Perceived involvement of "organised crime" in human trafficking and smuggling

Revue Internationale de Droit Penal

Volumn 81, Issue 1, 2010, Pages 247-273

  Vermeulen, G ^a   Van Damme, Y ^a   De Bondt, W ^a  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77958192414     PISSN: 02235404     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3917/ridp.811.0247     Document Type: Review

References (62)

1. IRCP is based within the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, directed respectively by Prof. Dr. Gert Vermeulen, Ghent University (Belgium).
2. The full report of the study was published as Vermeulen G., Van Damme Y., De Bondt W., "Organised crime involvement in trafficking in persons and smuggling in migrants", Maklu, Antwerpen-Apeldoorn-Portland, 2010, 112.
3. Bruckert, C. (2002), Trafficking In Human Beings and Organised Crime, A Literature Review, Ottawa, Royal Canadian Mounted Police;
4. Kangaspunta, K. (2003), "Mapping the Inhuman Trade, Preliminary Findings of the Database on Human Trafficking", Forum on Crime and Society, vol. 3, Nos. 1 and 2, December 2003;
5. Go dziak , E. and Bump, M. (2008), Data and Research on Human Trafficking: Bibliography of Research-Based Literature, Institute for the Study of International Migration, Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, prepared for The National Institute of Justice;
6. Goodey, J. (2008), "Human Trafficking: Sketchy data and policy responses", Criminology and Criminal Justice, 8: 421-442.
7. Heckmann F. (2004), "Illegal Migration: What Can We Know and What Can We Explain? The Case of Germany", International Migration Review, vol. 38 no 3, 1103-1125.
8. Go dziak , E. and Bump, M. (2008), Data and Research on Human Trafficking: Bibliography of Research-Based Literature, Institute for the Study of International Migration, Walsh School of Foreign Service, Georgetown University, prepared for The National Institute of Justice.
9. Bruckert, C. (2002), Trafficking In Human Beings and Organised Crime, A Literature Review, Ottawa, Royal Canadian Mounted Police;
10. Laczko, F. (2002), "Human trafficking: the need for better data", Migration Information Source, Data Insights, Washington D.C., Migration Policy Institute;
11. Kaizen, J. and Nonnema W. (2007), "Irregular Migration in Belgium and Organised Crime: An overview", International Migration, vol. 45, no 2, 121-146;
12. Goodey, J. (2008), "Human Trafficking: Sketchy data and policy responses", Criminology and Criminal Justice, 8: 421-442.
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15. Godziak, E. and Collett, E. (2005), "Research on human trafficking in North America: A review of literature", International Migration 43(1, 2): 99-128;
16. Jandl, M., Vogel, D. and Iglika K. (2008): "Report on methodological issues", Research Paper, CLANDESTINO Undocumented Migration: Counting the Uncountable, November 2008, available at: http:, , clandestino.eliamep.gr, ;
17. Schloenhardt, A. (2008), Trafficking in Persons in Australia, Myths and Realities, Paper presented at The University of Queensland Brisbane (Qld), September 22, 2008.
18. Bevers, J. A. C. (2001 ), "The Emerging System of International Criminal Law. Developments in Codification and Implementation." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 2001, 9 (2), p 159-165;
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20. Calderoni, F. (2008), "A Definition that Could not Work: the EU framework Decision on the Fight against Organised Crime." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 2008, p 265-282.
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22. Killias, M. and Rau, W. (2000), "The European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics: A New Tool in Assessing Crime and Policy Issues in Comparative and Emperical Perspective." European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 2000, 8, p 3-12;
23. Aebi, M., Killias, M. and Tavares, C. (2002), "Comparing Crime Rates: the International Crime (Victim) Survey, the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics and Interpol Statistics." International Journal of Comparative Criminology 2002, 2 (1), p 22-37;
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25. Rubin, M. M., Culp, R., Mameli, P. and Walker, M. (2008), "Using Cross-National Studies to Illuminate the Crime Problem: One Less Data Source Left Standing." Journal of Contempory Criminal Justice 2008, 24, p 50-68;
26. Vermeulen, G. and Paterson, N. (2010), The MONTRASEC demo. A bench-mark for member state and EU automated data collection and reporting on trafficking in human beings and sexual exploitation of children, Antwerp-Apeldoorn-Portland, Maklu, p 156.
27. Aebi, M., Killias, M. and Tavares, C. (2002), "Comparing Crime Rates: the International Crime (Victim) Survey, the European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics and Interpol Statistics." International Journal of Comparative Criminology 2002, 2 (1), p 22;
28. Mennens, A., De Wever, W., Dalamanga, A., Kalamara, A., Kaslauskaite, G., Vermeulen, G. and De Bondt, W. (2009), Developing an EU level offence classification system: EU study to implement the Action Plan to measure crime and criminal justice, Antwerp-Apeldoorn-Portland, Maklu, p 214;
29. Robert, P. (2009), Comparing Crime Data in Europe. Official crime statistics and survey based data, Brussels, VUB Press, p 146.
30. I̧duygu, A. and Toktas, S. (2002), "How do Smuggling and Trafficking Operate via Irregular Border Crossings in the Middle East? Evidence from Fieldwork in Turkey", International Migration, Vol. 40, Issue 6: 25-54;
31. Heckmann F. (2004), "Illegal Migration: What Can We Know and What Can We Explain? The Case of Germany", International Migration Review, vol. 38 no 3, 1103-1125.
32. See for example UNODC (2002), Result of a Pilot Survey of Forty Selected Organised Criminal Groups in Sixteen Countries, Vienna, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
33. Chin K-L. and Zhang, S. (2004), "Characteristics of Chinese Human Smugglers", NiJ Research in Brief August 2004, Washington DC, U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs;
34. ILO-IPEC (2005). Child trafficking-the people involved: A synthesis of findings from Albania, Moldova, Romania and Ukraine. Geneva: ILO-IPEC;
35. Monzini, P. (2001) "Trafficking in Women and Girls and the Involvement of Organised Crime, with Reference to the Situation in Central and Eastern Europe.", International Review of Victimology, Vol. 11, No.1, 73-88;
36. Surtees, R. (2008), "Traffickers and Trafficking in Southern and Eastern Europe: Considering the Other Side of Human Trafficking", European Journal of Criminology 2008; 5; 39-68;
37. Surtees, R. (2008), "Traffickers and Trafficking in Southern and Eastern Europe: Considering the Other Side of Human Trafficking", European Journal of Criminology 2008; 5; p 47.
38. See also Sokullu-Akinci, F. (n.d.), Organised Crime and Trafficking in Human Beings in Turkey, Istanbul, Istanbul University, Faculty of Law.
39. See also Martens, J. (n.d.), Assistance to victims of trafficking as an effective means of combating organised crime, South Africa, International Organization for Migration;
40. Europol (2009), European Organised Crime Threat Assessment 2009 (OCTA), Den Haag, Europol.
41. International Centre for Migration Policy Development (1999), The Relationship between Organised Crime and Trafficking in Aliens, Vienna, International Centre for Migration Policy Development.
42. Stoecker, S. and Shelley, L. (2005), Human Traffic and Transnational Crime: Eurasian and American Perspectives, Lanham, Rowman& Littlefield Publishers;
43. UNODC (2002), Result of a Pilot Survey of Forty Selected Organised Criminal Groups in Sixteen Countries, Vienna, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
44. See also V̈yrynen, R. (2003), Illegal Immigration, Human Trafficking, and Organised Crime, Helsinki, United Nations University-World Institute for Development Economics Research, Discussion Paper No. 2003, 72;
45. Surtees, R. (2008), "Traffickers and Trafficking in Southern and Eastern Europe: Considering the Other Side of Human Trafficking", European Journal of Criminology 2008; 5; 39-68.
46. See for example Bales, K. and Lize, S. (2005). Trafficking in Persons in the United States, Croft Institute for International Studies, University of Mississippi.
47. See for example the case reports provided on the website of the Human Trafficking Working Group of the University of Queensland TC Beirne School of Law. This project provides a comprehensive analysis of the phenomenon of trafficking in persons, especially women and children, and their exploitation in the sex industry and other forms of forced labour in Australia. It identifies and analyses reported and suspected cases of human trafficking and sexual exploitation of foreign workers, see http:, , www.law. uq.edu.au, documents, humantraffic, case-reports
48. See for example International Labour Organisation (2008), Investigating Forced Labour and Trafficking: Do they exist in Zambia? Geneva, International Labour Organisation;
49. Kalayaan (2008), The New Bonded Labour? The impact of proposed changes to the UK immigration system on migrant domestic workers;
50. tntegrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN) (2003), A Gap in Their Hearts: the Experience of Separated Somali Children, UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, Nairobi, IRIN.
51. See also Bales, K. and Lize, S. (2005). Trafficking in Persons in the United States, Croft Institute for International Studies, University of Mississippi.
52. See for example on so-called "pateros", better known as "coyotes": Spener, D. (2001), "Smuggling Migrants through South-Texas: Challenges Posed by Operation Rio Grande", in Koslowski, R. and Kyle, D. (eds.), Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives, Baltimore, John Hopkins University Press.
53. See also Bales, K. and Lize, S. (2005). Trafficking in Persons in the United States, Croft Institute for International Studies, University of Mississippi;
54. International Labour Organisation (2008), Investigating Forced Labour and Trafficking: Do they exist in Zambia? Geneva, International Labour Organisation;
55. Surtees, R. (2008), "Traffickers and Trafficking in Southern and Eastern Europe: Considering the Other Side of Human Trafficking", European Journal of Criminology 2008; 5; 39-68.
56. Surtees, R. (2005), Second annual report on victims of trafficking in South-Eastern Europe, Geneva, International Organization for Migration and the Regional Clearing Point.
57. See for example Goodey, J. (2008), "Human Trafficking: Sketchy data and policy responses", Criminology and Criminal Justice, 8: 421-442;
58. Noten, T. and van den Borne, A. (2004), Trafficking in children for sexual purposes Update Country report, The Netherlands, http:, , www.ecpat.nl, images, 13, 383.pdf
59. Herman E. (2006), "Migration as a family business: the role of personal networks in the mobility phase of migration", International Migration vol.44 no4;
60. Van Wijk, J. (2008),"Luanda-Holanda: Irregular Migration from Angola to the Netherlands", International Migration-journal compilation.
61. Europol (2009), European Organised Crime Threat Assessment 2009 (OCTA), Den Haag, Europol.
62. Vermeulen, G. (2007) EU Quality standards in support of the fight against trafficking in human beings and sexual exploitation of children, Antwerp, Maklu.