-
2
-
-
0032483426
-
-
W. C. Feldman et al., Science 281, 1496 (1998).
-
(1998)
Science
, vol.281
, pp. 1496
-
-
Feldman, W.C.1
-
3
-
-
70350502064
-
-
C. M. Pieters et al., Science 326, 568 (2009).
-
(2009)
Science
, vol.326
, pp. 568
-
-
Pieters, C.M.1
-
4
-
-
70350496541
-
-
R. N. Clark, Science 326, 562 (2009).
-
(2009)
Science
, vol.326
, pp. 562
-
-
Clark, R.N.1
-
5
-
-
70350490017
-
-
J. M. Sunshine et al., Science 326, 565 (2009).
-
(2009)
Science
, vol.326
, pp. 565
-
-
Sunshine, J.M.1
-
9
-
-
34548601681
-
-
R. C. Elphic, V. R. Eke, L. F. A. Teodoro, D. J. Lawrence, D. B. J. Bussey, Geophys. Res. Let. 13, L13204 (2007).
-
(2007)
Geophys. Res. Let.
, vol.13
-
-
Elphic, R.C.1
Eke, V.R.2
Teodoro, L.F.A.3
Lawrence, D.J.4
Bussey, D.B.J.5
-
12
-
-
84925563885
-
-
note
-
2O on the Centaur at the time of impact were <0.5, <1.25, and <1.5 kg, respectively. See SOM for additional description of in-flight measurement contamination control activities.
-
-
-
-
14
-
-
84925560646
-
-
note
-
The instrument suite included two down (nadir) viewing spectrometers both with a coaligned 1° FOV. The nadir NIR spectrometer measured wavelengths between 1.25 and 2.35 mm with a resolving power between 35 and 70. The UV/Vis spectrometer measured wavelengths between 0.26 and 0.65 μm, with a resolving power between 300 and 850. Additional information is provided in the SOM.
-
-
-
-
19
-
-
77958188418
-
-
D. A. Paige et al., Science 330, 479 (2010).
-
(2010)
Science
, vol.330
, pp. 479
-
-
Paige, D.A.1
-
20
-
-
77958172267
-
-
P. H. Schultz et al., Science 330, 468 (2010).
-
(2010)
Science
, vol.330
, pp. 468
-
-
Schultz, P.H.1
-
21
-
-
34548631403
-
-
P. H. Schultz et al., Icarus 190, 295 (2007).
-
(2007)
Icarus
, vol.190
, pp. 295
-
-
Schultz, P.H.1
-
22
-
-
84925560644
-
-
note
-
The observations spacecraft, the SSc, was three-axis stabilized and pointed to the impact target to within ±0.1 deg.
-
-
-
-
23
-
-
77958174670
-
-
P. O. Hayne et al., Science 330, 477 (2010).
-
(2010)
Science
, vol.330
, pp. 477
-
-
Hayne, P.O.1
-
24
-
-
84925570172
-
-
note
-
2(9 parameters)/n (25). An error of ±25% in the scaler of the molecular absorbance corresponds to better than 99% confidence or better than 3 SD. The fractional error in the corresponding water vapor column density is then the root mean square of the independent point error in the linear mixing model (±5% at 1 SD) and the uncertainty in the radiance measurement at the 1.87-μm band center (∼28% in the spectrum in Fig. 3C). Thus, the water vapor mass is uncertain to ±28% (1 SD).
-
-
-
-
25
-
-
84870580329
-
-
Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, chap. 15
-
W. H. Press et al., Numerical Recipes (Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 2007), chap. 15.
-
(2007)
Numerical Recipes
-
-
Press, W.H.1
-
26
-
-
0042894381
-
-
R. N. Clark, T. V. V. King, M. Klejwa, G. A. Swayze, N. Vergo, J. Geophys. Res. 95 (B8), 12653 (1990).
-
(1990)
J. Geophys. Res.
, vol.95
, Issue.B8
, pp. 12653
-
-
Clark, R.N.1
King, T.V.V.2
Klejwa, M.3
Swayze, G.A.4
Vergo, N.5
-
27
-
-
84925563884
-
-
note
-
-3 was assumed when calculating the total cloud mass. The NIR water ice column optical depth was modeled in the same way. The 1.5-μm feature could be modeled to within about 14% (root mean square of 11% from fitting uncertainty and 9% from radiance measurement uncertainty). Using a 2.5-μm particle, consistent with observed UV/Vis-to-NIR radiance ratio, the UV/Vis continuum was fit with an uncertainty in the optical depth of ∼25% (5% from fitting uncertainty and 24% in radiance measurement uncertainty).
-
-
-
-
28
-
-
84925570171
-
-
note
-
The water ice grain radius is estimated based on the band position in the spectrum shown in Fig. 3B. Submicron ice grains will have a band center less than 1.48 μm, and for a 15+ μm grain radius the band center is ∼1.54 μm (29). The 1.5-μm band center is at ∼1.51 μm, which is consistent with an ice grain ∼2 μm.
-
-
-
-
30
-
-
84925565975
-
-
Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX
-
P. Rousselot et al., Asteorids, Comets, Meteors (Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, TX, 1991).
-
(1991)
Asteorids, Comets, Meteors
-
-
Rousselot, P.1
-
32
-
-
84925563883
-
-
abstr. 2267
-
D. Summy et al., abstr. 2267, 40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, (Lunar and Planetary Science XL, Houston, TX, 2009).
-
40th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, (Lunar and Planetary Science XL, Houston, TX, 2009)
-
-
Summy, D.1
-
33
-
-
84925567096
-
-
note
-
-4 photons/s was used in the OH number estimate.
-
-
-
-
34
-
-
84925563882
-
-
note
-
The uncertainty in the water vapor mass derived from the OH prompt emission at ∼180 s after impact is based on the total uncertainty in the measured OH radiance at that time. The total uncertainty in OH radiance is based on the calibration error (<10%), instrument noise (from dark measurements at specific integration time), and uncertainty in the g factor (about 20%).
-
-
-
-
35
-
-
84925560643
-
-
note
-
At 8 s after impact, the diameter of the ejecta cloud in the visible camera was ∼4.5 km, and the FOVs of the NIR and UV/Vis spectrometers were ∼10 km in diameter. At 20 s, the ejecta cloud diameter was ∼8.5 km and the FOVs of the spectrometers were approximately 9.6 km in diameter.
-
-
-
-
36
-
-
84925570170
-
-
note
-
The total error is the propagated error for the masses of water vapor plus water ice divided by the dust mass, using the errors (1 SD uncertainties, quoted in Table 1) in the derived masses of each component.
-
-
-
-
37
-
-
13444255947
-
-
University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ
-
D. Bockele'e-Morvan et al., in Comets II (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 2004), pp. 391-423.
-
(2004)
Comets II
, pp. 391-423
-
-
Bockele'e-Morvan, D.1
-
38
-
-
16644373940
-
-
University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ
-
D. H. Wooden et al., in Comets II (University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ, 2004), pp. 33-66.
-
(2004)
Comets II
, pp. 33-66
-
-
Wooden, D.H.1
-
39
-
-
84925567095
-
-
note
-
We thank the LCROSS Project and NASA's Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD) and NASA Science Mission Directorate (SMD) for support, and are very grateful to the LRO project and the LRO instrument leads for supporting the LCROSS targeting and impact observations, and for the three referees who provided reviews that greatly improved this paper. R.C.E. was supported by an LRO Participating Scientist grant.
-
-
-
|