Trends in low-risk lifestyle factors among adults in the United States: Findings from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 1996-2007

Preventive Medicine

Volumn 51, Issue 5, 2010, Pages 403-407

  Ford, Earl S ^a   Li, Chaoyang ^a   Zhao, Guixiang ^a   Pearson, William S ^a   Tsai, James ^a   Greenlund, Kurt J ^a  

^a NATIONAL CENTER FOR CHRONIC DISEASE PREVENTION AND HEALTH PROMOTION   (United States)

Author keywords

Behavior Risk Factor Surveillance System; Body mass index; Exercise; Fruit; Lifestyle risk reduction; Population surveillance; Prevention; Smoking; Trends; Vegetables

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICAN; AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; ARTICLE; BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTOR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM; BODY MASS; CHRONIC DISEASE; EUROPEAN AMERICAN; EXERCISE; FEMALE; FOOD INTAKE; FRUIT; HISPANIC; HUMAN; LIFESTYLE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE DIFFERENCE; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SMOKING; UNITED STATES; VEGETABLE;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AFRICAN AMERICANS; AGED; BEHAVIORAL RISK FACTOR SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM; CHRONIC DISEASE; DIET; EUROPEAN CONTINENTAL ANCESTRY GROUP; EXERCISE; FEMALE; FRUIT; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HISPANIC AMERICANS; HUMANS; LIFE STYLE; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; RISK FACTORS; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; RISK-TAKING; SMOKING; UNITED STATES; VEGETABLES; YOUNG ADULT;

EID: 77958176253     PISSN: 00917435     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.08.002     Document Type: Article

References (53)

1. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Guide to Clinical Preventive Services Available at:, Accessed April 5, 2010. http://www.ahrq.gov/Clinic/cps3dix.htm.
2. Akesson A., Weismayer C., Newby P.K., Wolk A. Combined effect of low-risk dietary and lifestyle behaviors in primary prevention of myocardial infarction in women. Arch. Intern. Med. 2007, 167:2122-2127.
3. Arciero T.J., Jacobsen S.J., Reeder G.S., et al. Temporal trends in the incidence of coronary disease. Am. J. Med. 2004, 117:228-233.
4. Blanck H.M., Gillespie C., Kimmons J.E., Seymour J.D., Serdula M.K. Trends in fruit and vegetable consumption among U.S. men and women, 1994-2005. Prev. Chron. Dis. 2008, 5:A35.
5. Carlson S.A., Densmore D., Fulton J.E., Yore M.M., Kohl H.W. Differences in physical activity prevalence and trends from 3 U.S. surveillance systems: NHIS, NHANES, and BRFSS. J. Phys. Activ. Health. 2009, 6(Suppl 1):S18-S27.
6. Casagrande S.S., Wang Y., Anderson C., Gary T.L. Have Americans increased their fruit and vegetable intake? The trends between 1988 and 2002. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2007, 32:257-263.
7. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention State-specific incidence of diabetes among adults-participating states, 1995-1997 and 2005-2007. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2008, 57:1169-1173.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Age-Adjusted Incidence of Diagnosed Diabetes per 1,000 Population Aged 18-79 Years, by Sex, United States, 1980-2007 Available at:, Accessed April 5, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/incidence/fig4.htm.
9. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Cigarette smoking among adults and trends in smoking cessation-United States, 2008. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2009, 58:1227-1232.
10. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System: Survey Data and Documentation Available at:, Accessed April 5, 2010. http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/technical_infodata/index.htm.
11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The Community Guide-What Works to Promote Health Available at:, Accessed April 5, 2010. http://www.thecommunityguide.org/index.html#topics.
12. Chiriboga D.E., Ockene J.K., Ockene I.S. Barriers to preventive interventions for coronary heart disease. Cardiol. Clin. 2003, 21:459-470.
13. Chiuve S.E., McCullough M.L., Sacks F.M., Rimm E.B. Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men: benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications. Circulation 2006, 114:160-167.
14. Chiuve S.E., Rexrode K.M., Spiegelman D., Logroscino G., Manson J.E., Rimm E.B. Primary prevention of stroke by healthy lifestyle. Circulation 2008, 118:947-954.
15. Cowie C.C., Rust K.F., Ford E.S., et al. Full accounting of diabetes and pre-diabetes in the U.S. population in 1988-1994 and 2005-2006. Diab. Care 2009, 32:287-294.
16. Danaei G., Ding E.L., Mozaffarian D., et al. The preventable causes of death in the United States: comparative risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS Med. 2009, 6:e1000058.
17. Duval S., Jacobs D.R., Barber C., et al. Trends in cigarette smoking: the Minnesota Heart Survey, 1980-1982 through 2000-2002. Nicotine Tob. Res. 2008, 10:827-832.
18. Egan B.M., Zhao Y., Axon R.N. US trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, 1988-2008. JAMA 2010, 303:2043-2050.
19. Ergin A., Muntner P., Sherwin R., He J. Secular trends in cardiovascular disease mortality, incidence, and case fatality rates in adults in the United States. Am. J. Med. 2004, 117:219-227.
20. Flegal K.M., Graubard B.I., Williamson D.F., Gail M.H. Excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA 2005, 293:1861-1867.
21. Flegal K.M., Carroll M.D., Ogden C.L., Curtin L.R. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA 2010, 303:235-241.
22. Ford E.S., Ford M.A., Will J.C., Galuska D.A., Ballew C. Achieving a healthy lifestyle among United States adults: a long way to go. Ethn. Dis. 2001, 11:224-231.
23. Ford E.S., Bergmann M.M., Kroger J., Schienkiewitz A., Weikert C., Boeing H. Healthy living is the best revenge: findings from the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam study. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009, 169:1355-1362.
24. Fox C.S., Pencina M.J., Meigs J.B., Vasan R.S., Levitzky Y.S., D'Agostino R.B. Trends in the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus from the 1970s to the 1990s: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation 2006, 113:2914-2918.
25. Geiss L.S., Pan L., Cadwell B., Gregg E.W., Benjamin S.M., Engelgau M.M. Changes in incidence of diabetes in U.S. adults, 1997-2003. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2006, 30:371-377.
26. Greenlund K.J., Giles W.H., Keenan N.L., Croft J.B., Mensah G.A. Physician advice, patient actions, and health-related quality of life in secondary prevention of stroke through diet and exercise. Stroke 2002, 33:565-570.
27. Greenlund K.J., Zheng Z.J., Keenan N.L., et al. Trends in self-reported multiple cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults in the United States, 1991-1999. Arch. Intern. Med. 2004, 164:181-188.
28. Guh D.P., Zhang W., Bansback N., Amarsi Z., Birmingham C.L., Anis A.H. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health 2009, 9:88.
29. Haan M.N., Selby J.V., Rice D.P., et al. Trends in cardiovascular disease incidence and survival in the elderly. Ann. Epidemiol. 1996, 6:348-356.
30. Haveman-Nies A., de Groot L.P., Burema J., Cruz J.A., Osler M., van Staveren W.A. Dietary quality and lifestyle factors in relation to 10-year mortality in older Europeans: the SENECA study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2002, 156:962-968.
31. Horner M.J., Ries L.A.G., Krapcho M., et al. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2006 2009.
32. Hu F.B., Stampfer M.J., Manson J.E., et al. Trends in the incidence of coronary heart disease and changes in diet and lifestyle in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 343:530-537.
33. Hu F.B., Manson J.E., Stampfer M.J., et al. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N. Engl. J. Med. 2001, 345:790-797.
34. Khaw K.T., Wareham N., Bingham S., Welch A., Luben R., Day N. Combined impact of health behaviours and mortality in men and women: the EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. PLoS Med. 2008, 5:e12.
35. King D.E., Mainous A.G., Geesey M.E. Turning back the clock: adopting a healthy lifestyle in middle age. Am. J. Med. 2007, 120:598-603.
36. Knoops K.T., de Groot L.C., Kromhout D., et al. Mediterranean diet, lifestyle factors, and 10-year mortality in elderly European men and women: the HALE project. JAMA 2004, 292:1433-1439.
37. Kumanyika S.K., Obarzanek E., Stettler N., et al. Population-based prevention of obesity: the need for comprehensive promotion of healthful eating, physical activity, and energy balance: a scientific statement from American Heart Association Council on Epidemiology and Prevention, Interdisciplinary Committee for Prevention (formerly the expert panel on population and prevention science). Circulation 2008, 118:428-464.
38. Kurth T., Moore S.C., Gaziano J.M., et al. Healthy lifestyle and the risk of stroke in women. Arch. Intern. Med. 2006, 166:1403-1409.
39. Lenz M., Richter T., Muhlhauser I. The morbidity and mortality associated with overweight and obesity in adulthood: a systematic review. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int. 2009, 106:641-648.
40. McGinnis J.M., Foege W.H. Actual causes of death in the United States. JAMA 1993, 270:2207-2212.
41. Merrill R.M., Richardson J.S. Validity of self-reported height, weight, and body mass index: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2006. Prev. Chron. Dis. 2009, 6:A121.
42. Mokdad A.H., Marks J.S., Stroup D.F., Gerberding J.L. Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA 2004, 291:1238-1245.
43. Mozaffarian D., Kamineni A., Carnethon M., Djousse L., Mukamal K.J., Siscovick D. Lifestyle risk factors and new-onset diabetes mellitus in older adults: the cardiovascular health study. Arch. Intern. Med. 2009, 169:798-807.
44. Parikh N.I., Gona P., Larson M.G., et al. Long-term trends in myocardial infarction incidence and case fatality in the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart study. Circulation 2009, 119:1203-1210.
45. Pate R.R., Pratt M., Blair S.N., et al. Physical activity and public health. A recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995, 273:402-407.
46. Pischon T., Boeing H., Hoffmann K., et al. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. N. Engl. J. Med. 2008, 359:2105-2120.
47. Rees C.E., Bath P.A. The information needs and source preferences of women with breast cancer and their family members: a review of the literature published between 1988 and 1998. J. Adv. Nurs. 2000, 31:833-841.
48. Reeves M.J., Rafferty A.P. Healthy lifestyle characteristics among adults in the United States, 2000. Arch. Intern. Med. 2005, 165:854-857.
49. Rosamond W.D., Chambless L.E., Folsom A.R., et al. Trends in the incidence of myocardial infarction and in mortality due to coronary heart disease, 1987 to 1994. N. Engl. J. Med. 1998, 339:861-867.
50. Sarna L., Bialous S.A., Jun H.J., Wewers M.E., Cooley M.E., Feskanich D. Smoking trends in the Nurses' Health Study (1976-2003). Nurs. Res. 2008, 57:374-382.
51. Spencer C.A., Jamrozik K., Norman P.E., Lawrence-Brown M. A simple lifestyle score predicts survival in healthy elderly men. Prev. Med. 2005, 40:712-717.
52. Stampfer M.J., Hu F.B., Manson J.E., Rimm E.B., Willett W.C. Primary prevention of coronary heart disease in women through diet and lifestyle. N. Engl. J. Med. 2000, 343:16-22.
53. Steffen L.M., Arnett D.K., Blackburn H., et al. Population trends in leisure-time physical activity: Minnesota Heart Survey, 1980-2000. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2006, 38:1716-1723.