Rectal cancer radiotherapy: Towards European Consensus

Acta Oncologica

Volumn 49, Issue 8, 2010, Pages 1206-1216

  Valentini, Vincenzo ^a   Glimelius, Bengt ^b,c  

^a FONDAZIONE POLICLINICO UNIVERSITARIO A GEMELLI IRCCS   (Italy)

^b UPPSALA UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

^c KAROLINSKA INSTITUTE   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BEVACIZUMAB; CAPECITABINE; CETUXIMAB; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; FLUORODEOXYGLUCOSE F 18; FLUOROURACIL; OXALIPLATIN;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANUS SPHINCTER; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER DIAGNOSIS; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURGERY; CELL DIVISION; COMPUTER ASSISTED EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CONSENSUS DEVELOPMENT; EXTERNAL BEAM RADIOTHERAPY; HUMAN; INTRAOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; OVERALL SURVIVAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUALITY OF LIFE; RADIATION DOSE; RECTUM CANCER; TRANSRECTAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY;

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS; CHEMOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; CONSENSUS; DELPHI TECHNIQUE; EUROPE; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; EXPERT TESTIMONY; HUMANS; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MOLECULAR TARGETED THERAPY; NEOADJUVANT THERAPY; NEOPLASM STAGING; POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; QUALITY ASSURANCE, HEALTH CARE; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUESTIONNAIRES; RADIOTHERAPY; RADIOTHERAPY, ADJUVANT; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RECTAL NEOPLASMS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED;

EID: 77958188437     PISSN: 0284186X     EISSN: 1651226X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3109/0284186X.2010.506884     Document Type: Article

References (84)

1. Valentini V, Beets-Tan R, Borras JM, Krivokapić Z, Leer JW, Pahlman L, et al. Evidence and research in rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol 2008;87:449-74.
2. Valentini V, Aristei C, Glimelius B, Minsky BD, Beets-Tan R, Borras JM, et al. Multidisciplinary Rectal Cancer Management: 2nd European Rectal Cancer Consensus Conference (EURECA-CC2). Radiother Oncol 2009;92:148-63.
3. Valentini V, Glimelius B, Minsky BD, Van Cutsem E, Bartelink H, Beets-Tan RG, et al. The multidisciplinary rectal cancer treatment: Main convergences, controversial aspects and investigational areas which support the need for an European Consensus. Radiother Oncol 2005;76:241-50.
4. Rowe G, Wright G. The Delphi technique as a forecasting tool: Issues and analysis. Int J Forecast 1999;4:353-75.
5. Bipat S, Glas AS, Slors FJ, Zwinderman AH, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J. Rectal cancer: Local staging and assessment of lymph node involvement with endoluminal US, CT, and MR imaging: A meta-analysis. Radiology 2004;232:773-83.
6. Marusch F, Koch A, Schmidt U, Zippel R, Kuhn R, Wolff S, et al. Routine use of transrectal ultrasound in rectal carcinoma: Results of a prospective multicenter study. Endoscopy 2002;34:385-90.
7. Ptok H, Marusch F, Meyer F, Wendling P, Wenisch HJ, Sendt W, et al. Feasibility and accuracy of TRUS in the pretreatment staging for rectal carcinoma in general practice. Eur J Surg Oncol 2006;32:420-5.
8. Nesbakken A, Løvig T, Lunde OC, Nygaard K. Staging of rectal carcinoma with transrectal ultrasonography. Scand J Surg 2003;92:125-9.
9. Schnall MD, Furth EE, Rosato EF, Kressel HY. Rectal tumor stage: Correlation of endorectal MR imaging and pathologic findings. Radiology 1994;190:709-14.
10. Kim CK, Kim SH, Choi D, Kim MJ, Chun HK, Lee SJ, et al. Comparison between 3-T magnetic resonance imaging and multi-detector row computed tomography for the preoperative evaluation of rectal cancer. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2007;31:853-9.
11. Brown G, Richards CJ, Newcombe RG, Dallimore NS, Radcliffe AG, Carey DP, et al. Rectal carcinoma: Thinsection MR imaging for staging in 28 patients. Radiology 1999;211:215-22.
12. Vliegen R, Dresen R, Beets G, Daniels-Gooszen A, Kessels A, van Engelshoven J, et al. The accuracy of Multi-detector row CT for the assessment of tumor invasion of the mesorectal fascia in primary rectal cancer. Abdom Imaging 2008;33:604-10.
13. Kulinna C, Scheidler J, Strauss T, Bonel H, Herrmann K, Aust D, et al. Local staging of rectal cancer: Assessment with double-contrast multislice computed tomography and transrectal ultrasound. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2004;28:123-30.
14. Wolberink SV, Beets-Tan RG, de Haas-Kock DF, Span MM, van de Jagt EJ, van de Velde CJ, et al. Conventional CT for the prediction of an involved circumferential resection margin in primary rectal cancer. Dig Dis 2007;25:80-5.
15. MERCURY Study group. Extramural depth of tumor invasion at thin-section MR in patients with rectal cancer: Results of the MERCURY Study. Radiology 2007;243:132-9.
16. Lahaye MJ, Engelen SM, Nelemans PJ, Beets GL, van de Velde CJ, van Engelshoven JM, et al. Imaging for predicting the risk factors-the circumferential resection margin and nodal disease-of local recurrence in rectal cancer: A metaanalysis. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2005;26:259-68.
17. Gearhart SL, Frassica D, Rosen, Choti M, Schulick R, Wahl R. Improved staging with pretreatment positron emission tomography/computed. Ann Surg Oncol 2006;13:397-404.
18. Vliegen RF, Beets-Tan RG, Vanhauten B, Driessen A, Oellers M, Kessels AG, et al. Can an FDG-PET/CT predict tumor clearance of the mesorectal fascia after preoperative chemoradiation of locally advanced rectal cancer? Strahlenther Onkol 2008;184:457-64.
19. Smith N, Brown G. Preoperative staging of rectal cancer. Acta Oncol 2008;47:20-31.
20. Pomerri F, Maretto I, Pucciarelli S, Rugge M, Burzi S, Zandona M, et al. Prediction of rectal lymph node metastasis by pelvic computed tomography. Eur J Surg Oncol 2009;35:168-73.
21. Koh DM, Chau I, Tait D, Wotherspoon A, Cunningham D, Brown G. Evaluating mesorectal lymph nodes in rectal cancer before and after neoadjuvant chemoradiation using thin-section T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;71:456-61.
22. Barbaro B, Fiorucci C, Tebala C, Valentini V, Gambacorta MA, Vecchio FM, et al. Locally advanced rectal cancer: MR imaging in prediction of response after preoperative chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Radiology 2009;250:730-9.
23. Calvo FA, Domper M, Matute R, Martinez-Lazaro R, Arranz JA, Desco M, et al. 18F-FDG positron emission tomography staging and restaging in rectal cancer treated with preoperative chemoradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004;58:528-35.
24. Stamos MJ, Murrell Z. Management of early rectal T1 and T2 cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13:6885-9.
25. Baatrup G, Endreseth BH, Isaksen V, Kjellmo A, Tveit KM, Nesbakken A. Preoperative staging and treatment options in T1 rectal adenocarcinoma. Acta Oncol 2009;48:328-42.
26. Doornebosch PG, Tollenaar RA, De Graaf EJ. Is the increasing role of Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery in curation for T1 rectal cancer justified? A systematic review. Acta Oncol 2009;48:343-53.
27. Willett, CG. Sphincter preservation in rectal cancer. Local excision followed by postoperative radiation therapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 1998;8:24-9.
28. Wagman RT, Minsky BD. Conservative management of rectal cancer with local excision and adjuvant therapy. Oncology (Huntingt) 2001;15:513-9.
29. Gerard JP, Ortholan C, Benezery K, Ginot A, Hannoun-Levi JM, Chamorey E, et al. Contact x-ray therapy for rectal cancer: Experience in Centre Antoine-Lacassagne, Nice, 2002-2006. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;72:665-70.
30. Sebag-Montefiore D, Stephens RJ, Steele R, Monson J, Grieve R, Khanna S, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy versus selective postoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer (MRC CR07 and NCIC-CTG C016): A multicentre, randomised trial. Lancet 2009;373:811-20.
31. Peeters KC, Marijnen CA, Nagtegaal ID, Kranenbarg EK, Putter H, Wiggers T, et al. Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group The TME trial after a median follow-up of 6 years: Increased local control but no survival benefit in irradiated patients with resectable rectal carcinoma. Ann Surg 2007;246:693-701.
32. Guerrieri M, Baldarelli M, Organetti L, Grillo Ruggeri F, Mantello G, Bartolacci S, et al. Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for the treatment of selected patients with distal rectal cancer: 15 years experience. Surg Endosc 2008;22:2030-5.
33. Radu C, Berglund K, Pahlman L, Glimelius B. Short-course preoperative radiotherapy with delayed surgery in rectal cancer - A retrospective study. Radiother Oncol 2008;87:343-9.
34. Hatfield P, Hingorani M, Radhakrishna G, et al. Shortcourse radiotherapy, with elective delay prior to surgery, in patients with unresectable rectal cancer who have poor performance status or significant co-morbidity. Radiother Oncol 2009;92:210-4.
35. Camma C, Giunta M, Fiorica F, Pagliaro L, Craxi A, Cottone M. Preoperative radiotherapy for resectable rectal cancer: A metaanalysis. JAMA 2000;284:1008-15.
36. Colorectal Cancer Collaborative Group. Adjuvant radiotherapy for rectal cancer: A systematic overview of 8, 507 patients from 22 randomised trials. Lancet 2001;358:1291-304.
37. Munro AJ, Bentley A. Adjuvant radiotherapy in operable rectal cancer: A systematic review. Sem Colon Rectal Surg 2002;13:31-42.
38. Glimelius B, Gronberg H, Jarhult J, Wallgren A, Cavallin-Ståhl E. A systematic overview of radiation therapy effects in rectal cancer. Acta Oncol 2003;42:476-92. (Pubitemid 37193839)
39. Påhlman L, Bohe M, Cedermark B, Dahlberg M, Lindmark G, Sjödahl R, et al. The Swedish rectal cancer registry. Br J Surg 2007;94:1285-92.
40. Bosset JF, Collette L, Calais G, Mineur L, Maingon P, Radosevic-Jelic L, et al. EORTC Radiotherapy Group Trial 22921. Chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2006;355:1114-23.
41. Gérard JP, Conroy T, Bonnetain F, Bouché O, Chapet O, Closon-Dejardin MT, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent fluorouracil and leucovorin in T3-4 rectal cancers: Results of FFCD 9203. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4620-5.
42. Bujko K, Nowacki MP, Nasierowska-Guttmejer A, Michalski W, Bebenek M, Kryj M. Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative short-course radiotherapy with preoperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation for rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2006;93:1215-23.
43. Ngan S, Fisher R, Godstein D, Solomon M, Burmeister B, Ackland SP, et al. A randomized trial comparing local recurrence (LR) rates between short-course (LC) preoperative radiotherapy (RT) for clinical T3 rectal cancer: An intergroup trial (TROG, AGITG, CSSANZ, RACS). J Clin Oncol 2010 (Suppl abstr 3509);28:7s.
44. Pucciarelli S, Toppan P, Friso ML, Russo V, Pasetto L, Urso E, et al. Complete pathologic response following preoperative chemoradiation therapy for middle to lower rectal cancer is not a prognostic factor for a better outcome. Dis Colon Rectum 2004;47:1798-807.
45. Capirci C, Valentini V, Cionini L, De Paoli A, Rodel C, Glynne-Jones R, et al. Prognostic value of pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant therapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: Long-term analysis of 566 ypCR patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;72:99-107.
46. Vecchio FM, Valentini V, Minsky BD, Padula GD, Venkatraman ES, Balducci M, et al. The relationship of pathologic tumor regression grade (TRG) and outcomes after preoperative therapy in rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;62:752-60.
47. Gerard JP, Azria D, Gourgou-Bourgade S, Martel-Laffay I, Hennequin C, Etienne PL, et al. Comparison of two neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy regimens for locally advanced rectal cancer: Results of the phase III trial ACCORD 12/0405-Prodige 2. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1638-44.
48. Aschele C, Pinto C, Cordio S, Rosati G, Tagliagambe A, Artale S, et al. Preoperative fluorouracil (FU)-based chemoradiation with and without weekly oxaliplatin in locally advanced rectal cancer: Pathologic response analysis of the Studio Terapia Adiuvante Retto (STAR)-01 randomized phase III trial. ASCO J Clin Oncol 2009 (Suppl; abstr CRA-4008);27:18s.
49. Guillem JG, Díaz-González JA, Minsky BD, Valentini V, Jeong SY, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, et al. cT3N0 rectal cancer: Potential overtreatment with preoperative chemoradiotherapy is warranted. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:368-73.
50. Glehen O, Chapet O, Adham M, Nemoz JC, Gerard JP; Lyons Oncology Group. Long-term results of the Lyons R90-01 randomized trial of preoperative radiotherapy with delayed surgery and its effect on sphincter-saving surgery in rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2003;90:996-8.
51. Wong RK, Tandan V, De Silva S, Figueredo A. Pre-operative radiotherapy and curative surgery for the management of localized rectal carcinoma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD002102.
52. Bujko K, Kepka L, Michalski W, Nowacki MP. Does rectal cancer shrinkage induced by preoperative radio (chemo) therapy increase the likelihood of anterior resection? A systematic review of randomised trials. Radiother Oncol 2006;80:4-12.
53. Pahlman L. Optimal management of rectal cancer - Is sphincter saving an important end-point? EJC Suppl 2005;65:365-9.
54. Collette L, Bosset JF, den Dulk M, Nguyen F, Mineur L, Maingon P, et al. Patients with curative resection of cT3-4 rectal cancer after preoperative radiotherapy or radiochemotherapy: Does anybody benefit from adjuvant fluorouracilbased chemotherapy? A trial of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Radiation Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:4379-86.
55. QUASAR Collaborative Group: Gray R, Barnwell J, McConkey C, Hills RK, Williams NS, Kerr DJ. Adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation in patients with colorectal cancer: A randomised study. Lancet 2007;370:2020-9.
56. Bosset JF, Horiot JC, Hamers HP, Cionini L, Bartelink H, Caspers R, et al. Postoperative pelvic radiotherapy with or without elective irradiation of para-aortic nodes and liver in rectal cancer patients. A controlled clinical trial of the EORTC Radiotherapy Group. Radiother Oncol 2001;61:7-13.
57. NIH consensus conference. Adjuvant therapy for patients with colon and rectal cancer. JAMA 1990;264:1444-50.
58. Sauer R, Becker H, Hohenberger W, Rödel C, Wittekind C, Fietkau R, et al. For the German Rectal Cancer Study Group. Pre-operative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. New Engl J Med 2004;351:1731-40.
59. Gunderson LL, Sargent DJ, Tepper JE, Wolmark N, O'Connell MJ, Begovic M, et al. Impact of T and N substage on survival and disease relapse in adjuvant rectal cancer: A pooled analysis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;54:386-96.
60. Lee JH, Lee JH, Ahn JH, Bahng H, Kim TW, Kang YK, et al. Randomized trial of postoperative adjuvant therapy in stage II and III rectal cancer to define the optimal sequence of chemotherapy and radiotherapy: A preliminary report. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:1751-8.
61. Fountzilas G, Zisiadis A, Dafni U, Konstantaras C, Hatzitheoharis G, Liaros A, et al. Postoperative radiation and concomitant bolus fluorouracil with or without additional chemotherapy with fluorouracil and high-dose leucovorin in patients with high-risk rectal cancer: A randomized phase. Ann Oncol 1999;10:671-6.
62. Tveit KM, Guldvog I, Hagen S, Trondsen E, Harbitz T, Nygaard K, et al. Randomized controlled trial of postoperative radiotherapy and short-term timescheduled 5-fluorouracil against surgery alone in the treatment of Dukes B and C rectal cancer. Norwegian Adjuvant Rectal C. Br J Surg 1997;84:1130-5.
63. Pahlman L, Glimelius B. Pre-or postoperative radiotherapy in rectal and rectosigmoid carcinoma. Report from a randomized multicenter trial. Ann Surg 1990;211:187-95.
64. Braendengen M, Tveit KM, Berglund A, Birkemeyer E, Frykholm G, Påhlman L, et al. Randomized phase III study comparing preoperative radiotherapy with chemoradiotherapy in nonresectable rectal cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008;26:3687-94.
65. Myerson RJ, Valentini V, Birnbaum EH, Cellini N, Coco C, Fleshman JW, et al. A phase I/II trial of three-dimensionally planned concurrent boost radiotherapy and protracted venous infusion of 5-FU chemotherapy for locally advanced rectal carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2001;50:1299-308.
66. Mohiuddin M, Winter K, Mitchell E, Hanna N, Yuen A, Nichols C, et al. Randomized phase II study of neoadjuvant combined-modality chemoradiation for distal rectal cancer: Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Trial 0012. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:650-5.
67. De Ridder M, Tournel K, Van Nieuwenhove Y, Engels B, Hoorens A, Everaert H, et al. Phase II study of preoperative helical tomotherapy for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;70:728-34.
68. Janjan NA, Crane CN, Feig BW, Cleary K, Dubrow R, Curley SA, et al. Prospective trial of preoperative concomitant boost radiotherapy with continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil for locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;47:713-8.
69. Gunderson LL, Nelson H, Martenson JA, Cha S, Haddock M, Devine R, et al. Locally advanced primary colorectal cancer: Intraoperative electron and external beam irradiation +/-5-FU. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997;37:601-14.
70. Mannaerts GH, Rutten HJ, Martijn H, Hanssens PE, Wiggers T. Comparison of intraoperative radiation therapycontaining multimodality treatment with historical treatment modalities for locally recurrent rectal cancer. Dis Colon Rectum 2001;44:1749-58.
71. Wiig JN, Tveit KM, Poulsen JP, Olsen DR, Giercksky KE. Preoperative irradiation and surgery for recurrent rectal cancer. Will intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) be of additional benefit? A prospective study. Radiother Oncol 2002;62:207-13.
72. Bujko K, Glynne-Jones R, Bujko M. Does adjuvant fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy provide a benefit for patients with resected rectal cancer who have already received neoadjuvant radio (chemo) therapy? A systematic review of randomized trials. Ann Oncol 2010; doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdq054.
73. Glimelius B. Adjuvant chemotherapy in rectal cancer-an issue or a non-issue? Ann Oncol 2010; doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdq263.
74. Glimelius B. Rectal cancer irradiation. Long course, short course or something else? Acta Oncol 2006;45:1013-7.
75. Pettersson D, Cedermark B, Holm T, Radu C, Påhlman L, Glimelius B, et al. Interim analysis of the Stockholm III trial of preoperative radiotherapy regimens in rectal cancer. Br J Surg 2010;97:580-7.
76. Gunnlaugsson A, Anderson H, Fernebro E, Kjellén E, Byström P, Berglund K, et al. Multicentre phase II trial of capecitabine and oxaliplatin in combination with radiotherapy for unresectable colorectal cancer: The CORGI-L Study. Eur J Cancer 2009;45:807-13.
77. Chua YJ, Barbachano Y, Cunningham D, Oates JR, Brown G, Wotherspoon A, et al. Neoadjuvant capecitabine and oxaliplatin before chemoradiotherapy and total mesorectal excision in MRI-defined poor-risk rectal cancer: A phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010;11:241-8.
78. Rodel C, Arnold D, Hipp M, Liersch T, Dellas K, Iesalnieks I, et al. Phase I-II trial of cetuximab, capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and radiotherapy as preoperative treatment in rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008;70:1081-6.
79. Horisberger K, Treschl A, Mai S, Barreto-Miranda M, Kienle P, Ströbel P, et al. Cetuximab in combination with capecitabine, irinotecan, and radiotherapy for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: Results of a Phase II MARGIT trial. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;74:1487-93.
80. Bertolini F, Chiara S, Bengala C, Antognoni P, Dealis C, Zironi S, et al. Neoadjuvant treatment with single-agent cetuximab followed by 5-FU, cetuximab, and pelvic radiotherapy: A phase II study in locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009;73:466-72.
81. Glynne-Jones R, Mawdsley S, Harrison M. Cetuximab and chemoradiation for rectal cancer-is the water getting muddy? Acta Oncol 2010;49:278-86.
82. Willett CG, Duda DG, di Tomaso E, Boucher Y, Ancukiewicz M, Sahani DV, et al. Efficacy, safety, and biomarkers of neoadjuvant bevacizumab, radiation therapy, and fluorouracil in rectal cancer: A multidisciplinary phase II study. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3020-6.
83. Crane CH, Eng C, Feig BW, Das P, Skibber JM, Chang GJ, et al. Phase II trial of neoadjuvant bevacizumab, capecitabine, and radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;76:824-30.
84. Ippolito E, Mertens I, Haustermans K, Gambacorta MA, Pasini D, Valentini V. IGRT in rectal cancer. Acta Oncol 2008;47:1317-24.