Acute compartment syndrome and the role of regional anesthesia

International Anesthesiology Clinics

Volumn 48, Issue 4, 2010, Pages 85-105

  Mannion, Stephen ^a   Capdevila, Xavier ^b  

^a SOUTH INFIRMARY VICTORIA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Ireland)

^b LAPEYRONIE HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BUPIVACAINE; CHLOROPROCAINE; CLONIDINE; FENTANYL; HEMOGLOBIN; KETOROLAC; LEVOBUPIVACAINE; LIDOCAINE; MEPIVACAINE; MORPHINE; MYOGLOBIN; OPIATE; ROPIVACAINE; SUFENTANIL;

ABDOMINAL COMPARTMENT SYNDROME; ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE; ANALGESIC ACTIVITY; COMPARTMENT SYNDROME; DRUG EFFECT; EARLY DIAGNOSIS; EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA; FASCIOTOMY; HUMAN; LOW DRUG DOSE; NERVE BLOCK; PAIN ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PERIPHERAL NERVE; POSTOPERATIVE ANALGESIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REGIONAL ANESTHESIA; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VISUAL ANALOG SCALE;

ACUTE DISEASE; ANESTHESIA, CONDUCTION; ANESTHETICS, LOCAL; COMPARTMENT SYNDROMES; HUMANS; NERVE BLOCK; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 77957998382     PISSN: 00205907     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/AIA.0b013e3181f1e7de     Document Type: Review

References (82)

1. Matsen FA, III. Compartmental syndrome. An unified concept. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1975;113:8-14.
2. Bong MR, Polatsch DB, Jazrawi LM, et al. Chronic exertional compartment syndrome: diagnosis and management. Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 2005;62:77-84.
3. Morin RJ, Swan KG, Tan V. Acute forearm compartment syndrome secondary to local arterial injury after penetrating trauma. J Trauma. 2009;66:989-993.
4. Park S, Ahn J, Gee AO, et al. Compartment syndrome in tibial fractures. J Orthop Trauma. 2009;23:514-518.
5. Konstantakos EK, Dalstrom DJ, Nelles ME, et al. Diagnosis and management of extremity compartment syndromes: an orthopaedic perspective. Am Surg. 2007;73: 1199-1209.
6. Olson SA, Glasgow RR. Acute compartment syndrome in lower extremity musculoskeletal trauma. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2005;13:436-444.
7. Elliott KG, Johnstone AJ. Diagnosing acute compartment syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003;85:625-632.
8. McQueen MM, Gaston P, Court-Brown CM. Acute compartment syndrome. Who is at risk? J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2000;82:200-203.
9. Martin JT. Compartment syndromes: concepts and perspectives for the anesthesiologist. Anesth Analg. 1992;75:275-283.
10. Shadgan B, Menon M, O'Brien PJ, et al. Diagnostic techniques in acute compartment syndrome of the leg. J Orthop Trauma. 2008;22:581-587.
11. Ihedioha U, Sinha S, Campbell AC. Do creatine kinase (CK) levels influence the diagnosis or outcome in patients with compartment syndrome? JAm Acad Orthop Surg. 2005;13:436-444.
12. Mar GJ, Barrington MJ, McGuirk BR. Acute compartment syndrome of the lower limb and the effect of postoperative analgesia on diagnosis. Br J Anaesth. 2009;102: 3-11.
13. Elliot JM. Regional anaesthesia in trauma. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010;92:361-367.
14. Kashuk JL, Moore EE, Pinski S, et al. Lower extremity compartment syndrome in the acute care surgery paradigm: safety lessons learned. Orthopedics. 2008; 31:364.
15. Hayakawa H, Aldington DJ, Moore RA. Acute traumatic compartment syndrome: a systematic review of results of fasciotomy. Trauma. 2009; 11:5-35.
16. Cascio BM, Pateder DB, Wilckens JH, et al. Compartment syndrome: time from diagnosis to fasciotomy. Injury. 2004;35:296-298.
17. Bhattacharyya T, Vrahas MS. The medical-legal aspects of compartment syndrome. J Trauma. 2004;56:123-127.
18. Ulmer T. The clinical diagnosis of compartment syndrome of the lower leg: are clinical findings predictive of the disorder? J Hand Surg Am. 1998;23:1077-1081.
19. Shuler FD, Dietz MJ. Physicians' ability to manually detect isolated elevations in leg intracompartmental pressure. J Trauma. 2009;67:735-741.
20. Badhe S, Baiju D, Elliot R, et al. The "silent" compartment syndrome. Injury. 2009; 40:220-222.
21. Davis ET, Harris A, Keene D, et al. The use of regional anaesthesia in patients at risk of acute compartment syndrome. J Surg Orthop Adv. 2005;14:117-121.
22. Thonse R, Ashford RU, Williams TI, et al. Differences in attitudes to analgesia in post-operative limb surgery put patients at risk of compartment syndrome. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A:864-868.
23. Harris IA, Kadir A, Donald G. Continuous compartment pressure monitoring for tibia fractures: does it influence outcome? J Trauma. 2006;60:1330-1335.
24. Al-Dadah OQ, Darrah C, Cooper A, et al. Continuous compartment pressure monitoring versus clinical monitoring in tibial diaphyseal fractures. J Trauma. 2006; 60:1330-1335.
25. Uppal GS, Smith RC, Sherk HH, et al. Accurate compartment pressure measurement using the Intervenous Alarm Control (IVAC) Pump. Report of a technique. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 1991;73:283-284.
26. Nakhostine M, Styf JR, van Leuven S, et al. Intramuscular pressure varies with depth. The tibialis anterior muscle studied in 12 volunteers. J Orthop Trauma. 1992;6: 87-89.
27. McQueen MM, Court-Brown CM. Compartment monitoring in tibial fractures. The pressure threshold for decompression. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996;78:99-104.
28. Kakar S, Firoozabadi R, McKean J, et al. Diastolic blood pressure in patients with tibia fractures under anaesthesia: implications for the diagnosis of compartment syndrome. Scott Med J. 2005;50:158-159.
29. Ananthanarayan C, Castro C, McKee N, et al. Compartment syndrome following intravenous regional anesthesia. Can J Anaesth. 2000;47:1094-1098.
30. Maletis GB, Watson RC, Scott S. Compartment syndrome. A complication of intravenous regional anesthesia in the reduction of lower leg shaft fractures. Injury. 2008;39:1204-1209.
31. Mabee JR, Shean C, Orlinsky M, et al. The effects of simulated Bier block IVRA on intracompartmental tissue pressure. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1997;41: 208-213.
32. Cheatham ML. Abdominal compartment syndrome. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2009; 15:154-162.
33. Hakobyan RV, Mkhoyan GG. Epidural analgesia decreases intra-abdominal pressure in postoperative patients with primary intra-abdominal hypertension. Acta Clin Belg. 2008;63:86-92.
34. Foster RH, Markham A. Levobupivacaine: a review of its pharmacology and use as a local anaesthetic. Drugs. 2000;59:551-579.
35. Kopacz DJ, Mulroy MF. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine decrease hospital stay and admission rate after outpatient epidural anesthesia. Reg Anesth. 1990;15:19-25.
36. Zaric D, Pace NL. Transient neurologic symptoms (TNS) following spinal anaesthesia with lidocaine versus other local anaesthetics. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;2: CD003006.
37. Imbelloni LE, Gouveia MA, Vieira EM, et al. A randomised, double-blind comparison of three different volumes of hypobaric intrathecal bupivacaine for orthopaedic surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2009;37:242-247.
38. O'Donnell D, Manickam B, Perlas A, et al. Spinal mepivacaine with fentanyl for outpatient knee arthroscopy surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Can J Anaesth. 2010;57:32-38.
39. Mannion S, Hayes I, Loughnane F, et al. Intravenous but not perineural clonidine prolongs postoperative analgesia after psoas compartment block with 0.5% levobupivacaine for hip fracture surgery. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:873-878.
40. Demiraran Y, Yucel I, Akcali GE, et al. Adding intrathecal morphine to unilateral spinal anesthesia results in better pain relief following knee arthroscopy. J Anesth. 2008;22:367-372.
41. Ueyama H, Nishimura M, Tashiro C. Naloxone reversal of nystagmus associated with intrathecal morphine administration. Anesthesiology. 1992;76:153.
42. Meyer J, Enk D, Penner M. Unilateral spinal anesthesia using low-flow injection through a 29-gauge Quincke needle. Anesth Analg. 1996;82:1188-1191.
43. Gonano C, Leitgeb U, Sitzwohl C, et al. Spinal versus general anesthesia for orthopedic surgery: anesthesia drug and supply costs. Anesth Analg. 2006;102: 524-529.
44. Rodgers A, Walker N, Schug S, et al. Reduction of postoperative mortality and morbidity with epidural or spinal anaesthesia: results from overview of randomised trials. BMJ. 2000;321:1493.
45. Rigg JR, Jamrozik K, Myles PS, et al. MASTER Anaesthesia Trial Study Group. Epidural anaesthesia and analgesia and outcome of major surgery: a randomised trial. Lancet. 2002;359:1276-1282. (Pubitemid 34310632)
46. Mauermann WJ, Shilling AM, Zuo Z. A comparison of neuraxial block versus general anesthesia for elective total hip replacement: a meta-analysis. Anesth Analg. 2006; 103:1018-1025.
47. Richman JM, Rowlingson AJ, Maine DN, et al. Does neuraxial anesthesia reduce intraoperative blood loss? A meta-analysis. J Clin Anesth. 2006;18:427-435.
48. Foss NB, Kristensen MT, Kristensen BB, et al. Effect of postoperative epidural analgesia on rehabilitation and pain after hip fracture surgery: a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesthesiology. 2005;102:1197-1204.
49. Badner NH, Reid D, Sullivan P, et al. Continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine for the prevention of postoperative pain after major orthopaedic surgery: a dose-finding study. Can J Anaesth. 1996;43:17-22.
50. Guryay D, Karaege GT, Katircioglu K, et al. The effects of an epidural infusion of ropivacaine versus saline on sensory block after spinal anesthesia. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008;33:217-221.
51. Smet I, Vlaminck E, Vercauteren M. Randomized controlled trial of patientcontrolled epidural analgesia after orthopaedic surgery with sufentanil and ropivacaine 0.165% or levobupivacaine 0.125%. Br J Anaesth. 2008;100:99-103.
52. Pitimana-aree S, Visalyaputra S, Komoltri C, et al. An economic evaluation of bupivacaine plus fentanyl versus ropivacaine alone for patient-controlled epidural analgesia after total-knee replacement procedure: a double-blinded randomized study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2005;30:446-451.
53. Kanai A, Osawa S, Suzuki A, et al. Regression of sensory and motor blockade, and analgesia during continuous epidural infusion of ropivacaine and fentanyl in comparison with other local anesthetics. Pain Med. 2007;8:546-553.
54. Park EY, Kil HK, Park WS, et al. Effect of epidural saline washout on regression of sensory and motor block after epidural anaesthesia with 2% lidocaine and fentanyl in elderly patients. Anaesthesia. 2009;64:273-276.
55. Murdoch JA, Dickson UK, Wilson PA, et al. The efficacy and safety of three concentrations of levobupivacaine administered as a continuous epidural infusion in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery. Anesth Analg. 2002;94:438-444.
56. O'Donnell BD, Ryan H, O'Sullivan O, et al. Ultrasound-guided axillary brachial plexus block with 20 milliliters local anesthetic mixture versus general anesthesia for upper limb trauma surgery: an observer-blinded, prospective, randomized, controlled trial. Anesth Analg. 2009;109:279-283.
57. McCartney CJ, Brull R, Chan VW, et al. Early but no long-term benefit of regional compared with general anesthesia for ambulatory hand surgery. Anesthesiology. 2004; 101:461-467.
58. Hadzic A, Karaca PE, Hobeika P, et al. Peripheral nerve blocks result in superior recovery profile compared with general anesthesia in outpatient knee arthroscopy. Anesth Analg. 2005;100:976-981.
59. González-Suárez S, Pacheco M, Roigé J, et al. Comparative study of ropivacaine 0.5% and levobupivacaine 0.33% in axillary brachial plexus block. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:414-419.
60. Fanelli G, Casati A, Beccaria P, et al. A double-blind comparison of ropivacaine, bupivacaine, and mepivacaine during sciatic and femoral nerve blockade. Anesth Analg. 1998;87:597-600.
61. Kuntz F, Bouaziz H, Bur ML, et al. Comparison between 1.5% lidocaine with adrenaline and 1.5% plain mepivacaine in axillary brachial plexus block. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 2001;20:693-698.
62. Dogru K, Duygulu F, Yildiz K, et al. Hemodynamic and blockade effects of high/low epinephrine doses during axillary brachial plexus blockade with lidocaine 1.5%: a randomized, double-blinded study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2003;28: 401-405.
63. Khy V, Girard M. The use of 2-chloroprocaine for a combined lumbar plexus and sciatic nerve block. Can J Anaesth. 1994;41:919-924. (Pubitemid 24356866)
64. Harper GK, Stafford MA, Hill DA. Minimum volume of local anaesthetic required to surround each of the constituent nerves of the axillary brachial plexus, using ultrasound guidance: a pilot study. Br J Anaesth. 2010;104:633-636.
65. Capdevila X, Ponrouch M, Choquet O. Continuous peripheral nerve blocks in clinical practice. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008;21:619-623.
66. Le-Wendling L, Enneking FK. Continuous peripheral nerve blockade for postoperative analgesia. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2008;21:602-609.
67. Capdevila X, Bringuier S, Borgeat A. Infectious risk of continuous peripheral nerve blocks. Anesthesiology. 2009;110:182-188.
68. Liu SS, Wu CL. Effect of postoperative analgesia on major postoperative complications: a systematic update of the evidence. Anesth Analg. 2007;104:689-702.
69. Le LT, Loland VJ, Mariano ER, et al. PAINfRE Investigators. Effects of local anesthetic concentration and dose on continuous interscalene nerve blocks: a dualcenter, randomized, observer-masked, controlled study. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2008; 33:518-525.
70. Ilfeld BM, Loland VJ, Gerancher JC, et al. PAINfRE Investigators. The effects of varying local anesthetic concentration and volume on continuous popliteal sciatic nerve blocks: a dual-center, randomized, controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2008;107: 701-707.
71. Brodner G, Buerkle H, Van Aken H, et al. Postoperative analgesia after knee surgery: a comparison of three different concentrations of ropivacaine for continuous femoral nerve blockade. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:256-262.
72. Ilfeld BM, Morey TE, Wright TW, et al. Continuous interscalene brachial plexus block for postoperative pain control at home: a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Anesth Analg. 2003;96:1089-1095.
73. Seet E, Leong WL, Yeo AS, et al. Effectiveness of 3-in-1 continuous femoral block of differing concentrations compared to patient controlled intravenous morphine for post total knee arthroplasty analgesia and knee rehabilitation. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2006;34:25-30.
74. Rawal N. Incisional and intra-articular infusions. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2002;16:321-343.
75. Bianconi M, Ferraro L, Ricci R, et al. The pharmacokinetics and efficacy of ropivacaine continuous wound instillation after spine fusion surgery. Anesth Analg. 2004;98:166-172.
76. Dauri M, Fabbi E, Mariani P, et al. Continuous femoral nerve block provides superior analgesia compared with continuous intra-articular and wound infusion after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2009;34:95-99.
77. Nechleba J, Rogers V, Cortina G, et al. Continuous intra-articular infusion of bupivacaine for postoperative pain following total knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg. 2005;18:197-202.
78. Mallon WJ, Thomas CW. Patient-controlled lidocaine analgesia for acromioplasty surgery. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2000;9:85-88.
79. Jarvela T, Jarvela S. Long-term effect of the use of a pain pump after arthroscopic subacromial decompression. Arthroscopy. 2008;24:1402-1406.
80. Andersen KV, Pfeiffer-Jensen M, Haraldsted V, et al. Reduced hospital stay and narcotic consumption, and improved mobilization with local and intraarticular infiltration after hip arthroplasty: a randomized clinical trial of an intraarticular technique versus epidural infusion in 80 patients. Acta Orthop. 2007;78: 180-186.
81. Tsutsui S, Hoshi T, Miyabe M, et al. Compartment syndrome in the left lower leg following semiradical hysterectomy under general anesthesia combined with epidural anesthesia. Masui. 2009;58:496-498.
82. Uzel AP, Steinmann G. Thigh compartment syndrome after intramedullary femoral nailing: possible femoral nerve block influence on diagnosis timing. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2009;95:309-313.