Oslo: Arena, 2004).
53. More details are available in Sanchez Salgado, Comment l'Europe construit la société civile, op. cit.
54. Jochen Lang, "Policy Implementation in a Multi-level System: The Dynamics of Domestic Response", in Kohler-Koch, op. cit., pp. 154-174.
55. For norms in Spain see,http://www.juntaex.es/consejerias/admin-publica-hacienda/dgfinanciacion-autonomica-fondos-europeos/fondos-europeos/common/Normas_Subvencionabilidad. pdf.
56. More information on this model is available at:,http://ww1.efqm.org/en/Home/aboutEFQM/Ourmodels/TheEFQMExcellenceModel/tabid/170/Default.aspx.
57. Pierre Lascoumes and Patrick Le Galès, "L'Action publique saisie par les instruments", in Pierre Lascoumes and Patrick Le Gale's (eds.), Gouverner par les instruments (Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 2004), pp. 11-44.
58. Interview with an ESF global grant project manager in Ile de France, 2009. The original is in French: "Des re'gles de gestion tre's saines mais tellement lourdes que les effets positifs peuvent être perdus a' cause du travail nécessaire."
59. The original is in Spanish: "La paradoja es que la mejor manera de no ser transparente en una organización muy grande, es siendo transparente. Por la propia complejidad, con la cantidad de cosas que tiene. Por ejemplo-¿tienes tal o cual listado?,-si, aquí tienes el listado de 500 páginas". Available:,http://www.fundacionluisvives.org/upload/05/90/Cuaderno_TS_V_bj2a.pdf., p. 68.
60. Freyss, op. cit.
61. François Vedelago, Patrick Valéau and Erwan Queinnec, "Les Conflits des valeurs au sein des ONG et des organisations de solidarité: portée et signification pour le management", in Queinnec and Ingalens, op. cit.
62. Pestoff, op. cit.
63. Freyss, op. cit.
64. Vedelago et al., op. cit.
65. Freyss, op. cit.
66. Malena Marraine, "Les ONG et la modernité. Un demisiècle, et après?", Rouge (1996)
67. Christian Castellanet, "Cycle des projets, cadre logique et efficacité des interventions de développement", Traverses, No. 13 (2003) available http://www.groupinitiatives.org/IMF/pdf/traverse_13.pdf.
68. Marraine, op. cit.
69. Castellanet, op. cit.
70. Pestoff, op. cit.