Development of the ethnic and racial socialization of transracial adoptee scale

Research on Social Work Practice

Volumn 20, Issue 6, 2010, Pages 600-610

  Mohanty, Jayashree ^a  

^a NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

Author keywords

ethnic socialization; international adoption; measurement; racial socialization; transracial adoptees; validation study

Indexed keywords

EID: 77958155925     PISSN: 10497315     EISSN: 15527581     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1049731510379021     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. Altstein, H., & Simon, R.J. (1991). Intercountry Adoptions: Experiences of families in the United States. In Howard Altstein, & Rita J. Simon (Eds), Intercountry Adoption (1st ed.) (p. 23-54) New York: Praeger.
2. Basow, S.A., Lilley, E., Bookwala, J., &, McGillicuddy-DeLisi (2008). Identity development and psychological well-being in Korean-born adoptees in the U.S American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78, 473-480.
3. Bowman, P., & Howard, C. (1985). Race-related socialization, motivation, and academic achievement: A study black youths in three-generation families. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 24, 134-141.
4. Boykin, A.W., & Toms, F.D. (1985). Black child socialization: A conceptual framework. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 33-51). Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
5. Bracey, J.R., Bamaca, M.Y., & Umana-Taylor, A.J. (2004). Examining ethnic identity and self-esteem among biracial and monoracial adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 123-132.
6. Brodzinsky, D.M. (1987). Adjustment to adoption: A psychological perspective. Clinical Psychology Review, 7, 25-47.
7. Brown, T.L., & Krishnakumar, A. (2007). Development and validation of the adolescent racial and ethnic socialization scale (ARESS) in African American families. Journal of Youth Adolescence, 36, 1072-1085.
8. Cattel, R.B. (1966). The scree test for the number of factors. Multi-variate Behavioral Research, 1, 245-276.
9. Cederblad, M., Hook, B., Irhammar, M., & Mercke, A. (1999). Mental health in International adoptees as teenagers and young adults: An epidemiological study. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 40, 1239-1248.
10. Clark, L.A., & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7, 309-319.
11. Corcoran, K., & Fischer, J. (2000). Measures for clinical practice: A sourcebook. New York, NY: Free Press.
12. Dalen, M., & Saetersdal, B. (1987). Transracial adoption in Norway. Adoption and Fostering, 11, 41-46.
13. DeBerry, K.M., Scarr, S., & Weimberg, R. (1996). Family racial socialization and ecological competence: Longitudinal assessment of African-American transracial adoptees. Child Development, 67, 2375-2399.
14. Demo, D.H., & Hughes, M. (1990). Socialization and racial identity among Black Americans. Social Psychology Quarterly, 53, 364-374.
15. Derogatis, L.D., & Melisaratos, N. (1983). The brief symptom inventory: An introductory report. Psychological Medicine, 13, 595-605.
16. DeVellis, R.F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
17. Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute (2009). International adoption facts. Retrieved November 2, 2009, from http://www.adoptioninstitute.org/research/internationaladoption.php.
18. Fabrigar, L.R., MacCallum, R.C., Wegener, D.T., & Strahan, E.J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4, 272-299.
19. Floyd, F.J., & Widaman, K.F. (1995). Factor analysis in the development and refinement of clinical assessment instruments. Psychological Assessment, 7, 286-299.
20. Green, A.W. (1942). A re-examination of the marginal man concept. Social Forces, 26, 167-171.
21. Hague Conference on Private International Law. (2008). The implementation and operation of the 1993 Hague intercountry adoption convention: Guide to good practice. Retrieved February 18, 2010, from http://www.hcch.net/upload/adoguide_e.pdf.
22. Henson, R.K., & Roberts, J.K. (2006). Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: Common errors and some comment on improved practice. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 393-416.
23. Horn, J.L. (1965). A rationale and test for the number of factors in factor analysis. Psychometrika, 30, 179-185.
24. Howell, S. (2009). Adoption of the unrelated child: Some challenges to the anthropological study of kinship. Annual Review of Anthropology, 38, 149-166.
25. Hughes, D. (2003). Correlates of African American and Latino parents' messages to children about ethnicity and race: A comparative study of racial socialization. American Journal of Community Psychology, 31, 15-33.
26. Hughes, D., & Chen, L. (1997). When and what parents tell children about race: An examination of race-related socialization among African American families. Applied Developmental Science, 1, 200-214.
27. Hughes, D., & DuMont, K. (1993). Using focus groups to facilitate culturally anchored research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21, 775-806.
28. Hughes, D., & Johnson, D.J. (2001). Correlates in children's experiences of parents' racialsocialization behaviors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63, 981-995.
29. Hughes, D., Rivas-Drake, D., Witherspoon, D., & West-Bey, N. (2009). Received ethnic-racial socialization messages and youths' academic and behavioral outcomes: Examining the mediating role of ethnic identity and self-esteem. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 15, 112-124.
30. Hughes, D., Rodriguez, J., Smith, E.P., Johnson, D.J., Stevenson, H.C., & Spicer, P. (2006). Parents' ethnic-racial socialization practices: A review of research and directions for future study. Developmental Psychology, 42, 747-770.
31. Humphreys, L.G. (1964). Number of cases and number of factors: An example where N is very large. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 24, 457.
32. Johnston, K.E., Swim, J.K., Saltsman, B.M., Deater-Deckard, K., & Petrill, S.A. (2007). Mothers' racial, ethnic, and cultural socialization of transracially adopted Asian children. Family Relations, 56, 390-402.
33. Kaiser, H.F. (1960). The application of electronic computers to factor analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 141-151.
34. Lee, R.M. (2003). Do ethnic identity and other-group orientation protect against discrimination for Asian Americans? Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50, 133-141.
35. Lee, R.M., Grotevant, H.D., Hellerstedt, W.L., Gunnar, M.R., & the Minnesota International Adoption Research Team. (2006). Cultural socialization in families with internationally adopted children. Journal of Family Psychology, 4, 571-580.
36. Massatti, R.R., Vonk, M.E., & Gregoire, T.K. (2004). Reliability and validity of the transracial adoption parenting scale. Research on Social Work Practice, 14, 43-50.
37. Martinez, R.O., & Dukes, R.L. (1997). The effects of ethnic identity, ethnicity, and gender on adolescent well-being. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 26, 503-516.
38. McGinnis, H., Smith, S.L., Ryan, S.D., Howard, J.A. (2009). Beyond culture camp: Promoting healthy identity formation in adoption. New York: Evan B. Donaldson Adoption Institute. Retrieved March 15, 2010, from http://www.adoptioninstitute.orgpublications/2009_11_BeyondCultureCamp.pdf.
39. McHale, S.M., Crouter, A.C., Kim, J., Burton, L.M., Davis, K.D., & Dotterer, A.M., & Swanson, D.P. (2006). Mothers' and fathers' racial socialization in African American families: Implications for youth. Child Development, 77, 1387-1402.
40. Mohanty, J., Koeske, G., & Sales, E. (2006). Family cultural socialization, ethnic identity, and self-esteem: Web-based survey of international adult adoptees. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Diversity in Social Work, 15, 153-171.
41. Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I.H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
42. O'Connor, B.P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer's MAP test. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 32, 396-402.
43. Peters, M.F. (1985). Racial socialization of black children. In H. P. McAdoo & J. L. McAdoo (Eds.), Black children: Social, educational, and parental environments (pp. 159-173). Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE.
44. Phinney, J.S. (1992). The multigroup ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescence Research, 7, 156-176.
45. Phinney, J.S., & Chavira, V. (1995). Parental ethnic socialization and adolescent coping with problems related to ethnicity. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 5, 31-53.
46. Reise, S.P., Waller, N.G., & Comrey, A.L. (2000). Factor analysis and scale revision. Psychological Assessment, 12, 287-297.
47. Roberts, R.E., Phinney, J.S., Masse, L.C., Chen, Y.R., Roberts, C.R., & Romero, A. (1999). The structure of ethnic identity of young adolescents from diverse ethnicultural groups. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 301-322.
48. Rojewski, J. (2005). A typical American family? How adoptive families acknowledge and incorporate Chinese cultural heritage in their lives. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 22, 133-164.
49. Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
50. Scott, L.D. (2003). The relation of racial identity and racial socialization to coping with discrimination among African American adolescents. Journal of Black Studies, 33, 520-538.
51. Song, S., & Lee, R. (2009). The past and present cultural experiences of adopted Korean American adults. Adoption Quarterly, 12, 19-36.
52. Stevenson, H.C. (1995). Relationship of adolescent perceptions of racial socialization to racial identity. Journal of Black Psychology, 21, 49-70.
53. Stevenson, H.C., Cameron, R., Herrero-Taylor, T., & Davis, G.Y. (2002). Development of the teenager experience of racial socialization scale: Correlates of race-related socialization frequency from the perspective of Black youth. Journal of Black Psychologists, 28, 84-106.
54. Supple, A.J., Ghazarian, S.R., Frabutt, J.M., Plunkett, S.W., & Sands, T. (2006). Contextual influences on Latino adolescent ethnic identity and academic outcomes. Child Development, 77, 1427-1433.
55. Tessler, R., Gamache, G., & Liu, L. (1999). West meets East: Americans adopt Chinese children. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey.
56. Thornton, M.C., Chatters, L.M., Taylor, R.J., & Allen, W.R. (1990). Sociodemographic and environmental correlates of racial socialization by black parents. Child Development, 61, 401-409.
57. Tran, A.G., & Lee, R.M. (2010). Perceived ethnic-racial socialization, ethnic identity, and social competence among Asian American late adolescents. Cultural Diversity and Minority Psychology, 16, 169-178.
58. U.S. Department of State. (2009). Significant source countries of immigrant orphans. Retrieved February 10, 2010, from http://www.travel.state.gov/pdf/MultiYearTableXIII.pdf.
59. Westhues, A., & Cohen, J. (1997). A Comparison of the adjustment of adolescent and young adult inter-country adoptees and their siblings. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 47-65.
60. Yoon, D.P. (2000). Causal modeling predicting psychological adjustment of Korean-born adolescent adoptees. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 3, 65-82.
61. Zwick, W.R., & Velicer, W.F. (1986). Comparison of five rules for determining the number of components to retain. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 432-442.