The leader as the face of a crisis: Philip Morris' CEO's speeches during the 1990s

Journal of Public Relations Research

Volumn 21, Issue 4, 2009, Pages 361-380

  de Fatima Oliveira, Maria ^a   Murphy, Priscilla ^a  

^a TEMPLE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 77958132662     PISSN: 1062726X     EISSN: 1532754X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10627260902966425     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Bridges, J. A., & Nelson, R. A. (2000). Issues management: A relational approach. In J. A. Ledingham & S. D. Bruning (Eds.), Public relations as relationship management: A relational approach to the study and practice of public relations (pp. 95-116). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
2. Conrad, C. (2003). Stemming the tide: Corporate discourse and agenda denial in the 2002 'corporate meltdown'. Organization, 10, 549-560.
3. Coombs, W. T. (1999). Ongoing crisis communication. Planning, managing, and responding. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
4. Corman, S., Kuhn, T., McPhee, R., & Dooley, K. (2002). Studying complex discursive systems. Centering resonance analysis of communication. Human Communication Research, 28, 157-206.
5. Dean, D. H. (2004). Consumer reaction to negative publicity: Effects of corporate reputation, response, and responsibility for a crisis event. Journal of Business Communication, 4,192-211.
6. Deephouse, D. (2000). Media reputation as a strategic resource: An integration of mass communication and resource-based theories. Journal of Management, 26, 1091-112.
7. Dooley, K. J., & Corman, S. R. (2002). The dynamics of electronic media coverage. In B. S. Greenberg (Ed.), Communication and terrorism. Public and media response to 9=11 (pp. 121-135). Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
8. Dooley, K. J., & Corman, S. R. (2004). Dynamic analysis of news streams: Institutional versus environmental effects. Nonlinear Dynamics, Psychology, and Life Sciences, 8, 403-428.
9. Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43, 51-58.
10. Entman, R. M. (2007). Framing bias: Media in the distribution of power. Journal of Communication, 57, 163-173.
11. Fairhurst, G. T., & Sarr, R. A. (1996). The art of framing: Managing the language of leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
12. Fombrum, C., & Shanley, M. (1990). What's in a name? Reputation building and corporate strategy. Academy of Management Journal, 33, 233-258.
13. Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching: Mass media in the making and unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press.
14. Gotsi, M., & Wilson, A. (2001). Corporate reputation: Seeking a definition. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 6, 24-30.
15. Ice, R. (1991). Corporate publics and rhetorical strategies. The case of Union Carbide's Bhopal crisis. Management Communication Quarterly, 4, 341-362.
16. Kinder, D. R. (2007). Advice on framing. Journal of Communication, 57, 155-162.
17. Kiousis, S., Mitrook, M., Wu, X., & Seltzer, T. (2006). First-and second-level agenda-building and agenda-setting effects: Exploring the linkages among candidate news releases, media coverage, and public opinion during the 2002 Florida gubernatorial election. Journal of Public Relations Research, 18, 265-285.
18. Kiousis, S., Popescu, C., & Mitrook, M. (2007). Understanding influence on corporate reputation: An examination of public relations efforts, media coverage, public opinion, and financial performance from an agenda-building and agenda-setting perspective. Journal of Public Relations Research, 19, 147-165.
19. Legacy Tobacco Documents Library. (n.d.) Retrieved on March 1st, 2005 from http://legacy.library.ucsf.edu/.
20. Lerbinger, O. (1997). The crisis manager: Facing risk and responsibility. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
21. Linke, C. G. (1989). Crisis: Dealing with the unexpected. In B. Cantor & C. Burger (Eds.), Experts in action: Inside public relations (pp. 166-178). New York: Longman.
22. Massey, J. E. (2004). Managing organizational images: Crisis response and legitimacy restoration. In D. P. Millar & R. L. Heath (Eds.), Responding to crisis: A rhetorical approach to crisis communication (pp. 233-246). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
23. McCombs, M., & Ghanem, S. (2001). The convergence of agenda setting and framing. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, Jr., & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on the media and our understandings of the social world (pp. 67-82). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
24. Metzler, M. S. (2001). Responding to the legitimacy problems of big tobacco: An analysis of the "people of Philip Morris" image advertising campaign. Communication Quarterly, 49, 366-381.
25. Murphy, P. (2005). The intractability of reputation: Media coverage as a complex system in the case of Martha Stewart [Unpublished manuscript]. Temple University at Philadelphia.
26. Nakra, P. (2000). Corporate reputation management: "CRM" with a strategic twist? Public Relations Quarterly, 45, 35-42.
27. Park, D., & Berger, B. K. (2004). The presentation of CEOs in the press, 1990-2000: Increasing salience, positive valence, and a focus on competency and personal dimensions of image. Journal of Public Relations Research, 16, 93-125.
28. Pauly, J. J., & Hutchison, L. L. (2005). Moral fables of public relations practice: The Tylenol and Exxon Valdez cases. Journal of Mass Media Ethics, 20, 231-249.
29. Pruzan, P. (2001). Corporate reputation: Image and identity. Corporate Reputation Review, 4, 50-64.
30. Saiia, D. H., & Cyphert, D. (2003). The public discourse of the corporate citizen. Corporate Reputation Review, 6, 47-57.
31. Seeger, M. W., Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. R. (2003). Communication and organizational crisis. Westport, CT: Praeger.
32. Seeger, M. W., & Ulmer, R. R. (2003). Explaining Enron: Communication and responsible leadership. Management Communication Quarterly, 17, 58-84.
33. Sellnow, T. L., & Ulmer, R. R. (2004). Ambiguity as an inherent factor in organizational crisis communication. In D. P. Millar & R. L. Heath (Eds.) Responding to Crisis. A Rhetorical approach to crisis communication (pp. 251-262). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erbaum Associates.
34. Sellnow, T., Ulmer, R. R., & Snider, M. (1998). The compatibility of corrective action in organizational crisis communication. Communication Quarterly, 46, 60-74.
35. Smircich, L., & Morgan, G. (1982). Leadership: The management of meaning. Applied Behavioral Science, 18, 257-274.
36. Smith, E. A., & Malone, R. E. (2003a). Altria means tobacco: Philip Morris's identity crisis. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 553-556.
37. Smith, E. A., & Malone, R. E. (2003b). Thinking the "unthinkable": Why Philip Morris considered quitting. Tobacco Control, 12, 208-213.
38. Tobacco.org. (n.d.). Retrieved on April 1st, 2005 from http://www.tobacco.org/resources/ history/Tobacco_History20-2.html.
39. Ulmer, R. (2001). Effective crisis management through established stakeholder relationships: Malden Mills as a case study. Management Communication Quarterly, 14, 590-615.
40. Wæraas, A. (2007). The re-enchantment of social institutions: Max Weber and public relations. Public Relations Review, 33, 281-286.